Eating Disorder: Types, Risks & Treatment (PDF)

Eating Disorder – ‫اﺿطراب اﻷﻛل‬  Introduction – ‫ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ‬:  Food is essential to sustain life because it supplies the individual with needed nutrients and sources of energy. – ‫اﻷﻛل ﻣﮭم ﺟدًا ﻋﻠﺷﺎن ﯾﻣد اﻟﺟﺳم ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر‬ ‫اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬  Eating disorders is a condition in which an individual ea...

Eating Disorder – ‫اﺿطراب اﻷﻛل‬  Introduction – ‫ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ‬:  Food is essential to sustain life because it supplies the individual with needed nutrients and sources of energy. – ‫اﻷﻛل ﻣﮭم ﺟدًا ﻋﻠﺷﺎن ﯾﻣد اﻟﺟﺳم ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر‬ ‫اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬  Eating disorders is a condition in which an individual eats so much (bulimia nervosa), or avoids eating (anorexia nervosa). – ‫اﺿطراﺑﺎت اﻷﻛل‬ ‫ أو ﺑﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻧﻔﺳﮫ ﻣن اﻷﻛل زي “ﻓﻘدان‬،”‫ﻣﻌﻧﺎھﺎ إن اﻟﺷﺧص ﯾﺎ إﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﺄﻛل ﻛﺗﯾر ﺟدًا زي “اﻟﺷره اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬ ”‫اﻟﺷﮭﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬  Definition of Eating Disorders – ‫ﺗﻌرﯾف اﺿطراﺑﺎت اﻷﻛل‬:  Eating Disorders are illnesses that characterized by abnormal eating habits and severe distress or concern about body weight or shape. – ‫ وﻗﻠق ﺷدﯾد ﺑﺧﺻوص اﻟوزن أو ﺷﻛل‬،‫اﺿطراﺑﺎت اﻷﻛل ھﻲ أﻣراض ﺑﯾﻛون ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﻋﺎدات أﻛل ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬  Eating disorders are conditions in which eating: – ‫اﺿطراﺑﺎت اﻷﻛل ھﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻛون ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﻷﻛل‬: Is consistently below or above a person’s caloric needs to maintain a healthy weight. – ‫أﻗل أو أﻛﺗر ﻣن اﺣﺗﯾﺎج اﻟﺟﺳم ﻣن اﻟﺳﻌرات‬ Is accompanied by anxiety or guilt feeling. – ‫ﻣﺻﺣوب ﺑﻘﻠق أو إﺣﺳﺎس ﺑﺎﻟذﻧب‬ Result in physiological distress and medical complications. – ‫ﺑﯾﺳﺑب ﺿﻐط‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻲ وﻣﺷﺎﻛل ﺻﺣﯾﺔ‬  Risk Factors of Eating Disorders – ‫ﻋواﻣل اﻟﺧطر ﻓﻲ اﺿطراﺑﺎت اﻷﻛل‬: Biological factors include: – ‫ﻋواﻣل ﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬: Irregular hormone or neurotransmitter functions. – ‫اﺿطراب ﻓﻲ اﻟﮭرﻣوﻧﺎت أو‬ ‫اﻟﻧواﻗل اﻟﻌﺻﺑﯾﺔ‬ Genetics. – ‫اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟوراﺛﯾﺔ‬ Age: Adolescence. – ‫ ﻓﺗرة اﻟﻣراھﻘﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺳن‬ Sex: Females. – ‫ اﻹﻧﺎث أﻛﺗر ﻋرﺿﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻧوع‬ Psychological factors include: – ‫ﻋواﻣل ﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ‬: Negative body image – perfectionism.‫– ﺻورة ﺳﻠﺑﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺟﺳم – اﻟﻛﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ Poor self-esteem – compulsiveness. – ‫ﺿﻌف اﻟﺛﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻔس – اﻟوﺳواس‬ Depression – obsessiveness. – ‫اﻻﻛﺗﺋﺎب – اﻟﺗﻌﻠق اﻟزاﯾد ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻛﺎر‬ Environmental factors: – ‫ﻋواﻣل ﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ‬: The effects of the thinness culture in media, that reinforce thin people as ideal stereotypes. – ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯾر اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﯾﺷﺟﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ إن اﻟﺟﺳم اﻟرﻓﯾﻊ ھو اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻟﻲ‬ Professions that encourage being thin, such as ballet and modeling. – ‫اﻟﻣﮭن اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺗﺗطﻠب اﻟﻧﺣﺎﻓﺔ زي اﻟﺑﺎﻟﯾﮫ وﻋرض اﻷزﯾﺎء‬  Family and childhood traumas: childhood sexual abuse. – ‫اﻟﺻدﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﻔوﻟﺔ زي اﻟﺗﺣرش‬ Peer pressure among friends and co-workers to be thin or be sexy. – ‫ﺿﻐط اﻷﺻﺣﺎب وزﻣﻼء اﻟﺷﻐل إﻧﮭم ﯾﻛوﻧوا رﻓﯾﻌﯾن أو ﺟذاﺑﯾن‬  Categories of Eating Disorders – ‫أﻧواع اﺿطراﺑﺎت اﻷﻛل‬: Anorexia nervosa. – ‫ﻓﻘدان اﻟﺷﮭﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬ Bulimia nervosa. – ‫اﻟﺷره اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬ Binge eating disorder. – ‫اﺿطراب اﻷﻛل اﻟﻘﮭري‬ Anorexia Nervosa – ‫ﻓﻘدان اﻟﺷﮭﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬  Definition: – ‫اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف‬:  Anorexia nervosa can be defined as “self-induced starvation results from fear of fatness“ rather than from true loss of appetite. – ‫ﻓﻘدان اﻟﺷﮭﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ ھو‬ ‫ ﻣش ﻓﻘدان ﺷﮭﯾﺔ ﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ‬،‫ﺟوع ﻣﺗﻌﻣّد ﺑﯾﺳﺑﺑﮫ اﻟﺧوف ﻣن زﯾﺎدة اﻟوزن‬  It is characterized by: – ‫ﺑﯾﺗّﻣﯾز ﺑـ‬: Refusal to maintain a healthy body weight. – ‫رﻓض اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ وزن ﺻﺣﻲ‬ An obsessive fear of gaining weight. – ‫ﺧوف ﻣﮭووس ﻣن زﯾﺎدة اﻟوزن‬ Distortion of body image. – ‫ﺗﺷوّه ﻓﻲ ﺻورة اﻟﺟﺳم‬  Prevalence of Anorexia Nervosa – ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻧﺗﺷﺎر ﻓﻘدان اﻟﺷﮭﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬: Anorexia nervosa occurs in about 1% of the female population. – ‫ ﻣن اﻹﻧﺎث‬٪ ‫ﺑﯾﺻﯾب ﺣواﻟﻲ واﺣد‬ The ratio of females to males is (20:1). – ‫اﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻟﺑﻧﺎت واﻟوﻻد واﺣد إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺷرﯾن‬ Its onset is usually between the ages of 13–20 years. – ‫ﺑﯾﺑدأ ﻏﺎﻟﺑًﺎ ﻣن ﺳن‬ ‫ﺳﻧﺔ ﺗﻠﺗﺎﺷر ﻟـﻌﺷرﯾن‬  Types of Anorexia Nervosa – ‫أﻧواع ﻓﻘدان اﻟﺷﮭﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬: Binge/Purge Type: – ‫ﻧوع اﻷﻛل واﻟﻘﻲء‬: → People suffering from this type of eating disorder will purge when they eat. – ‫اﻟﺷﺧص ﺑﯾﺎﻛل وﺑﻌدھﺎ ﺑﯾﺣﺎول ﯾﺗﺧﻠص ﻣن اﻷﻛل‬ → This is typically a result of overwhelming guilt related to eating, so they compensate by vomiting, abusing laxatives, or excessively exercising. – ‫ﺑﺳﺑب‬ ‫ ﻓﯾﺑدأ ﯾﺗﻘﯾﺄ أو ﯾﺎﺧد أدوﯾﺔ ﻣﻠﯾﻧﺔ أو ﯾﺗﻣرّن ﻛﺗﯾر ﺟدًا‬،‫ﺷﻌور ﻗوي ﺑﺎﻟذﻧب‬ Restrictive Type: – ‫اﻟﻧوع اﻟﻣُﻘﯾّد‬: → In this form, sufferers will severely limit the quantity of food consumed, characteristically ingesting a minimal amount that is well below their body’s caloric needs. – ‫ وﺑﯾﺄﻛل ﻛﻣﯾﺎت ﺻﻐﯾرة ﺟدًا أﻗل ﻣن اﻟﻠﻲ اﻟﺟﺳم‬،‫اﻟﺷﺧص ﺑﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻧﻔﺳﮫ ﺑﺷدة ﻣن اﻷﻛل‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺗﺎﺟﮫ‬ → Effectively slowly starving themselves. – ‫وده ﺑﯾﺧﻠﯾﮭم ﯾﺟوّﻋوا ﻧﻔﺳﮭم ﺗدرﯾﺟﯾًﺎ‬  Methods Used to Lose Weight – ‫طرق ﻓﻘدان اﻟوزن اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﯾﺳﺗﺧدﻣوھﺎ‬: 1. Refusal to eat. – ‫اﻻﻣﺗﻧﺎع ﻋن اﻷﻛل‬ 5. Diet pills. – ‫أدوﯾﺔ‬ 2. Induced vomiting. – ‫اﻟﻘﻲء اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻣد‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺧﺳﯾس‬ 3. Laxatives or enemas. – ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣﻠﯾﻧﺎت أو اﻟﺣﻘن‬ 6. Excessive ‫اﻟﺷرﺟﯾﺔ‬ exercises. – ‫اﻟﺗﻣرﯾن اﻟزاﯾد‬ 4. Diuretics. – ‫ﻣدرات اﻟﺑول‬ ‫ﺟدًا‬  Signs and Symptoms – ‫ اﻷﻋراض واﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت‬: Physical findings: – ‫ﺟﺳدﯾﺔ‬: Thinner appearance, thinning of hair, skeletal muscle atrophy, loss of fatty tissue. – ‫ ﻓﻘدان دھون‬،‫ ﺿﻌف ﻋﺿﻼت‬،‫ ﺗﺳﺎﻗط ﺷﻌر‬،‫ﺟﺳم ﻧﺣﯾف ﺟدًا‬ Hypotension, rapid pulse, bradycardia. – ‫ ﺿرﺑﺎت ﻗﻠب ﺳرﯾﻌﺔ أو‬،‫اﻧﺧﻔﺎض اﻟﺿﻐط‬ ‫ﺑطﯾﺋﺔ‬ Dry and yellowish skin, severe constipation, fatigue. – ،‫ﺟﻠد ﻧﺎﺷف وﻣﺻﻔر‬ ‫ إرھﺎق‬،‫إﻣﺳﺎك ﺷدﯾد‬ Sleep difficulties, amenorrhea. – ‫ اﻧﻘطﺎع اﻟدورة اﻟﺷﮭرﯾﺔ‬،‫ﻣﺷﺎﻛل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧوم‬ Psychosocial findings: – ‫ﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ واﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬: Preoccupation with body size, distorted body image. – ‫ﺗﻔﻛﯾر داﺋم ﻓﻲ ﺷﻛل‬ ‫ ﺻورة ﻣﺷوّھﺔ ﻟﻠذات‬،‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ Low self-esteem, social isolation, hopelessness, worthlessness, irritability. – ‫ ﻋﺻﺑﯾﺔ‬،‫ إﺣﺳﺎس ﺑﻌدم اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ‬،‫ ﻋزﻟﺔ‬،‫اﻧﻌدام اﻟﺛﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻔس‬ Behavioral findings: – ‫ﺳﻠوﻛﯾﺔ‬: Dieting despite being thin. – ‫ﺑﯾﻌﻣﻠوا داﯾت وھم أﺻﻼً ﻧﺣﺎف‬ Preoccupation with food but eats very little. – ‫ﺑﯾﻔﻛر ﻓﻲ اﻷﻛل ﻛﺗﯾر ﻟﻛن ﺑﯾﺎﻛل‬ ‫ﻗﻠﯾل‬ Spending a lot of time in front of the mirror, describes herself as “fat”. – ‫ﺑﯾﻘف ﻗدام اﻟﻣراﯾﺔ ﻛﺗﯾر وﺑﯾﻘول ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺳﮫ إﻧﮫ ﺗﺧﯾن‬ Bulimia Nervosa – ‫اﻟﺷره اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬  Definition: – ‫اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف‬: Bulimia Nervosa – ‫ اﻟﺷره اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬:  serious eating disorder that is characterized by bingeing and purging cycles. – (‫اﻟﺷره اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ ھو اﺿطراب ﺧطﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻷﻛل ﺑﯾﺗﻣﯾّز ﺑﻧوﺑﺎت ﻣن اﻷﻛل اﻟﻣﻔرط )اﻟﺑﻧﭻ‬ ‫)وﺑﻌدھﺎ ﻣﺣﺎوﻻت ﻟﻠﺗﺧﻠص ﻣن اﻷﻛل )اﻟﺑﯾرج‬ Bingeing – ‫اﻷﻛل اﻟﻣﻔرط‬:  Eating a large amount of food with feeling out of control and unrelated to physical hunger. – ‫ وﻣش ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﺟوع اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ‬،‫أﻛل ﻛﻣﯾﺎت ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻣن ﻏﯾر ﺗﺣﻛم‬ Purging – ‫اﻟﺗطﮭﯾر أو اﻟﺗﺧﻠص ﻣن اﻷﻛل‬:  Occurs after bingeing; may include self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, and excessive exercises. – ‫ أو‬،‫ زي اﻟﺗﻘﯾؤ اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻣّد‬،‫ﺑﯾﺣﺻل ﺑﻌد اﻷﻛل اﻟﻛﺗﯾر‬ ‫ أو اﻟﺗﻣرﯾن اﻟزاﯾد ﺟدًا‬،‫ ﻣدرات اﻟﺑول‬،‫اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﻠﯾﻧﺎت‬  Prevalence: – ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﺷﺎر‬: The incidence of bulimia is much higher than that of anorexia nervosa. – ‫اﻟﺷره‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺷر أﻛﺗر ﻣن ﻓﻘدان اﻟﺷﮭﯾﺔ‬ The age of onset occurs between 16 to 18 years. – ‫ﺑﯾﺑدأ ﻏﺎﻟﺑًﺎ ﺑﯾن ﺳن ﺳﺗﺎﺷر ﻟـﺗﻣﻧﺗﺎﺷر‬ ‫ﺳﻧﺔ‬  Criteria of the Person with Bulimia Nervosa – ‫ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺷﺧص اﻟﻣﺻﺎب ﺑﺎﻟﺷره‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬: 1. Consume high–caloric, easily ingested food. – ‫ﺑﯾﺄﻛل أﻛل ﺳﻌراﺗﮫ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ وﺳﮭل‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻠﻊ‬ 2. Eat a large amount of food and terminate by purging. – ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻛل ﻛﺗﯾر وﺑﻌدﯾن‬ ‫ﯾﺗﺧﻠص ﻣﻧﮫ‬ 3. Repeated attempts are made to lose weight. – ‫ﺑﯾﺣﺎول ﯾﺧس ﻣرارًا وﺗﻛرارًا‬  Signs and Symptoms – ‫اﻷﻋراض واﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت‬: Physical findings: – ‫ﺟﺳدﯾﺔ‬: Body weight is usually within normal range. – ‫اﻟوزن ﺑﯾﻛون ﻏﺎﻟﺑًﺎ طﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ Having the smell of vomit. – ‫رﯾﺣﺔ اﻟﺗﻘﯾؤ ﻣوﺟودة‬ Persistent sore throat and heartburn. – ‫ وﺣﻣوﺿﺔ‬،‫اﻟﺗﮭﺎب ﺣﻠق ﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ Scarring on back of hands (from forcing the hand down the throat). – ‫ﺟروح ﻋﻠﻰ ظﮭر اﻟﯾد ﺑﺳﺑب إدﺧﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔم‬ Salivary gland swelling, hoarseness, throat lacerations, and teeth decay. – ‫ ﺗﺂﻛل اﻟﺣﻠق واﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬،‫ ﺑﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺻوت‬،‫ﺗورم اﻟﻐدد اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﯾﺔ‬ Amenorrhea from weight loss and hormonal imbalance. – ‫اﻧﻘطﺎع اﻟدورة‬ ‫اﻟﺷﮭرﯾﺔ ﺑﺳﺑب ﻓﻘدان اﻟوزن واﺿطراب اﻟﮭرﻣوﻧﺎت‬ Psychosocial findings: – ‫ﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ واﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬: Preoccupation with body size, distorted body image. – ‫ﺗﻔﻛﯾر داﺋم ﻓﻲ ﺷﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم وﺻورة ﻣﺷوّھﺔ‬ Exaggerated sense of guilt, recurrent anxiety, depression, angry, and irritability. – ‫ وﻋﺻﺑﯾﺔ‬،‫ ﻏﺿب‬،‫ اﻛﺗﺋﺎب‬،‫ ﻗﻠق ﻣﺗﻛرر‬،‫إﺣﺳﺎس ﻛﺑﯾر ﺑﺎﻟذﻧب‬ Behavioral findings: – ‫ﺳﻠوﻛﯾﺔ‬: Binge-eating over short periods. – ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻛل ﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻓﻲ وﻗت ﻗﺻﯾر‬ Eating in secrecy (Disappearance of large amounts of food). – ‫ﺑﯾﺎﻛل ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ واﻷﻛل ﺑﯾﺧﺗﻔﻲ ﻓﺟﺄة‬،‫اﻟﺳر‬ Frequent use of the bathroom after meals. – ‫ﺑﯾﺧش اﻟﺣﻣﺎم ﻛﺗﯾر ﺑﻌد اﻷﻛل‬ Engage in purging: vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, excessive exercise. – ‫ أو اﻟﺗﻣرﯾن اﻟﻣﻔرط‬،‫ أو اﻟﻣﻠﯾﻧﺎت‬،‫ﺑﯾﺗﺧﻠص ﻣن اﻷﻛل ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻲء‬  Binge Eating Disorder (Compulsive Eating) – ‫اﺿطراب‬ ‫اﻷﻛل اﻟﻘﮭري‬  Definition: – ‫اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف‬:  Binge eating disorder is characterized by eating large quantities of food in a short period of time while feeling loss of control (unable to stop) without the purging behavior of bulimia. – ‫اﺿطراب اﻷﻛل اﻟﻘﮭري ھو إن اﻟﺷﺧص ﺑﯾﺎﻛل ﻛﻣﯾﺎت‬ ‫ وﻣن ﻏﯾر ﻣﺎ ﯾﺣﺎول ﯾﺗﺧﻠص ﻣن اﻷﻛل زي اﻟﻠﻲ‬،‫ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻓﻲ وﻗت ﻗﺻﯾر وھو ﻣش ﻗﺎدر ﯾوﻗف ﻧﻔﺳﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺣﺻل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷره اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬  Binge eating episodes usually occur at least twice per week for duration of six months. – ‫ﻧوﺑﺎت اﻷﻛل اﻟﻘﮭري ﺑﺗﺣﺻل ﻣرﺗﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺑوع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗل ﻟﻣدة‬٦‫ﺷﮭور‬ Note : → Men and women suffering from binge eating have emotions of disgust and guilt and often have a related co-morbidity, such as depression or anxiety. – ‫ وﻏﺎﻟﺑًﺎ ﺑﯾﻛون‬،‫اﻷﺷﺧﺎص اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﯾﻌﺎﻧوا ﻣن اﺿطراب اﻷﻛل اﻟﻘﮭري ﺑﯾﺣﺳوا ﺑﺎﻟﻘرف واﻟذﻧب‬ ‫ﻋﻧدھم ﻣﺷﺎﻛل ﺗﺎﻧﯾﺔ زي اﻻﻛﺗﺋﺎب أو اﻟﻘﻠق‬ → These negative feelings often lead them to continue to use food to cope; thus creating a vicious cycle. – ‫اﻷﺣﺎﺳﯾس اﻟﺳﻠﺑﯾﺔ دي ﺑﺗﺧﻠﯾﮭم ﯾﺳﺗﻣروا ﻓﻲ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ وده ﺑﯾﺧﻠﯾﮭم ﯾدﺧﻠوا ﻓﻲ داﯾرة ﻣﻔرﻏﺔ‬،‫اﻷﻛل ﻛطرﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﮭروب‬  Signs and Symptoms – ‫اﻷﻋراض واﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت‬: Continually eating even when full. – ‫ﺑﯾﻛﻣل أﻛل ﺣﺗﻰ ﻟو ﺷﺑﻌﺎن‬ Inability to stop eating or control what is eaten. – ‫ﻣش ﻗﺎدر ﯾوﻗف ﻧﻔﺳﮫ أو‬ ‫ﯾﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﯾﺎﻛﻠﮫ‬ Weight gain or obesity. – ‫ﺑﯾزﯾد ﻓﻲ اﻟوزن أو ﺑﯾﺑﻘﻰ ﺳﻣﯾن‬ Stockpiling food to consume secretly at a later time. – ‫ﺑﯾﺧزن أﻛل ﻋﻠﺷﺎن‬ ‫ﯾﺎﻛﻠﮫ ﻟوﺣده ﻓﻲ وﻗت ﺗﺎﻧﻲ‬ Eating normally in the presence of others but gorging when isolated. – ‫ ﻟﻛن ﯾﻔرط ﻓﻲ اﻷﻛل وھو ﻟوﺣده‬،‫ﺑﯾﺄﻛل طﺑﯾﻌﻲ ﻗدام اﻟﻧﺎس‬ Experiencing feelings of stress or anxiety that can only be relieved by eating. – ‫ وﻣﺎﺑﯾﮭدّاش ﻏﯾر ﺑﺎﻷﻛل‬،‫ﺑﯾﺣس ﺑﺗوﺗر أو ﻗﻠق‬ Feelings of numbness or lack of sensation while bingeing. – ‫أﺛﻧﺎء اﻷﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﮭري ﺑﯾﺣس إﻧﮫ ﻣش ﺣﺎﺳس ﺑﺄي ﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ Never experiencing satiation: the state of being satisfied, no matter the amount of food consumed. – ‫ﻣش ﺑﯾﺣس ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺑﻊ ﻣﮭﻣﺎ أﻛل‬  Complications of Eating Disorders – ‫ﻣﺿﺎﻋﻔﺎت اﺿطراﺑﺎت اﻷﻛل‬: 1. Chronic inflammation of the lining of the esophagus or rupture of the esophagus. – ‫اﻟﺗﮭﺎب ﻣزﻣن أو ﺗﻣزق ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣريء‬ 2. Dilatation of the stomach or rupture of the stomach. – ‫ﺗﻣدد أو ﺗﻣزق ﻓﺎﻟﻣﻌدة‬ 3. Electrolyte imbalance or abnormalities, leading to arrhythmias of the heart. – ‫ ﻣﻣﻛن ﯾﺳﺑب ﺧﻠل ﻓﻲ ﺿرﺑﺎت اﻟﻘﻠب‬،‫اﺿطراب ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﻼح‬  4. Heart problems such as congestive heart failure and death. – ‫ﻣﺷﺎﻛل ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠب زي ﻓﺷل ﻋﺿﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻠب أو اﻟﻣوت اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ‬ 5. Irritable bowel syndrome or abnormal dilatation of the colon. – ‫اﻟﻘوﻟون‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ أو ﺗﻣدد ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﻌﺎء‬ 6. Anorexia can have damaging health effects such as brain damage, multi-organ failure, bone loss, heart difficulties, and infertility. – ‫ﻓﻘدان اﻟﺷﮭﯾﺔ ﻣﻣﻛن‬ ‫ واﻟﻌﻘم‬،‫ ﻣﺷﺎﻛل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻠب‬،‫ ھﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﻋظﺎم‬،‫ ﻓﺷل أﻋﺿﺎء‬،‫ﯾﺳﺑب ﻣﺷﺎﻛل ﺧطﯾرة زي ﺗﻠف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺦ‬ Note : → The risk of death is highest in individuals with anorexia nervosa. – ‫ﺧطر اﻟوﻓﺎة ﺑﯾﻛون أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻣرﺿﻰ ﻓﻘدان اﻟﺷﮭﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬  Treatment of Eating Disorders – ‫ﻋﻼج اﺿطراﺑﺎت اﻷﻛل‬: Aim of Treatment: – ‫ھدف اﻟﻌﻼج‬: → To promote weight within normal range. – ‫ﺗوﺻﯾل اﻟوزن ﻟﻠﻣﻌدل اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ → Correct malnutrition, fluid and electrolyte imbalance. – ‫ﺗﺻﺣﯾﺢ ﺳوء اﻟﺗﻐذﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﻧﻘص اﻟﺳواﺋل واﻷﻣﻼح‬ → Resolve psychological problems. – ‫ﻋﻼج اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ‬ 1. Nutritional Management – :‫اﻟﻌﻼج اﻟﻐذاﺋﻲ‬ Giving balanced diet. – ‫ﺗﻘدﯾم ﻧظﺎم ﻏذاﺋﻲ ﻣﺗوازن‬ Gradually increase caloric intake to a normal level of her/his size, age, and activity. – ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺳﻌرات ﺗدرﯾﺟﯾًﺎ ﺣﺳب اﻟوزن واﻟﻌﻣر واﻟﻧﺷﺎط‬ Provide a liquid diet through nasogastric tube as necessary. – ‫ﻟو ﻟزم‬ ‫ ﺗﻘدﯾم ﺳواﺋل ﻋن طرﯾق أﻧﺑوﺑﺔ أﻧف ﻣﻌدﯾﺔ‬،‫اﻷﻣر‬ Monitor number of bathroom visits to prevent purging. – ‫ﻣﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻋدد ﻣرات‬ ‫دﺧول اﻟﺣﻣﺎم ﻟﺗﺟﻧب اﻟﻘﻲء اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻣّد‬ 2. Psychopharmacology – :‫اﻟﻌﻼج ﺑﺎﻷدوﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ‬ Antidepressants such as Celexa or Manerex. – ‫ﻣﺿﺎدات اﻛﺗﺋﺎب زي ﺳﯾﻠﯾﻛﺳﺎ أو‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﯾرﯾﻛس‬ Improve mood, and reduce preoccupation with body shape and weight. – ‫ﺑﺗﺣﺳن اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣزاﺟﯾﺔ وﺑﺗﻘﻠل اﻻﻧﺷﻐﺎل ﺑﺷﻛل اﻟﺟﺳم واﻟوزن‬ 3. Psychotherapy – ‫ اﻟﻌﻼج اﻟﻧﻔﺳﻲ‬: Helps to resolve psychological problems which usually is the main cause of the eating disorder. – ‫ﺑﯾﺳﺎﻋد ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼج اﻷﺳﺑﺎب اﻟﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺑًﺎ ھﻲ ﺳﺑب اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬  Nursing Care Plan – ‫ﺧطﺔ اﻟرﻋﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻣرﯾﺿﯾﺔ‬ Nursing Diagnoses: – ‫ﺗﺷﺧﯾﺻﺎت اﻟﺗﻣرﯾض‬: Altered nutrition (less than body requirements). – ‫ﺗﻐذﯾﺔ أﻗل ﻣن اﺣﺗﯾﺎج اﻟﺟﺳم‬ Altered nutrition (more than body requirement). – ‫ﺗﻐذﯾﺔ أﻛﺗر ﻣن اﺣﺗﯾﺎج اﻟﺟﺳم‬ Altered thought (distortion, obsession). – ‫أﻓﻛﺎر ﻣﺷوّھﺔ أو ﻣﮭووﺳﺔ‬ Constipation. – ‫إﻣﺳﺎك‬ Anxiety. – ‫ﻗﻠق‬ Nursing Intervention Example: – ‫ﻣﺛﺎل ﻟﺗدﺧل ﺗﻣرﯾﺿﻲ‬: Diagnosis: → Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirement related to refusal to eat and drink, self-induced vomiting, use of diuretics, excessive exercise. – ،‫ اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣدرات اﻟﺑول‬،‫ اﻟﻘﻲء اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻣد‬،‫اﻟﺗﻐذﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺗوازﻧﺔ ﺑﺳﺑب رﻓض اﻷﻛل واﻟﺷرب‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻣرﯾن اﻟزاﺋد‬  Goals: – ‫اﻷھداف‬: The client will eat adequate three meals according to age per day. – ‫اﻟﻣرﯾض ھﯾﺄﻛل ﺛﻼث وﺟﺑﺎت ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻌﻣره ﯾوﻣﯾًﺎ‬ Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. – ‫اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗوازن اﻟﺳواﺋل واﻷﻣﻼح‬  Nursing Interventions: – ‫اﻟﺗدﺧﻼت اﻟﺗﻣرﯾﺿﯾﺔ‬: Develop a nurse-patient relationship based on trust. – ‫ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺛﻘﺔ ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣرﺿﺔ واﻟﻣرﯾض‬ Dietitian will determine number of calories required. – ‫اﻷﺧﺻﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻐذاﺋﻲ‬ ‫ھﯾﺣدد ﻋدد اﻟﺳﻌرات اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ‬ Weigh client daily using the same scale if possible. – ‫ﻗﯾﺎس وزن اﻟﻣرﯾض‬ ‫ﯾوﻣﯾًﺎ ﺑﻧﻔس اﻟﻣﯾزان‬ Assess intake and output. – ‫ﻣﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻷﻛل واﻟﺷرب‬ Assess skin turgor and color of mucus membranes. – ‫ﻣﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣروﻧﺔ اﻟﺟﻠد‬ ‫وﻟون اﻷﻏﺷﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺧﺎطﯾﺔ‬ Stay with client during meals (30 min) and at least 1 hour after. – ‫اﻟﺟﻠوس ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣرﯾض وﻗت اﻷﻛل وﺑﻌده ﺑﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ Provide a pleasant, relaxing environment for eating. – ‫ﺗوﻓﯾر ﺟو ﻣرﯾﺢ أﺛﻧﺎء‬ ‫اﻷﻛل‬ Frequently offer small portions of food or drinks. – ‫ﺗﻘدﯾم وﺟﺑﺎت أو ﻣﺷروﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﺻﻐﯾرة ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺗﻛرر‬ Administer high protein, fluid, fiber food as ordered. – ‫ﺗﻘدﯾم أطﻌﻣﺔ ﻏﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ واﻷﻟﯾﺎف ﺣﺳب اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺎت‬،‫ اﻟﺳواﺋل‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﺑروﺗﯾن‬