EBDS lectures 1.pptx

Ppt#0 1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS (CS- 354) 1  TEXT BOOKS  Embedded Systems Fundamentals with Arm Cortex-M based Microcontrollers: A Practical Approach (Latest Edition) By: Dr Alexander G. Dean, Atmel Arm  Embedded Systems By: Lyla B...

Ppt#0 1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS (CS- 354) 1  TEXT BOOKS  Embedded Systems Fundamentals with Arm Cortex-M based Microcontrollers: A Practical Approach (Latest Edition) By: Dr Alexander G. Dean, Atmel Arm  Embedded Systems By: Lyla B. Das  Embedded Microcomputer System By: Valvano J.W  FPGA Based System Design By: Wayne Wolf 2 CLOS AND PLOS Bloom’s Taxonomy CLO Description PLO Domain Level Explain the basics of Embedded Systems and ARM 1 processor architecture and programming concepts in Cognitive 2 1 C/Assembly for embedded systems development Describe the various types of SPLDs & FPGA architectures. Apply VHDL code styles in the design 2 of various digital circuits and FPGA based Cognitive 3 2 Embedded Systems  Lecture#01-03 Basics of Embedded System, applications, types and processors of embedded systems (CLO-1)  OUTLINE Systemdefinition Embedded System definition  CPUs vs. MCUs vs. Embedded Systems A short list of Embedded Systems General characteristics of Embedded Systems General model of an Embedded System Embedded System applications- Application areas Types of Embedded Systems Processors & devices for Embedded Systems 5  SYSTEM DEFINITION A way of working, organizing or performing one or many tasks according to a fixed set of rules, program or plan. Also an arrangement in which all units assemble and work together according to a program or plan. Examples of Systems A Time display system – A watch  Automatic cloth washing system – A washing machine 6  EMBEDDED SYSTEM DEFINITIONS 1. An embedded system is a system that has software embedded into computer-hardware, which makes a system dedicated for an application (s) or specific part of an application or part of a larger system.” 2. An embedded system is one that has a dedicated purpose software embedded in a computer hardware.” 3. “It is a dedicated computer based system for an application(s) or product. It may be an independent system or a part of large system. Its software usually embeds into a ROM (Read Only Memory) or flash.” 7  EMBEDDED SYSTEM DEFINITIONS 4. It is any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself intended to be a general purpose computer.” 5. “An Embedded Systems is an electronic system that contains a microprocessor or a microcontroller, designed to perform one or a limited set of functions. 8 CPUs vs. MCUs vs. EMBEDDED SYSTEM Microprocessor (CPU)  Defined typically as a single processor core that supports at least instruction fetching, decoding, and executing.  Normally can be used for general purpose computing, but needs to be supported with memories and Input/Outputs(IOs) 9 CPUs vs. MCUs vs. EMBEDDED SYSTEM Microcontroller (MCU) Typically has a single processor core Has memory blocks, Digital IOs, Analog IOs, and other basic peripherals Typically used for basic control purpose, such as embedded applications 10 CPUs vs. MCUs vs. EMBEDDED SYSTEM Embedded System Typically implemented using MCUs Often integrated into a larger mechanical or electrical system Usually has real-time constraints 11 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS i. One or small set of functions ii. Low-power dissipation iii. Limited memory and limited peripherals iv. Applications are not meant to be alterable by the user v. Highly reliable vi. Many of them are not accessible directly, that is, they may be a part of control unit of large system, so no interference in operation is possible. 12  A “SHORT LIST” OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Anti-lock brakes Auto-focus cameras Automatic teller machines Automatic toll systems Automatic transmission Battery chargers Camcorders Cell phones Cell-phone base stations Cordless phones Curbside check-in systems Digital cameras 13 Disk drives Electronic card  A “SHORT LIST” OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Modems Fingerprint identifiers Network cards Home security systems Network Life-support systems switches/routers Medical testing systems Pagers Smart ovens/dishwashers Photocopiers Speech recognizers Point-of-sale systems Stereo systems Portable video games Teleconferencing systems Printers Televisions Scanners Temperature controllers Satellite phones Theft tracking systems Electronic instruments TV set-top boxes Electronic toys/games VCR’s, DVD players Factory control Video game consoles Fax machines Video phones Washers and dryers 14  APPLICATION AREAS Medical Systems pace maker, patient monitoring systems, injection systems, intensive care units, … Office Equipment printer, copier, fax, … Tools Multimeter, Oscilloscope, line tester, … Banking ATMs, statement printers, … Transportation Planes/Trains/Automobiles and Boats radar, traffic lights, signaling systems, … 15  APPLICATION AREAS Automobiles Controls Anti-lock braking system, door and wiper control, car alarm Building Systems Elevator, heater, air conditioning, lighting, key card entries, locks, alarm systems,.. Agriculture Feeding systems, milking systems,.. Space Satellite systems, … 16  MODEL OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM The simplest and most general form of embedded system consists of a processors, sensors, actuators and memory as shown in following fig 1. Sensors: read the data from real-word Processor: processing unit (for the processing of data) Actuators: perform appropriate actions on the output data of the processor. Memory: for storage 17 Fig 1: General model of an embedded system  TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Embedded systems can be classified into different types based on performance & functional requirements and performance of the microcontroller. Fig 2: Types of Embedded system 18  TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Embedded systems are classified into four categories based on their performance and functional requirements: Stand alone embedded systems Real time embedded systems Networked embedded systems Mobile embedded systems Embedded Systems are classified into three types based on the performance of the microcontroller such as 19 Small scale embedded systems Medium scale embedded systems  TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Stand Alone Embedded Systems Stand alone embedded systems do not require a host system like a computer, it works by itself. Examples: mp3 players, digital cameras, microwave ovens and temperature measurement systems. Real time embedded systems A real time embedded system is defined as, a system which gives a required o/p in a particular time. These types of embedded systems follow the time deadlines for completion of a task. Examples: Process control for power plants & 20 chemical plants, medical systems for radiation therapy, patient monitoring , telephone, radio, and  TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Networked embedded systems These types of embedded systems are related to a network to access the resources. The connected network can be LAN, WAN or the internet. The connection can be any wired or wireless. Example: home/office security system different sensors (light sensors, smoke sensors or motion detectors) are networked together through LAN and controlled over the WAN (internet). Mobile embedded systems Mobile embedded systems are used in portable 21 embedded devices, limited in resources including memory.  TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM Small Scale Embedded Systems These types of embedded systems are designed with a single 8 or 16-bit microcontroller, Perform tasks at a small level. They have on-chip ROM and RAM. This kind of systems can be even activated by the battery. Have little hardware and software complexities; Needs sufficient ‘C’ or assembly programming An electronic toy is an example for a small-scale embedded system. Medium Scale Embedded Systems These types of embedded systems design with 22a single 16 or 32 bit microcontroller, RISCs or DSPs. These types of embedded systems have both  TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS For developing embedded software for medium scale embedded systems, the main programming tools are C, C++, JAVA, Visual C++, RTOS, debugger, source code engineering tool, simulator and IDE. Various examples of medium scale embedded systems are routers for networking, ATM (is. Automated Teller Machine for bank transactional machines etc. Sophisticated Embedded Systems These types of embedded systems have enormous hardware and software complexities, May need ASIPs, IPs, PLAs, scalable or configurable 23 processors. They are used for cutting-edge applications that PROCESSORS/DEVICES FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Following processors /devices can be used for the designing of embedded system. 1. MCUs 2. ASIC 3. FPGA 4. DSP Processor 24  PROCESSORS/DEVICES FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 1. MCUS MCUs are classified on the basis of their data word lengths. i. 4-bit MCUs: Intel 4004 (First μP) used in small applications like calculations & Toys. ii. 8-bit MCUs: The most popular of this is the 8051 family. iii. 16-bit MCUs: There are a few 16-bit MCUs like Intel’s 8086, 8096, 80196, some version of PIC, etc. iv. 32-bit MCUs: ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) is the most popular 32-bit MCUs use today in image and video applications, it is used in complex applications requiring low power, high speed, and 25 good computing capability.  PROCESSORS/DEVICES FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2. ASIC (APPLICATION SPECIFIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT )  The term 'ASIC' stands for 'application-specific integrated circuit'.  An ASIC is basically an integrated circuit designed specifically for a special purpose or application.  ASIC is built only for one and only one customer.  An example of an ASIC is an IC designed for a specific line of cellular phones of a company. 26  PROCESSORS/DEVICES FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 3. FPGA (FIELD PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAY ) A high capacity programmable logic device A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by the customer or designer after manufacturing—hence "field- programmable". FPGAs can be used to implement any logical function that an ASIC could perform. SoC (System on Chip)  A common array of configuration for very-high-volume embedded systems is the system on a chip (SoC)  Contains a complete system consisting of multiple processors, multipliers, caches and interfaces on a single chip.  SoCs can be implemented as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or using a field-programmable gate array(FPGA). 27  PROCESSORS/DEVICES FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 4. DSP PROCESSORS A Digital Signal Processor is a specialized microprocessor with its architecture optimized for the operational needs of digital signal processing. The goal of DSPs is usually to measure, filter and/or compress continuous real-world analog signals. Most general-purpose microprocessors can also execute digital signal processing algorithms successfully, but dedicated DSPs usually have better power efficiency thus they are more suitable in portable devices such as mobile phones because of power consumption constraints. 28 Thanks 29