EARTHSCI.pdf

[EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM CREATION MYTHS ❖ Creation of Dwarves and Humans: Dwarves were formed from Ymir's CREATION MYTHS corpse; humans (A...

[EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM CREATION MYTHS ❖ Creation of Dwarves and Humans: Dwarves were formed from Ymir's CREATION MYTHS corpse; humans (Ask and Embla) were ❖ A creation myth is a supernatural created from trees by Odin, Hoenir, mytho-religious story or explanation and Lodur. that, often, portrays one or more deities' ❖ Afterlife and Fate: Niflheim became the intentional act of "creation" as the realm of the dead, ruled by Hel. The Norns (Urd, Verdandi, Skuld) tended S origin of mankind, the earth, life, and the universe (cosmogony). to Yggdrasil, the World Tree. ❖ Yggdrasil and Its Guardians: Yggdrasil R ❖ There are many myths, but we are introduced to five main stories or the connected all realms; its roots reached Niflheim, the giants' land, and the ZE most famous ones. These are Norse, Genesis, Ancient Filipino, Tagalog, heavens. Heimdall guarded Bifröst, and and Hindu myths. Nidhögg threatened Yggdrasil. ❖ Creation myths are important to how ❖ Foretold End: Ragnarok is prophesied LA humans view the world, how they perceive their place in the cosmos, and how they live and behave. as a final battle leading to the destruction of gods, giants, and the world. LB Norse Mythology Genesis 1:1-2:3 ❖ Primordial State: The world began as ❖ Creation of the Heavens and the Earth: Ginnungagap, an abyss with Niflheim God created the heavens and the AI (land of ice) to the north and earth. Muspellsheim (land of fire) to the ❖ Day 1: God said, "Let there be light," and separated light from darkness, TR south. ❖ Creation of Ymir: The melting frost naming them Day and Night. from Muspelheim mixed with the ice ❖ Day 2: God created the sky to separate of Niflheim, creating the giant Ymir, the the waters above from the waters below. progenitor of all giants. ❖ Day 3: God gathered the waters under E ❖ Formation of the World: Ymir was the sky to create dry land (Earth) and killed by the gods Odin, Vili, and Ve, seas, and brought forth vegetation, TH who used his body to create the world: plants, and trees. land (Midgard), sea, mountains, and ❖ Day 4: God made the sun, moon, and sky. stars to give light to the earth and to ❖ Creation of Celestial Bodies: The gods mark seasons, days, and years. placed Ymir's skull in the sky to form ❖ Day 5: God created sea creatures and the heavens and the stars. birds, blessing them to be fruitful and ❖ Creation of Gods' Abode: Asgard, the multiply. home of the gods, was created above ❖ Day 6: God created land animals, and Midgard, connected by the Rainbow then made humans in His image, male Bridge Bifröst. and female, giving them dominion over the earth and all its creatures. [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM ❖ Day 7: God rested from all His work, ❖ Human Creation: A bamboo from the blessing the seventh day and making it sea breeze and land breeze hit the holy, as it was the day He rested from bird, which pecked it, creating a man creation. and a woman. ❖ Offspring: Their children became Ancient Filipino various races: Chiefs - those who hid in ❖ Primordial State: The world began as a hidden rooms, Slaves - those who hid in vast sea ruled by Maguayan and a sky walls, Free Men - those who ran S ruled by Captan. outside, Negroes - those who hid in the ❖ Divine Marriage: Maguayan's daughter fireplace, White People - those who R Lidagat (the sea) married Captan's son fled to the sea and returned later. Lihangin (the wind), and they had four Hindu ZE children: Licalibutan, Liadlao, ❖ Cycles of Creation: Hinduism believes Libulan, and Lisuga. the universe alternates between ❖ Rebellion and Death: Licalibutan and creation and destruction, known as the LA his brothers attacked Captan, leading to their deaths by lightning. Licalibutan's body became land, while Lisuga's fragments became stars. days and nights of Brahma. ❖ Primordial State: Before creation, there was no heaven, earth, or space, only a vast dark ocean. LB ❖ Creation of Humanity: Maguayan and ❖ Vishnu and Shesha: Vishnu slept on the Captan created humans from a bamboo giant cobra, Shesha, in the peaceful tree that grew from Licalibutan's waters. AI body, naming the first man Sicalac and ❖ Sound of Om: A humming sound, Om, the first woman Sicabay. initiated creation, waking Vishnu. ❖ Scattering of People: The descendants of ❖ Brahma’s Birth: A lotus flower grew TR Sicalac and Sicabay were scattered from Vishnu’s navel, with Brahma across the earth, leading to different sitting in its center. races: black (Pandaguan), white ❖ Command to Create: Vishnu (Arion), brown (Libo and Saman), and commanding Brahma to create the E yellow (eastward descendants). world. ❖ Current World: The sun, moon, and ❖ Creation Process: Brahma divided the TH stars were created from the remains of lotus flower into three parts, forming the gods, and humanity now inhabits the the heavens, earth, and skies, and earth. populated the earth with plants, animals, Tagalog and sensory experiences. ❖ Primordial State: Only sea and sky ❖ Demon’s Theft: A demon stole the existed, with a bird flying between world, but Vishnu, in boar form, them. rescued it. ❖ Land Creation: The bird stirred the ❖ Cycle of Destruction: The universe will sea, causing it to splash against the eventually be destroyed by Shiva’s sky, which then created islands. dance of destruction, returning everything to the dark ocean. [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM KEYWORDS TO REMEMBER: FEYNMAN TECHNIQUE: *DISCUSS YOUR ANSWER TO YOURSELF* CREATION MYTH (TRY USING THE FLASHCARD GIVEN) - Supernatural Mytho-Religious - Origin of Mankind WHITE BOARD RECALL: *WRITE DOWN SOMETHING YOU WANT TO NORSE MYTHOLOGY REMEMBER IN A WHITEBOARD, USE AS - Ginnungagap: Primordial abyss FEW WORDS AS POSSIBLE* - Ymir's Creation: Giants' progenitor S - World Formation: Ymir's body used - Celestial Bodies: Heavens and stars R SUMMARY: - Gods' Abode: Asgard and Bifröst Creation myths from various cultures offer - Dwarves and Humans: Created from ZE distinct explanations for the origins of the Ymir's body and trees universe and humanity. Norse mythology - Afterlife: Niflheim and Yggdrasil describes the world emerging from - Ragnarok: Prophesied end Ginnungagap, with Ymir’s body forming the LA GENESIS - Creation of Heaven and Earth - Separation of Light and Darkness - Creation of Sky, Earth, and Seas earth and gods creating celestial bodies and humans from his remains, ending in the prophesied destruction at Ragnarok. Genesis LB from the Bible narrates God creating the world - Sun, Moon, Stars in six days, establishing light, land, life, and - Creation of Animals and Humans humanity, and resting on the seventh day. ANCIENT FILIPINO Ancient Filipino myths feature a primordial sea AI - Maguayan and Captan: Sea and sky rulers and sky with deities Maguayan and Captan, - Lidagat and Lihangin: Divine marriage whose divine marriage led to the creation of - Licalibutan's death: Land and stars TR humans and the formation of races. The Tagalog - Sicalac and Sicabay: First humans myth tells of a bird creating islands by stirring TAGALOG the sea, leading to humanity’s formation from a - Sea and Sky: Primordial state bamboo tree. Hinduism depicts a cyclical - Land Creation: Bird created islands universe where Vishnu, after awakening from a E - Human Creation: Bamboo pecked by bird cosmic sleep, directs Brahma to create the world - Offspring: Various races from a lotus flower, with Shiva ultimately TH HINDU responsible for its destruction and renewal. - Cycles of Creation: Creation and destruction - Primordial State: Dark ocean - Vishnu and Shesha: Vishnu’s rest - Brahma’s Birth: Lotus flower creation - Creation Process: Brahma forms world - Demon’s Theft: Vishnu rescues world - Cycle of Destruction: Shiva’s dance [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE: Doppler Effect ❖ Red shift - lower frequency SCIENTIFIC THEORIES ❖ Blue shift - higher frequency STANDARD MODELS Steady-State Theory ❖ This theory proposes a universe that is Big Bang Theory consistent over time, with no beginning ❖ This theory suggests that a random nor end. It maintains a constant density S fluctuation in a void triggered a massive as matter is gradually created to expansion from an infinitely dense balance cosmic expansion. R point, or singularity, propelling space, time, matter, and energy in all Big Bang and Steady-State Cosmology ZE directions. ❖ Big Bang Cosmology states that matter spreads and becomes less dense during Timeline expansion, while Steady-State ❖ Inflation epoch - universe expanded continued to expand LA ❖ Formation of the Universe - universe ❖ Formation of basic elements - Cosmology suggests matter is continuously created as the universe expands. LB nucleosynthesis Pulsating Theory (Oscillating Model) ❖ Radiation era - energy is used in the ❖ The Pulsating Theory suggests that the form of radiation universe alternates between cycles of ❖ Matter domination - formation of AI inflating and contraction, and after lithium contracting, it inflates again, similar to ❖ Birth of stars and galaxies - group of the Big Bang’s initial expansion. TR stars became the galaxies OTHER THEORIES Proof of the Big Bang Theory ❖ Proof of the Big Bang Theory includes Inflating Theory Hubble's observation that galaxies are E ❖ This theory addressed unresolved moving away from Earth, indicating an issues of the Big Bang Theory like expanding universe, and the cosmic TH flatness, monopoles, and horizons. microwave background radiation, ❖ The extension of the standard Big Bang which is the electromagnetic radiation Theory. from the early stages of the universe. String Theory Clarification about the Big Bang Theory ❖ String Theory proposes that the ❖ The theory describes the universe’s universe’s building blocks are not expansion, not explosion, doesn’t particles but tiny, vibrating strings of explain the origin of the singularity, and energy, which can be either open or is supported by evidence. closed strings. [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM M-Theory SUMMARY : ❖ The M-Theory introduces “branes”, The Big Bang Theory suggests that the universe multi-dimensional objects. Unlike began with a massive expansion from a dense one-dimensional strings, branes can point, leading to the formation of space, time, exist in two, three, or even higher matter, and energy. Evidence includes Hubble's dimensions. observation of galaxies moving away and ❖ “branes” - short for membranes cosmic microwave background radiation. The theory does not explain the singularity's origin S KEYWORDS TO REMEMBER: but describes the universe's expansion and is supported by evidence like the Doppler Effect R BIG BANG THEORY showing red and blue shifts. Steady-State Theory - massive expansion opposes the Big Bang, proposing a universe with ZE - singularity no beginning or end and constant density. The STEADY-STATE THEORY Pulsating Theory suggests the universe cycles - constant density between expansion and contraction. Other LA - matter is gradually created PULSATING THEORY - inflating and contraction INFLATING THEORY theories, such as Inflating Theory addressing Big Bang issues, String Theory with vibrating strings as building blocks, and M-Theory with multi-dimensional "branes," expand on LB - addressed unresolved issues of the Big traditional models. Bang Theory STRING THEORY AI - universe’s building blocks - “strings” M-THEORY TR - multi-dimensional - “branes” BLURTING TECHNIQUE: E *WRITE EVERYTHING YOU RECALL, THEN REVIEW NOTES FOR ERRORS* TH FEYNMAN TECHNIQUE: *DISCUSS YOUR ANSWER TO YOURSELF (TRY USING THE FLASHCARDS PROVIDED)* [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM EARLY THEORIES ON THE KEYWORDS TO REMEMBER: ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR DESCARTES’ VORTEX THEORY SYSTEM - whirlpool-like motion - vortices Descartes’ Vortex Theory BUFFON’S COLLISION THEORY ❖ The theory suggests that the solar - sun and giant comet collided system formed with circular orbits due KANT-LAPLACE NEBULAR THEORY S to a whirlpool-like motion in pre-solar - inflating and contraction JEANS'-JEFFREY’S TIDAL THEORY R materials. ❖ primary whirlpool motion:planets; - sun and planets formed through different secondary whirlpool motions:satellites processes ZE SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY Buffon’s Collision Theory - condensation of gas and dust This theory suggests planets formed LA from debris after the sun collided with a giant comet; with planets rotating and orbiting in the same direction. BLURTING TECHNIQUE: *WRITE EVERYTHING YOU RECALL, THEN REVIEW NOTES FOR ERRORS* LB Kant-Laplace Nebular Theory FEYNMAN TECHNIQUE: ❖ This theory proposed that a nebula that *DISCUSS YOUR ANSWER TO YOURSELF (TRY USING THE FLASHCARDS PROVIDED)* is made up of clouds of gas and dust, AI collapses due to gravity, spinning faster as it contracts. SUMMARY : ❖ As the collapsing nebula flattens into a Descartes proposed the Vortex Theory, TR disk with a central bulge, regions suggesting circular orbits in the solar system contract independently under gravity, were created by a whirlpool-like motion. eventually forming suns and planets. Buffon’s Collision Theory posits planets formed from debris after a sun-comet collision. E Jeans-Jeffrey’s Tidal Theory Kant-Laplace Nebular Theory explains the solar ❖ The theory suggested that the sun and system formation as nebular collapse due to TH planets formed through different gravity. Jeans-Jeffrey’s Tidal Theory states processes, with planets arising from planets were formed from materials ejected by condensed materials ejected by the sun. the sun. Solar Nebular Theory explains the solar system formation from interstellar gas and dust Solar Nebular Theory condensation. ❖ The solar system formed from the condensation of interstellar gas and dust. [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM SOLAR SYSTEM: PROPERTIES KEYWORDS TO REMEMBER: AND CURRENT INFORMATION PROPERTIES AND CURRENT INFORMATION Properties and Current Information About - flat solar system the Solar System - nearly circular ❖ the orbits of most planets are almost on - counterclockwise direction the same plane (flat solar system) - rotational motion S ❖ planetary orbits are nearly circular - asteroids and comets ❖ planets revolve around the sun in ASTEROIDS R counterclockwise direction - made up of rock ❖ satellites and planets contains almost - minor planets ZE the rotational motion of the solar - atmosphere-free system COMETS ❖ the solar system also contains asteroids - icy and gaseous plants and comets Asteroids LA ❖ made up of rocks; minor planets TERRESTRIAL PLANES - inner planets - dense, rocky, metallic JOVIAN PLANETS LB ❖ atmosphere free; orbit around the sun - gas planets ❖ main asteroid belt; located between the - hydrogen and helium orbit of Mars and Jupiter DWARF PLANETS AI ❖ Ceres - the first known asteroid - self-gravity - nearly-round shape Comets - not a satellite TR ❖ composed mainly of ice and nonvolatile dust BLURTING TECHNIQUE: ❖ Kuiper belt *WRITE EVERYTHING YOU RECALL, THEN ❖ oort cloud; long-period comets REVIEW NOTES FOR ERRORS* E Classification of Planets FEYNMAN TECHNIQUE: TH ❖ Terrestrial Planes; inner planets; dense, *DISCUSS YOUR ANSWER TO YOURSELF rocky, and metallic materials (TRY USING THE FLASHCARDS PROVIDED)* ❖ Jovian Planets; gas planets; hydrogen and helium SUMMARY : ❖ dwarf planets; orbits the sun; Asteroids are rock-based minor planets without self-gravity; nearly-round shape; not a an atmosphere orbiting the sun in the main satellite asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Comets are icy bodies in the Kuiper belt or Oort cloud. Planets are classified as terrestrial (inner, dense) or Jovian (gas, hydrogen). Some dwarf planets orbit the sun with nearly-round shapes. [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM ❖ Mesosphere - Meteors burn up (temperature EARTH’S SUBSYSTEM AND decreases as you go up) WATER CYCLE ❖ Thermosphere - The hottest layer (temperature EARTH’S SUBSYSTEM increases as you go up) ❖ Earth is a complex system of ❖ Ionosphere interrelating physical, chemical, and - Ionized by solar and cosmic radiation S biological processes. ❖ It is a system in which sets of FOR EXAMPLE: R interconnected components are In the atmosphere, you will find gasses interacting to form a unified whole. like oxygen and nitrogen, along with ZE ❖ Earth is a closed system in which there clouds, wind, and weather phenomena is only an exchange of heat or energy such as storms and rain. and no exchange of matter. LA ❖ Earth comprises four major smaller systems known as subsystems, also called the spheres of the Earth: - Atmosphere Lithosphere - Contains all of the planet's lands - Solid part of the Earth LB - Lithosphere Consists of three main layers: - Hydrosphere ❖ Crust - Biosphere - Outermost layer of lithosphere AI - The thinnest layer Atmosphere - Continental Crust, Oceanic Crust - Contains all of the planet's air ❖ Mantle TR and weather - Second layer of lithosphere - Serves as the Earth’s blanket. - Biggest and takes up 84% of the Earth - 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and - Lithosphere 1% Other Gasses - The upper portion of the mantle E - It serves as the Earth’s protection - Asthenosphere From harmful UV rays and keeps the - Is the denser, weaker layer beneath TH planet warm through greenhouse the lithospheric mantle. Gasses. ❖ Core - Inner layer of lithosphere Layers of the Atmosphere (from lowest to - It protects us from the dangerous highest) radiation of space ❖ Troposphere - Outer Core, Inner Core - Clouds form; planes fly (temperature decreases as you go up) ❖ Stratosphere - Ozone layer; weather balloons (temperature increases as you go up) [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM FOR EXAMPLE: WATER CYCLE In the lithosphere, you can find solid structures like mountains, rocks, soil, Hydrologic cycle volcanoes, and tectonic plates that shape The hydrologic cycle, also known as the the Earth's surface. water cycle, is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Hydrosphere surface of the Earth. This process - Contains all of the planet's water & ice S involves various stages, such as: ❖ Surface Water - Includes oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, R ❖ Evaporation: ponds, streams, etc. - Water from oceans, rivers, and lakes ❖ Underground Water ZE turns into vapor and rises into the - Cracks and spaces in soil, sand and atmosphere. rock Aquifers ❖ Water Vapor ❖ Condensation: LA - Aqueousvaporis the gaseous phase of water. It is one state of water within the hydrosphere. Clouds or fog ❖ Glaciers - Water vapor cools and forms clouds. ❖ Precipitation: LB - Water falls back to Earth as rain, snow, - Cryosphere or hail. ❖ Brackish Water - saltwater and freshwater mixed ❖ Infiltration: AI together - Water seeps into the ground and replenishes groundwater. Biosphere TR - The part of Earth where life exists ❖ Runoff: - The biosphere includes ecosystems - Excess water flows over the surface, such as forests, oceans, deserts, and forming streams and rivers that return to grasslands, where different species oceans and lakes. E coexist and depend on one another and their surroundings for survival. KEYWORDS TO REMEMBER: TH FOR EXAMPLE: EARTH’S SUBSYSTEM In the biosphere, you'll discover living Atmosphere organisms such as plants, animals, humans, and - Earth’s protection from harmful UV rays microorganisms like bacteria and fungi that exist Lithosphere in various ecosystems like coral reefs and -Solid part of the earth forests. Hydrosphere - the planet’s water and ice Biosphere -Where life exists [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM FEYNMAN TECHNIQUE: *DISCUSS YOUR ANSWER TO YOURSELF* 1. What makes the Earth habitable? 2. What are the four subsystems of Earth, and how do they interact? 3. What is the importance of the water S cycle in supporting life on Earth? R ZE SUMMARY : Earth is a closed system made up of interconnected components that exchange heat but not matter. It consists of four major LA subsystems: the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. The atmosphere contains all the planet's air and weather, acting as a protective blanket from harmful UV rays LB while regulating Earth's temperature through greenhouse gases. The lithosphere is the solid part of Earth, made up of the crust, mantle, and AI core, which shapes the planet’s surface. The hydrosphere includes all forms of water, such as oceans, rivers, underground water, glaciers, and TR water vapor. The biosphere encompasses all living organisms, which exist in ecosystems like forests, oceans, and deserts. E TH [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE and crust stabilization, and the development of atmosphere and oceans. ARCHEAN EON Geologic Time Scale - Warm era ❖ A record of the life forms and - Oldest fossil - stromatolites geological events in Earth’s history. - Began 4 Billion years ago with the ❖ a representation of time based on the formation of the Earth’s crust rock record of Earth. - The Archean coast was home to S ❖ the “calendar” for events in Earth mounded colonies of photosynthetic history. It subdivides all time into bacteria called stromatolites. R named units of abstract time. - gasses like methane, ammonia, and carbon dioxide dominated the ZE atmosphere. DIVISIONS OF GEOLOGIC TIME: PROTEROZOIC EON ❖ Eras are subdivided into Periods - Longest Period ❖ Periods Subdivided into epochs LA Era ⇨ Period ⇨ Epoch - Oxygenation - Diversification of eukaryote life - Appearance of multicellular animal life LB Stratigraphy - Motion of continental drift ❖ The correlation and classification of rock strata. PALEOZOIC ( EARLY LIFE) ERA AI ❖ The enumeration of geologic time units ❖ 544 million years ago…lasted 300 is based on this million yrs ago ❖ “Age of Trilobites” and by then end it TR FOUR ERAS: was called “Age of Amphibians” PRECAMBRIAN ERA ❖ initial ocean life expansion. ❖ 88% of earth’s history ❖ Warm, shallow seas covered most ❖ Geological time begins with this era. continents. E This time covers approximately 88% of ❖ Emergence of fish, leading to Earth’s history (4.1 Ga). amphibian arrival. TH ❖ “Age of early life” ❖ Early land plants like mosses, ferns, ❖ Continents formed and our modern cone-bearing plants. atmosphere developed ❖ Formation of early coal-forming forests. Composed of: Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic ❖ Believed to have caused Climate HADEAN EON changes that led to massive extinction - Beginning of the earth ❖ The Appalanchian mountains were - “Chaotic era” formed during this time - characterized by dust and gas ❖ wiped out approximately 90% of all accretion, planetesimal collisions, core marine animal species and 70% of land animals. [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM ❖ Some species of sharks were in Cretaceous period- Small mammals and birds existence at this time CENOZOIC (RECENT LIFE) ERA Limestone - quarried for building and industrial ❖ 65 million years ago…continues purposes formed along with coal during the through present day Paleozoic era. ❖ Mammals began to increase and evolve adaptations that allowed them to Rodinia - The Cambrian opened with the live S breakup of the world continent (the continent ❖ Many mountain ranges formed during before Pangaea) called _____. this era [e.g Alps (europe) , Himalayas R (india), Rocky mountains (USA)] Trilobites - these lived in Earth’s ancient seas ❖ Sometimes called the “Age of ZE and became extinct before the dinosaurs came mammals” because the terrestrial into existence. animals that dominated both hemispheres were mammals clams MESOZOIC (MIDDLE LIFE) ERA LA Brachiopods- Marine animals that resemble \ ❖ Flowering plants were now the most common plant life TERTIARY LB ❖ 245 million years ago…lasted 180 Paleocene Epoch – first primates million yrs Eocene Epoch– primitive horses ❖ The continents were joined as pangaea Oligocene Epoch– apes and elephants AI and broke up again around the middle Miocene Epoch– grass abundant, of this era. appearance of humans ❖ Reptiles became the most abundant pliocene Epoch TR animals ❖ Dinosaurs were also very active in this ❖ QUATERNARY era Pleistocene Epoch ❖ The main plant life of this time were Holocene Epoch E Gymnosperms or plants that produce seeds, but no flowers. TH ❖ Flowering plants appeared during the END ❖ Ended with a mass extinction 65 million years ago (believed to be caused by a comet or asteroid ) Triassic period- First small dinosaurs appeared Jurassic period- Larger and more abundant dinosaurs [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM KEYWORDS TO REMEMBER: SUMMARY : The Geologic Time Scale is a framework for Geologic Time Scale Earth's history, organizing life forms and -A representation of time based on the rock geological events into a structured timeline record of earth based on rock records. It divides time into Eras, PRECAMBRIAN Periods, and Epochs: Eras are subdivided into - 88% Periods, which are further divided into Epochs. -”age of early life” The four main Eras are the Precambrian, S PALEOZOIC Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. The - “age of tribolites” Precambrian spans 88% of Earth's history, R -”age of amphibians” marked by early life forms and the formation of continents. The Paleozoic Era, known for its ZE MESOZOIC early marine life and land plants, ended with a - Reptiles and dinosaurs major extinction event. The Mesozoic Era, -The pangaea joined and broke again dominated by dinosaurs and the breakup of CENOZOIC BLURTING TECHNIQUE: LA - “age of mammals” Pangaea, ended with a mass extinction likely caused by an asteroid. The Cenozoic Era, continuing to the present, features the rise of mammals, flowering plants, and significant LB *WRITE EVERYTHING YOU RECALL, THEN mountain formation.. REVIEW NOTES FOR ERRORS* AI FEYNMAN TECHNIQUE: *DISCUSS YOUR ANSWER TO YOURSELF (TRY USING THE FLASHCARDS PROVIDED)* TR 1. What’s the difference between era, period, and epoch? 2. What’s the reason for the E massive extinction during the end of the mesozoic era? TH 3. What era are humans currently in? [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM MINERALS AND ROCKS Organized Internal Structure ❖ Atoms are arranged within the mineral Mineralogy in a specific ordered manner ❖ The scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical HOW DO MINERALS FORM? (including optical) properties of 1. Crystallization of magma or lava minerals and mineralized artifacts 2. Crystallization of materials dissolved in water S NIHDO - Natural, Inorganic, Homogeneous, PROPERTIES OF MINERALS: R Definite Chemical Composition, Organized Crystalline Structure. COLOR ZE Mineraloid ❖ Property of an object producing ❖ Naturally occurring, inorganic solid different sensations on the eye as a that does not exhibit crystallinity. result of the way the object reflects structure LA ❖ Does not have a proper crystal light. STREAK ❖ Color of a mineral in powdered form LB Naturally-occuring ❖ Minerals are not man-made ❖ Inherent to almost every mineral ❖ Must be formed by natural processes ❖ Better diagnostic property than color AI Inorganic HARDNESS ❖ They do not consists of or deriving ❖ Measure of how easily a mineral can be from living matter scratched (Diamond is the hardest TR ❖ Involving neither organic life nor the mineral) products created from or by organic life LUSTER Homogeneous Solid ❖ Quality and intensity of reflected light E ❖ Has the same chemical composition exhibited by the mineral that can be expressed by a chemical TH formula Metallic-Opaque and reflects light as a ❖ A mineral must be chemically and metal would physically uniform down to the atomic Non-metallic - The mineral is level. glassy/vitreous, Adamantine, resinous, ❖ The mineral will have absolutely silky, pearly, dull/earthy, ect. predictable physical properties. CRYSTAL FORM OR HABIT Definite Composition ❖ External shape of an individual crystal ❖ The same chemical composition that can or crystal group be expressed by a chemical formula [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM Botryoidal globular or mammillary - following ways: moistened, heated, Crystals aggregates that have a globular breathed upon, or rubbed. or rounded shape Taste Banded - Only soluble minerals have a taste, but - Minerals have narrow layers or bands it is very important that minerals not be of different color and/or texture placed in the mouth or on the tongue Acicula Specific Gravity - Have a needle-like shape that tapers to - Is a comparison or ratio of the weight S a point or a blunt termination of the mineral to the weight of an equal Striated amount of water R - Fine, slightly indented lines that are Effervescence present on the faces of some crystals. - Carbonate minerals such as calcite ZE Dendritic tend to fizz or effervesce when tested - Form a branching pattern, much like with HCl the branches of a tree, the veins in a leaf, drainage basin Cubic LA or the branching pattern of streams in a - Have six square faces and four-fold ROCKS ❖ A solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids LB rotational symmetry around three axes 3 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ROCKS: Prismatic Igneous - Form in elongated crystals with Sedimentary AI opposite faces normally parallel to one Metamorphic another striated along their length or across their width Igneous rocks TR Cleavage ❖ Form from the solidification of molten - Tendency of a mineral to break along a rock material plane Intrusive/plutonic Fracture extrusive/Volcanic E – Breaking of minerals resulting in ❖ Magma rough or jagged edges Molten material below the TH Transparency surface of the earth - A mineral’s degree of transparency or ❖ Lava ability to allow light to pass through it. Molten material at or above Magnetism earth’s surface - Is the characteristic that allows a mineral to attract or repel other Intrusive Igneous Rocks magnetic materials ❖ From solidified magma underneath the Odor earth - Most minerals have no odor unless ❖ Gradual lowering of temperature is they are acted upon in one of the indicated by the movement of magma from depth to surface [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM Phaneritic Texture Clastic ❖ Slow cooling forms large interlocking Non- clastic crystals Stratification Extrusive Igneous Rocks ❖ The layering that occurs in most ❖ From solidified lava at or near the sedimentary rocks and in those igneous surface of the Earth rocks formed at the Earth’s surface, as ❖ Fast rate of cooling/crystallization due from lava flows and volcanic fragmental S to huge variance in the temperature deposits between the Earth's surface and R underneath Fossil Assemblage ❖ A group of associated fossils found in a ZE Porphyritic Texture given stratum ❖ Magma partly cooled below the surface of the Earth providing time for the CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS LA large crystals to grow (phenocrysts) before it is extruded to the surface forming the fine-grained matrix (groundmass) ❖ Composed of grains, matrix and cement ❖ Clastic rocks are commonly classified based on particle size. LB NON- CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Aphanitic Texture ❖ Evaporation and precipitation or ❖ fine-grained texture lithification of organic matter AI ❖ minerals not visible to the naked eye ❖ Classified as evaporites (halite, relatively fast rates of gypsum), precipitates (limestone) and cooling/solidification prevent the bioclasts (coal, coquina) TR formation of large crystals. Evaporites – rocks formed from evaporation of Vesicular Texture water leaving the dissolved minerals to ❖ voids created by rapid cooling which crystallize E causes air bubbles to be trapped inside Precipitates – rocks formed when minerals start to crystallize at the bottom of the mineral TH Pyroclastic Rocks supersaturated water solution ❖ Fragmental rocks usually associated Bioclastic – rock formed from compacted with violent or explosive type of organic matter eruption Metamorphic Rocks Sedimentary Rocks ❖ Formed below the surface of the Earth ❖ form at or near the surface of the Earth. through a process of metamorphism processes include weathering, erosion, with the recrystallization of minerals sediment transport and deposition in rocks due to changes in pressure and (compaction and cementation). temperature conditions. [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM foliated BLURTING TECHNIQUE: Non-foliated *WRITE EVERYTHING YOU RECALL, THEN REVIEW NOTES FOR ERRORS* Foliated Metamorphic Rocks ❖ forms when pressure squeezes the flat FEYNMAN TECHNIQUE: or elongate minerals within a rock so *DISCUSS YOUR ANSWER TO YOURSELF (TRY USING THE FLASHCARDS PROVIDED)* they become aligned. ❖ These rocks develop a platy or 1. What is the difference S sheet-like structure that reflects the between a rock and a direction that pressure was applied in mineral? R 2. Would you consider salt a Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rocks mineral? How about water? ZE ❖ These types of metamorphic rocks do 3. What is the difference not have a layered or banded between the 3 types of appearance. rocks? KEYWORDS TO REMEMBER: LA MINERALOGY SUMMARY : Mineralogy studies minerals, focusing on their LB - Scientific study of the properties of chemistry, crystal structure, and physical minerals and mineralized artifacts properties. Minerals are naturally occurring NIHDO inorganic solids with a uniform chemical AI - Natural, Inorganic, Homogeneous, Definite composition and organized internal structure. composition, Organized Crystalline structure Mineraloids, without a crystalline structure, are LAVA recognized through properties like color, streak, TR - Outside of the volcano hardness, and luster. MAGMA - Inside of the volcano E TH [EARTH SCIENCE] MIDTERM | SEM 1 | GRADE 11 | STEM FLASHCARDS LINK / FILE 1. Creation Myths https://knowt.com/flashcards/40f29e56-f 8f5-4d3e-b06b-1167020ca411 2. Origin of the Universe: Scientific Theories https://knowt.com/flashcards/12eb63e9- S fbea-430c-93c7-ab09205207d0 3. Early Theories on the Origin of the R Solar System https://knowt.com/flashcards/4943e5bc- ZE 199a-4de7-bae9-5002f717e223 4. Solar System: Properties and Current Information LA https://knowt.com/flashcards/233c84c1- 3379-436f-8abc-806b75685923 5. Earth's Subsystems & Water Cycle https://knowt.com/flashcards/39b51dda- LB 9678-4b1e-a1ab-e6bd7ab5b624 6. Geologic Time Scale https://knowt.com/flashcards/1e368425- AI f65b-4fc5-be9c-1b697b4c97ff 7. Rocks and Minerals https://knowt.com/flashcards/67c64eb7- TR 04f7-4fc4-b68b-be2ca8acee58 Prepared By: Bayanin, Allyza Chloe F. E Capitulo, Christal Mae L. Deza, Riddick B. TH Mañago, Nikita Aeowyn D. Following Lessons Discussed By: Mr. Mark Lloyd A. Sumbillo Link of the Sources: TARA REVIEW- SOURCE