Earth & The Moon PDF

Characteristics of the Earth Seasons of the Earth Phases of the Moon Eclipses What are the spheres of the Earth? The Earth Shape of the Earth Slightly bulging in the equatorial regions & its poles are flat. Motions of the Ear...

Characteristics of the Earth Seasons of the Earth Phases of the Moon Eclipses What are the spheres of the Earth? The Earth Shape of the Earth Slightly bulging in the equatorial regions & its poles are flat. Motions of the Earth 23 hrs., 56 mins., 4 secs. Causes day & night Rotates eastward Rotation Motions of the Earth 365.25 days Perihelion & Aphelion Revolves eastward Revolution Magnetic Field of the Earth Generated from the movements of molten matter in the liquid outer core Magnetic Field of the Earth Reason why we can see the beautiful auroras at night in the thermosphere Earth’s Seasons: occurs due to Earth’s tilt  Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core Layers of the Earth  Compositional Layers of the Earth Crust Thinnest & outermost layer TWO TYPES Continental crust Made of less dense rocks such as granite Oceanic crust Made of dense rocks such as granite basalt basalt 30-40 km in 7-10 km in thickness thickness Silicon & Aluminum Silicon & Magnesium (SiAl) (SiMa) Compositional Layers of the Earth Mantle Beneath the crust Thickest layer Temperature increases with depth Compositional Layers of the Earth Outer core 2,900 km below the earth’s surface Temperature of up to 2000 ℃ Made up of liquid iron and nickel that move around creating the magnetic field Compositional Layers of the Earth Inner core Hottest layer Could have molten the iron and nickel but solidified due to tremendous pressure Johannes Kepler Isaac Newton Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion 1st Law / Law of Orbits The orbits of the planets are elliptical and not circular Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion 2nd Law / Law of Areas The line joining every planet to the Sun confines over equal areas in same intervals of time. Faster – near the sun Slower – far from the sun Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion 3rd Law / Law of Periods The farther a planet is from the sun, the longer it takes to orbit. Planets closer to the sun, like Mercury, have shorter years, while planets farther away, like Neptune, have much longer years. Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum The planet’s angular momentum always stays the same as it orbits the Sun. A planet moves faster when it is closer to the Sun and slower when it is farther from the Sun. Newton’s 1st Law of Motion: Law of Inertia An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by a net external force. Planets continue to move in their orbits due to their inertia. In the absence of significant forces, they would travel in a straight line. The gravitational pull from the sun acts as the external force that keeps them in orbit. Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion: Law of Acceleration The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (F = ma). The gravitational force between the sun and a planet determines the planet’s acceleration. This force causes the planet to change its direction as it moves in its elliptical orbit. The greater the mass of the planet, the less it accelerates for a given force. Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion: Law of Interaction For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. When the sun exerts a gravitational pull on a planet (action), the planet exerts an equal gravitational pull back on the sun (reaction). This interaction keeps the planets in their orbits while also influencing the sun’s motion slightly due to the gravitational forces between them. Earth’s Moon (a) Volcanic activities Lunar craters are (b) collisions and small and wide impacts w/ holes ranging a few other celestial centimeters to objects Luna: only one natural satellite more than 210 km in terms of diameters. Earth’s Moon The tides of the ocean water is affected by the gravitational attraction of the Moon, Earth, and the Sun. Spring tide Neap tide Earth’s Moon HOW THE MOON REFLECTS SUNLIGHT ECLIPSES ECLIPSES Occurs when the sun, earth & moon align along a straight path Shadows are formed during eclipse Which shadow is seen during this eclipse? When does this eclipse occur? What type of eclipse is this? SOLAR ECLIPSE  SOLAR ECLIPSE TOTAL SOLAR TWO SHADOWS ARE FORMED ECLIPSE Umbra Seen in areas Penumbra where umbra is cast  SOLAR ECLIPSE PARTIAL SOLAR TWO SHADOWS ARE FORMED ECLIPSE Umbra Seen in areas Penumbra where penumbra is cast  ANNULAR THREE SHADOWS SOLAR ECLIPSE ARE FORMED Seen in areas where Umbra antumbra is cast Penumbra Happens when the moon Antumbra is nearer the sun Which shadow is seen during this eclipse? When does this eclipse occur? What type of eclipse is this? LUNAR ECLIPSE  LUNAR ECLIPSE BLOOD MOON TOTAL LUNAR TWO SHADOWS ECLIPSE ARE FORMED Visible anywhere on the night Umbra side of the earth Penumbra Moon’s position is in the umbra  TOTAL LUNAR ECLIPSE Visible anywhere on the night side of the earth Moon’s position is in the umbra  LUNAR ECLIPSE PARTIAL LUNAR TWO SHADOWS ARE FORMED ECLIPSE Umbra Visible anywhere on the night side of the earth Penumbra Moon’s position is in the umbra & penumbra  PARTIAL LUNAR ECLIPSE Visible anywhere on the night side of the earth Moon’s position is in the penumbra