Earth Science Long Test 2 Reviewer PDF

Earth Science Long Test 2 Reviewer Coverage: Hydrosphere (made by John Dumanglas) Yellow - Stuff that might or WILL show up in the test Green - Main point, very important Table of Contents Table of Contents​ 1 Pointers Sir Mark gave​...

Earth Science Long Test 2 Reviewer Coverage: Hydrosphere (made by John Dumanglas) Yellow - Stuff that might or WILL show up in the test Green - Main point, very important Table of Contents Table of Contents​ 1 Pointers Sir Mark gave​ 4 Hydrosphere 1​ 6 Acid Rain​ 6 Red Tide​ 6 Water/​​dihydrogen monoxide​ 7 Properties of Water​ 7 Cohesion​ 7 Adhesion​ 7 High Specific Heat​ 7 High Heat of Vaporization​ 7 Less Dense as a Solid​ 8 Hydrosphere 2​ 9 Cloud Formation​ 9 Water Cycle​ 9 Evaporation​ 10 Condensation​ 10 Precipitation​ 10 Runoff​ 10 Water & Climate Change​ 10 Hydrosphere 3​ 11 Limnology​ 11 Zones of Freshwater​ 11 Top 10 Longest Rivers (we only need top 3)​ 11 Floods & its Types​ 12 River (Fluvial) Floods - River overflows​ 12 Flash Floods - Water flows downhill, tends to happen with landslides.​ 12 Man-Made Floods - Usually from dam failures.​ 12 Coastal Floods - Water is pushed to land by strong ocean currents and winds.​  12 Urban Floods - Excessive rain, drainage system fails to absorb water.​ 12 Pluvial Floods - Happens in flat areas where water creates puddles and cannot escape.​ 12 Positive Effects of Floods​ 12 Groundwater​ 13 Porosity​ 13 Permeability​ 13 Groundwater Profile​ 13 Springs​ 13 Geysers​ 13 Wells​ 14 Artesian Well​ 14 Regular Well​ 14 Factors affecting the quality of water​ 14 Water resource management​ 14 Water Cycle​ 15 Water table & Aquifer​ 15 Freshwater Reservoir​ 15 - Residence Time​ 15 Desalination​ 15 Watersheds​ 15 Marshes​ 16 Swamps​ 16 Salinity​ 16 Thermohaline Circulation​ 16 Coriolis Effect​ 17 Upwelling​ 17 Tides​ 17 Water Forms​ 18 English to Filipino Terms​ 18 Other stuff​ 20 Hydrosphere 3.3​ 21 Earth’s Water Budget​ 21 Definition of Terms​ 22 Pointers Sir Mark gave -SoilProfile -English to Filipino terms for bodies of water -Freshwater Budget -Marshes & Swamps -Estuaries -Acid Rain -Red Tide -Ocean -Runoff -Zones of Freshwater -Residence Time -Salinity -Dams -Porosity & Permeability -Regular well vs Artesian well -Desalination -Water Cycle -Properties of water -Water molecules -Climate change Hydrosphere 1 Acid Rain Red Tide -​ Harmful algal bloom caused by the rapid growth of dinoflagellates (microscopic phytoplankton) that turn the water red or brown. -​ Toxic to sea life, often leading to fish kills and contamination of organisms, making some seafood unsafe to consume. Water/​​dihydrogen monoxide -​ In antiquity, water symbolizes purity and devotion. -​ Water is Polar - The oxygen end “acts” negative - 1 - The hydrogen end “acts” positive - 2 - Cause POLAR, like a magnet. -​ Interaction between water molecules - The Negative Oxygen end of one water molecule is attracted to the Positive Hydrogen end of another water molecule to form a HYDROGEN BOND. Properties of Water ​ Cohesion -​ Water molecules are attracted to other water molecules -​ This is what allows water molecules to stick together to form oceans, and rivers. -​ Also creates surface tension, the “skin” on top of water allowing things to float on it. ​ Adhesion -​ Attraction between two different substances -​ Water will make hydrogen bonds with other surfaces such as glass, soil, plant tissues, and cotton. -​ water molecules will “tow” each other along when in a thin glass tube. -​ Capillary Reaction - Gives water the ability to “climb” structures. ​ High Specific Heat -​ Amount of heat needed to raise or lower 1g of a substance 1°C. -​ Water resists temperature change, both for heating and cooling. ​ High Heat of Vaporization -​ Water vapor forms a kind of global ‘‘blanket” which helps to keep the Earth warm. -​ Heat radiated from the sun warmed surface of the earth is absorbed and held by the vapor.  ​ Less Dense as a Solid -​ Water is usually part of a mixture -​ Two types of mixtures: - Solutions: substance dissolves in liquid - Suspensions: substance suspended in liquid, a heterogeneous mixture in which some of the particles settle out of the mixture upon standing. Hydrosphere 2 Cloud Formation -​ Water heats up, boils and turns into moisture. Water Cycle -​ Water never leaves the Earth, it is constantly being cycled through the atmosphere, ocean, and land. -​ Driven by energy from the sun. -​ Crucial to the existence of life on our planet. Evaporation -​ Sun heats up liquid water and changes it to gas. -​ Water that evaporates from Earth’s oceans, lakes, rivers, and moist soil rises up into the atmosphere. -​ Transpiration: Process of evaporation from plants (plants sweating).  Condensation -​ When water vapor starts to cool down and become liquid again. -​ When large amounts of water vapor condenses, it forms clouds. Precipitation -​ When the water in clouds gets too heavy, the water falls back to Earth. Runoff -​ Water that collects in rivers, streams, and oceans. -​ Flowing rain water -​ When rain falls on the land, some of the water is absorbed into the ground forming pockets of water called groundwater. -​ Most groundwater eventually returns to the ocean. Other precipitation runs directly into streams or rivers. Water & Climate Change -​ Climate change is affecting where, when, and how much water is available. Extreme weather events such as droughts and heavy precipitation, which are expected to increase as climate changes can impact water resources. Hydrosphere 3 Limnology -​ The study of all freshwater bodies and all that live there.  Zones of Freshwater -​ Littoral Zone: habitual zone for plants, shallow zone and life -​ Photic Zone: (Open water): exposed on the surface. -​ Aphotic Zone: (Deep water): deep water, self explanatory Top 10 Longest Rivers (we only need top 3) Floods & its Types -​ Natural event where an area that is usually dry is submerged under water. -​ Main types of Floods  ​ River (Fluvial) Floods - River overflows ​ Flash Floods - Water flows downhill, tends to happen with landslides. ​ Man-Made Floods - Usually from dam failures. ​ Coastal Floods - Water is pushed to land by strong ocean currents and winds. ​ Urban Floods - Excessive rain, drainage system fails to absorb water. ​ Pluvial Floods - Happens in flat areas where water creates puddles and cannot escape. Positive Effects of Floods -​ Deposit sediment in flood plain essential for growing crops. The Nile River is a good example of this. -​ Moves large amounts of sediment that provides habitats. -​ Can form small islands. Groundwater -​ Freshwater found in rock & solid layers of the Earth. -​ Water bearing rock layers are called aquifers. -​ Aquifers - storage of water || Stored water - groundwater Porosity -​ Total amount of empty space in the rock. Permeability -​ Ability of a rock to allow water to pass through it. Groundwater Profile -​ The layers of rock will have different saturations of water. Springs -​ Natural point where groundwater merges on the Earth’s surface. -​ Heated water can turn into hot springs -​ Some hot springs are used as natural hot tubs and are considered therapeutic and spiritual by some people. -​ Can be either hot or cold water. Geysers -​ Heated groundwater is trapped in narrow spaces where pressure builds up and causes water to push upward. -​ Result of a pressurized spring. -​ Most geysers do not erupt constantly, but rather in periodic spurts, because pressure decreases during an eruption and then increases again after an eruption. -​ Water is always hot. Wells -​ An artificial structure created by digging or drilling in order to reach groundwater present below the water table. -​ Water table above aquifer.  Artesian Well Regular Well -​ Man made -​ Man made -​ Used to reduce pressure -​ Made for human use & -​ Can bring groundwater consumption to the surface without -​ Requires pumping to get pumping due to it being the water to the surface. under pressure. Factors affecting the quality of water ​ Population growth - more people = more pollution ​ Movement of a large amount of people ​ Demands for greater food security ​ Increased competition ​ Pollution Water resource management -​ Several laws have been put together for the protection of our resources. Water Cycle Water table & Aquifer -​ Water table describes the boundary between saturated and unsaturated grounds. Below the water table, rocks and soil are full of water. Pockets of water existing below the water table are called aquifers. -​ An imaginary line that separates aquifer & unsaturated grounds. Freshwater Reservoir -​ Glaciers are the world’s largest freshwater reservoir. -​ A reservoir is an artificial lake created in a river valley by the construction of a dam. -​ Residence Time - Amount of time a water molecule is in a dam, ie, the residence time of “fossil water” can be thousands of years. - Residence time for water in the Antarctic ice sheet is about 17,000 years. Desalination -​ Process to remove the dissolved mineral salts from water. -​ Currently applied to seawater to obtain freshwater for human consumption or agricultural purposes. Watersheds -​ A surface area from which runoff resulting from rainfall is collected and drained through a common point. -​ It is synonymous with a drainage basin or catchment area. A watershed may be only a few hectares as in small ponds or hundreds of square kilometers as in rivers. -​ Basically collects rainwater -​ Tributaries: small collection of runoff -​ Estuary: where saltwater meets freshwater -​ Delta: forms of debris formed by rivers  Marshes Swamps -​ Pond -​ Home to many trees -​ Few if any trees -​ Home to grasses and herbaceous plants Salinity -​ Term used for the total content of dissolved salts in seawater. -​ It is calculated as the amount of salt (in gm) dissolved in 1,000 gm (1 kg) of seawater. Thermohaline Circulation -​ Deep ocean currents that are driven by differences in the water’s density which is controlled by temperature. -​ Thermo - Temperature || Haline - Salinity Coriolis Effect -​ Makes storms swirl clockwise in the Southern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Upwelling -​ The process in which deep, cold water rises toward the surface. Displaced surface waters are replaced by cold, nutrient-rich water that “wells up” from below. Conditions are optimal for upwelling along the coast when winds blow along the shore. Tides -​ Very long-period waves that move through the ocean in response to the forces exerted by the moon and sun. Tides originate in the ocean and progress toward the coastlines where they appear as the regular rise and fall of the sea surface. Water Forms English to Filipino Terms Natural stream of freshwater that flows toward a larger body of water such as an River – Ilog ocean. It serves as a critical resource for water supply, agriculture, and transportation. Inland body of water surrounded by land. Lakes can be freshwater or saltwater and Lake – Lawa play a vital role in local ecosystems, recreation, and water supply A large body of saltwater that is smaller than an ocean and is partially enclosed by land. Seas are vital for marine biodiversity, trade, Sea – Dagat and transportation. Small, narrow stream of water that is often tributary to a river. Creeks can vary in size and flow, providing important habitats for Creek – Sapa wildlife and serving as a resource for nearby communities. A natural feature where water cascades down a cliff or steep incline, creating a Waterfall – stunning visual display. Waterfalls are often formed by rivers or streams as they flow over Talon rocks and into lower elevations.  A small body of freshwater that is typically shallower than lake. Ponds are often formed Pond – Danaw naturally or artificially and provide essential habitats for various plants and animals Natural source of water that flows from the ground, often found in areas where the water table intersects with the surface. Spring – Bukal Springs can vary in size and may feed into rivers, lakes, or wetlands, providing a vital water supply for ecosystems and communities. A vast body of saltwater that covers a significant portion of the Earth’s surface, Ocean – serving as a crucial component of the global Karagatan ecosystem and influencing climate and weather patterns. A small, natural stream of freshwater that flows through a channel. It is typically smaller than a river and often contributes to Brook – Batis larger bodies of water, such as rivers and lakes. Body of water, partially enclosed by land, usually with a wide opening to the sea. Bays provide natural harbors, making them Bay – Look important for trade, fishing, and tourism. Narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water, often serving as a crucial passage for maritime navigation and Strait – Kipot trade. A narrow body of water between two land masses, typically deeper than a strait. Channel – Bambang Basically the same as a strait but is bigger and longer than one, can be natural or artificially created for transportation  purposes. Large area of sea or ocean partially enclosed by land, often characterized by a wide opening to the ocean. Gulfs are typically Gulf – Golpo deeper than bays and can serve as important centers for trade, fishing, and tourism. Other stuff -​ Cagayan river: longest river in the Philippines -​ Mindanao river: 2nd longest river in the Philippines -​ Agusan river: 3rd longest river in the Philippines -​ Nile & Amazon river: longest rivers in the world -​ Bohol: Sir Mark’s province -​ Laguna de Bay: actually a Lake || Bay comes from spanish term meaning lake of bay -​ Aliwagwag: Tallest & Longest falls in the Philippines -​ Lingayen Gulf -​ San Juanico Strait Brook - Batis | small Stream Creek - Sapa | medium (agos) River - Ilog | large Hydrosphere 3.3 Earth’s Water Budget -​ Of Earth’s water, 97.5% is in the oceans and 1% is available as freshwater, in streams, rivers, lakes, ground water, and wetlands. Definition of Terms -​ Runoff: Surface water that flows into bodies of water. -​ Transpiration: Direct evaporation of water into the atmosphere from leaf surfaces of plants. -​ Salinity: Amount of salt dissolved in the water. Saltwater > Freshwater Streams Surface Water Lakes Reservoir Wetlands Reservoirs of Water Glaciers and Ice Sheets Freshwater Reservoirs Permafrost Saltwater Oceans & Seas Reservoirs Stream Velocity is affected by three factors: -​ Gradient Streams -​ Discharge -​ Channel Characteristics Marsh Wetlands Swamp Estuary Residence Time Sources: Sir Mark Hydrosphere Hour 2-Water Properties and Cycle (1).pptx Hydrosphere Hour 2-Water Properties and Cycle.pptx hydrosphere Hour 4.pptx Water cycle.pptx Hydrosphere Hour 1-Waterforms.pptx Hydrosphere Hour 3-Water Budget.pptx