Early Dwellings PDF

EARLY DWELLINGS PRE HISTORY THREE PERIODS: PALEOLITHIC-2,000,000-12000(BP) MESOLITHIC NEOLITHIC BRONZE AGE/IRON AGE PALEOLITHIC TOOLS AXES,CHOPPERS,SPEARS,WOOD SCRAPERS KNIVES CHISELS BASKETS,BAGS. DRILLED IN WOOD FOR HOUSES,BOATS ETC TAMED FIRE.  STILL LATER… LANGA...

EARLY DWELLINGS PRE HISTORY THREE PERIODS: PALEOLITHIC-2,000,000-12000(BP) MESOLITHIC NEOLITHIC BRONZE AGE/IRON AGE PALEOLITHIC TOOLS AXES,CHOPPERS,SPEARS,WOOD SCRAPERS KNIVES CHISELS BASKETS,BAGS. DRILLED IN WOOD FOR HOUSES,BOATS ETC TAMED FIRE.  STILL LATER… LANGAGE DEVELOPED, INVENTION OF CLOTHING, ADVANCED TOOLS DWELLINGS MADE OF MAMMOTH TUSKS,LEG BONES,SKULLS,JAWS. MADE BOATS TO SAIL IN SEA.HARPOONS WERE INVENTED…THAT BROUGHT FISH TO DIET.ABUNDANCE OF FOOD. NOMADS. MOVED FROM AFRICA TO ASIA- SOUTHERN INDIA,MALAY ISLANDS,AUSTRALIA, JAPAN,CHINA,ALASKA,NORTH AMERICA. HARPOONS UPPER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD…. INVENTIONS LIKE- NET,BOLAS,SPEAR THROWER,BOW ARROW,CERAMIC ART ETC. DOMESTIC ANIMALS WERE TAMED ART. CAVE PAINTINGS,VENUS FIGURINES,ANIMAL CARVINGS AND ROCK PAINTINGS VENUS FIGURINE: WOMEN OF WILLENDORF  HALF HUMAN, HALF ANIMALS IMAGES WERE SEEN- PROVED THAT THEY BELIEVED IN RELIGIOUS AND SUPER NATURAL POWERS. CAVES WERE FIRST SHELTERS. AFTER THE COMING OF TENTS AND HUTS- CAVES WERE USED AS RELIGIOUS PLACES AND THE FIGURES ON CAVE WALLS FOR RELIGIOUS USE. ROOFS OF CAVES COVERED WITH WOOD,STRAW,ROCK,BONES TO PROTECT FROM WATER DRIPPING. TRACES OF HOUSES OR TENTS SHOWED FRAME OF MAMMOTH BONES. THE TUSKS SUPPORTED THE ROOF ,THIGH BONES SUPPORTED THE WALLS. SEVERAL LAYERS OF HIDES WERE USED TO MAKE ROOF.  HOUSES HAD HEARTH TO KEEP WARM.(SIBERIA,FRANCE,GERMANY ETC). OTHER HOUSES HAD TIMBER POSTS,WALL OF TWIGS AND ROOF LAYERS OF STRAW. PIT HOUSES ALSO PRESENT. TERRA AMATA MESOLITHIC AGE CLIMATE WARMER INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE SETTLEMENTS DONE NEAR WATER BODIES. NEOLITHIC AGE(10000) MAN STARTED TO SETTLE WITH AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. CERAMIC POTTERY TO STORE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE ARRIVED. BEGINING OF VILLAGE LIFE, RELIGION, DEVELOPMENT OF ART FORMS, ARCHITECHTURE, POTTERY, CERAMICS, FARMING, ETC. MUD BRICK HOUSES COATED WITH PLASTER STARTED APPEARING. ENTRY TO HOUSE THROUGH ROOFS.ACCESS WITH LADDERS BOTH INSIDE AND OUTSIDE. ROUGH GROUND COVERED WITH MATS OR SKINS.. THATCH HOUSES WITH SMALL WALL OPENINGS. TOMBS FOR DEAD WERE BUILT. PREHISTORIC HOUSES MAMMOTH HOUSES(20,000-14,000B.P) FOUND IN UKRAINE, FRANCE, SIBERIA, GERMANY. SHEILINGS: HUTS OR GROUP OF HUTS FOR FAMILY LIVING. FOUND IN SCOTLAND PIT HOUSES (Eg.pit house called KIVAS in chaco canyon,mexico) DWELLINGS DUG INTO GROUND.POSTS DUG INTO GROUND TO HOLD THE ROOF.THERMAL EFFICIENCY BECAUSE OF THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF SOIL. EG.ANCESTRAL PEUBLO,FREMONT & MONGOLIAN CULTURE IN SW.AMERICA. ARCHAIC RESIDENCE OF WYOMING,N.AMERICA ARCHAIC RESIDENCE OF LAKE TITICACA BASIN, S.AMERICA. PIT HOUSE AND SHEILINGS NEOLITHIC VILLAGE AT SKARA BRAE,SCOTLAND- HOUSES BUILT INTO MOUNDS. CIRCULAR HOUSES WITH HEARTH, STONE BEDS ON EITHER SIDE SET INTO WALL AND STONE AGE FURNITURE. LATER HOUSES HAD DOORWAY WITH STONE SLAB THAT CAN BE CLOSED AND SECURED BY BAR FITTED INTO DOOR JAMBS. ROOF MADE OF PERISHABLE MATERIAL LIKE WHALE BONE, DRIFT WOOD BEAMS, COVERED WITH TURF, SKIN STRAW, THATCHED SEA WOOD. HAD DRAINAGE FACILITY. SKARA BRAE,SCOTLAND SKARA BRAE,SCOTLAND LAKE DWELLINGS BUILT ON PLATFORMS SUPPORTED BY PILES.END OF PILE DRIVEN DEEP INTO MUD SURROUNDED BY HEAVY STONES. A LACE WORK OF TREE TRUNKS WERE BUILT ACROSS THE PILES FORMING PLATFORM,ON WHICH ONEOR TWO ROOMED HUTS WITH BEATEN CLAY FLOOR IS BUILT. LAKE DWELLINGS (ARBON BLAICHE, SWITZERLAND, STAGNO ITALY LA DRAGA ,SPAIN) BUILT ON PLATFORMS SUPPORTED BY PILES.END OF PILE DRIVEN DEEP INTO MUD SURROUNDED BY HEAVY STONES. LAKE DWELLINGS  CLIFF HOUSES HOUSES BUILT RIGHT INTO MOUNTAIN CLIFFS. ROOMS CARVED INTO SOFT ROCK OF MOUNTAINS. CLIFF DWELLINGS,MESA VERDE OF COLORADO, AMERICA  OPPIDA/OPPIDUM MAIN DEFENDED PLACE. USED EARTHWORKS AS MATERIAL THAN STONE. HEARTH HOUSES :IN COLD REGIONS HUTS WITH 1-2 ROOMS WITH HEARTH IN MIDDLE WERE BUILT. HEARTH HOUSES COUTYARD HOUSES CENTRAL COURTYARD SPIRITUAL, MEMORIAL & MEGALITHIC STRUCTURES MEGALITHS ARE LARGE MONUMENTAL STONES THESE STRUCTURES ARE MADE OF HEAVY STONES BY INTERLOCKING SYSTEM AND NOT USING MORTAR. Predicting astronomical events. IT SHOWS MANS DESIRE TO DECORATE,CONSIDERATIONS OF SYMMETRY, ORIENTATION AND CHOICE OF SITE. Eg Stonehenge, Salisbury, England  DOLMENS ALSO KNOWN AS PORTAL TOMB.CONSISTS OF THREE OR MORE UPRIGHTI UNDRESSED STONE SLABS SUPPORTING HUGE CAPSTONE. DOLMENS SEEN IN PREHISTORIC SITES OF GOCHANG, HWASUN, GANGHWA IN KOREA. IN INDIA- MORAL PARI IN MALLACHANDRAN IN Tamil Nadu MARAYOOR IN KERALA. STONE BALLS –COSTA RICA.