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LESSON 1: UNDERSTANDING SIX ASPECTS CONSIDERED IN WRITING ACADEMIC TEXT ​ Writer’s purpose - depends on discipline writing ACADEMIC TEXT...

LESSON 1: UNDERSTANDING SIX ASPECTS CONSIDERED IN WRITING ACADEMIC TEXT ​ Writer’s purpose - depends on discipline writing ACADEMIC TEXT for, topic to cover, and goals -​ formal; clearly structured IBC ​ Writing tone and style - how it is said -​ Informations from credible sources (properly ​ Reader’s goal - changes depending upon what cited); entails concepts & theories related to you are reading specific discipline they explore ​ Specific language - all academic disciplines have own jargon and language particulars INTRODUCTION ​ Organization - structured in specific ways -​ short background on the theme for the reader to ​ Discipline - specific features - scientific writing catch what is waiting for him further often includes charts and figures that you will not see in a pop culture piece. Two Goals of Opening Paragraph a.​ gain readers’ attention TEXT STRUCTURES b.​ identify focus/thesis, developed in the ​ way authors organize information in the text body ​ help students focus attention on key concepts and relationships, anticipate what is to come, and How to Draw Readers’ Attention monitor their comprehension a.​ Open with a series of questions about the topic. ❖​ NARRATIVE - Narrates an event/story with b.​ Present startling or unusual facts or characters, setting, conflict, point of view, and plot figures. Transitions / Signal Words: Descriptive c.​ Define an important subject related term. language (adjectives, adverbs, d.​ Quote a well-known person or literary similes, and metaphors) work ❖​ CHRONOLOGICAL, PROCESS, OR SEQUENCE BODY - main part of the essay, most informative - Present ideas / events in the order in which they happen CONCLUSION - summary of the text; must accomplish Transitions / Signal Words: First, second, tying together all of the important third… Later, Next, Before, Then, Finally, After, points in the text by way of a summary and draw a final When, Since, Now/previously, Actual use of dates conclusion for the reader. ❖​ CAUSE & EFFECT - explanations or reasons for CHARACTERISTICS OF ACADEMIC TEXT phenomena Transitions / Signal Words: - If/then, reasons exhibit all properties of a well-written text (organization, why, as a result, therefore, because, unity,coherence & cohesion, strict adherence to rules of consequently, since, so that, for language use and mechanics) ❖​ PROBLEM / SOLUTION - Identify problems and In general, authors observe the following when writing pose solutions academic texts. Transitions / Signal Words: due to, the problem ​ State critical questions and issues is, dilemma is, if/then, because, so that, question/ ​ Provide facts and evidence from credible sources answer, puzzle is solved ​ Use precise and accurate words while avoiding jargon and colloquial expressions. ❖​ COMPARE AND CONTRAST - Discuss two ​ Take an objective point-of-view and avoid being ideas, events, or phenomena, showing how they personal and subjective. are different and how they are similar ​ Lists references. Transitions / Signal Words: However, /yet, ​ Use hedging or cautious language to tone down Nevertheless, on the other hand, but/ whereas, their claims similarly, although, also/likewise, in contrast/comparison, different, either/or, in the sameway/ just as  ❖​ DEFINITION OR DESCRIPTION - Describes a U: Understanding topic by listing characteristics, R: Reading features, attributes, and examples Transitions / Signal Words: for example, 1.​ OVERVIEW characteristics, for instance, such as, including, to -​ Survey or skim text (title, headings, illustrate summary, illustration, topic sentences) to get general idea, understand main themes The readers can significantly improve their comprehension and conclusions quickly and retention of information when they can identify and -​ reading with clear questions in mind and recognize the text structure of a text. It can also help them: testing yourself afterward instead of reading repeatedly 1.​ Organize information and details they are learning 2.​ READING in their minds while reading. -​ going through material thoughtfully with 2.​ Make connections between the details being purpose presented in a text -​ Read line by line, focus on your questions 3.​ Summarize the important details shared in a text and objectives, Revisit overview sections. -​ Adjust reading speed depending on how READING TECHNIQUES challenging the material; Balance -​ essential, especially during exams when time is comprehension and efficiency limited; can help improve efficiency and 3.​ SUMMARIZING comprehension -​ helps organize main ideas and supporting points; most paragraphs contain one / two A.​ SKIMMING (“gist reading”) important ideas (express in own words) -​ helps get a general idea of a text’s 4.​ TESTING YOURSELF - critical part; active recall content without reading it in detail; (Essay-style or fill-in-the- blank questions) of gives an overview information instead of simply recognizing it, -​ useful when flipping through a magazine Revisit parts of the text if needed; “fix” knowledge or newspaper to identify articles of interest in your memory or searching for a name in a directory -​ can skim up to 700 words per minute; Additional Techniques comprehension will be basic, and ​ Underlining: Highlight key sentences or ideas; understanding superficial avoid underlining too much ​ Marginal Notes: short comments or questions in B.​ SCANNING margins to guide your understanding. -​ quickly looking through a text to find ​ Elaboration: Create connections between specific information (names, dates, or concepts, raise additional questions to deepen figures); for pinpointing specific details your comprehension. C.​ INTENSIVE READING D.​ EXTENSIVE READING -​ used to understand and retain information -​ reading for enjoyment; smoothly from texts over a long period understanding & absorbing content -​ useful for studying, as it helps organize without frequent interruptions (no constant and remember important points pauses) -​ involves using various methods: -​ effective way to develop reading fluency, scanning, skimming, and planning with build confidence, and enhance language clear purpose skills in a relaxed and enjoyable manner PRINCIPLES OF INTENSIVE READING Effective extensive reading follows the principle of READ: OSP-TQUR (Process) Read quickly Enjoyably, with O : Overview Adequate comprehension, so you S : Summarize Don’t need a dictionary. P : Purpose T : Test Q: Questions Benefits of Extensive Reading INTEGRATING SOURCES - incorporating another 1.​ Some encounter language in natural, real-world scholar’s ideas or words into your work; it is done by contexts, learning how it works in longer texts Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Quoting rather than isolated examples from textbooks. 2.​ Regular exposure to words & patterns helps For Jung, the collective unconscious is expressed through students master vocabulary and predict future innate, universal images. These are associated with the stages language usage. of self-actualization that result in the integration of the 3.​ Frequent practice allows students to process conscious and the unconscious. As Jung stated, the “goal of language more automatically, freeing up mental the individuation process is the synthesis of the self” (1969, p. energy for other tasks. 164). 4.​ Develop love for reading, gain confidence, and reduce anxiety about language learning. GREEN - brief summary , PURPLE - paraphrase , YELLOW - 5.​ Reading / listening to material at an appropriate quotation difficulty level helps students build productive habits. SUMMARIZING 6.​ Seeing grammatical patterns repeatedly in varied -​ shortening passage / text without sacrificing its contexts supports stronger grasp of how they basic meaning or main thought function -​ important skill in critical reading, used to determine the essential ideas in a book, article, LESSON 2: THESIS STATEMENTS, book chapter, an article, or parts of an article INTEGRATING SOURCES, AND OUTLINING Summarizing is an important skill because it helps you: ​ deepen understanding of the text THESIS STATEMENT ​ identify relevant information or key ideas combine -​ sentence that captures position on a main idea details or examples that support the main idea/s; -​ makes assertion about a topic and predicts how it will be developed; doesn’t simply ​ concentrate on the gist or main idea & keywords announce a topic but says something about it ​ put together captured key ideas clearly and concise -​ summary of conclusions the writer has reached about the topic; located near end of introduction IMPORTANT SUMMARIZING TECHNIQUES or in several sentences or an entire paragraph (long paper) 1.​ SELECTION - select major idea, key words & phrases, special terms and interpretations THREE (3) COMPONENTS OF THESIS STATEMENT presented in original resource; helps to include all major ideas 1.​ TOPIC - general subject of text / essay 2.​ REJECTION - removing unnecessary data; reject Example: school uniforms in secondary education repetitions, examples, illustrations, anecdotes, 2.​ CONTROLLING IDEA - view, opinion, feeling redundant, expressions, tables and statistical data about the topic 3.​ SUBSTITUTION - includes synthesis; combining Example: should be required several sentences into one sentence 3.​ SUB-TOPIC (OPTIONAL) - supporting reasons to prove your claim FORMATS IN SUMMARIZING Example:because they are more inclusive and foster 1.​ Idea Heading Format - summarized idea comes unity before citation 2.​ Author Heading Format - summarized idea STEPS IN WRITING A GOOD THESIS STATEMENT comes after citation; author's name/s is/are connected by an appropriate reporting verb. Step 1: Start with a Question Step 2: Write your initial answer PARAPHRASING Step 3: Develop your answer -​ restating text / passage without sacrificing its Step 4: Revise & refine thesis statement meaning using our own words -​ short text (1-2 sentences) or paragraph (max. 5 sentences) STEP IN PARAPHRASING TYPES OF OUTLINE Step 1: Read a paragraph Step 2: Ask yourself, “What was the main idea and details of 1.​ ALPHANUMERIC OUTLINE - Each main this paragraph” heading/topic is noted by Roman numerals; can Step 3: Put IT into your own words be separated into two or more distinct classifications. Importance of paraphrasing 2.​ FULL SENTENCE OUTLINE - similar to alphanumeric outline (follows same format); ​ Help understand and remember what you read primary difference - each topic, or thought, is ​ Help get better scores on reading analyses. written out as full sentence ​ Help you do better in class 3.​ DECIMAL OUTLINE - similar to the alphanumeric outline; primary difference - using decimals to note DIRECT QUOTING each heading and subheading -​ exact words of another author, in quotation marks, without changing them (as is) Example Format of an Outline ​ Introduction TYPES OF SOURCES OF DATA ​ Body ○​ Subheading 1.​ Primary Data Collection - information collected and ○​ Subtopic processed directly by the researcher (observations, ​ Conclusion surveys, interviews, focus groups) 2.​ Secondary Data Collection - information retrieved LESSON 3: INTRODUCTION TO through pre-existing sources: (research articles, CRITICAL WRITING Internet or library searches, etc.) CRITICAL WRITING TWO WAYS TO PRESENT CITATIONS: -​ evaluates and interprets a piece of literary work 1.​ In-text citation – insertion of a citation within the -​ argument with unbiased view; follows objectivity text itself; last name of the author and date the and balanced review source was published. -​ Could change the way we interpret a text 2.​ References/ Bibliography – comprehensive list of sources; found at the end of articles. CRITIC - person who evaluates a piece of work (APA 7th EDITION) PURPOSE OF CRITICAL APPROACH *October 11, 2019 - Published by Ramio Streetkerk ​ Helps readers know the significance of a piece of *December 5, 2022 - revised work ​ Help readers appreciate and understand a piece *October 2019 - American Psychological Association (APA) of literary work fully introduced the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual ​ Broadens a reader’s understanding of an author’s work by summarizing, interpreting, and exploring MLA 9th Edition its value Modern Language Association (MLA) ​ Helps to better understand the beauty and *April 2021 - updated style manual complexity of the world through literature MLA Handbook - living document hoping to meet the ever-changing needs of writers while creating uniform HOW TO WRITE A GOOD CRITIQUE? standards for documentation 1.​ SUMMARY - brief, concise, and comprehensive th CHICAGO MANUAL STYLE GUIDE 17 Edition way of covering main points; condenses & assess Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) - covers variety of topics the content (manuscript preparation & publication, grammar, usage, 2.​ ANALYSIS - evaluates a piece of work more documentation); dubbed the “editor's bible.” critically; explains important points *Good analysis: possess positive and negative OUTLINE qualities of a piece of work -​ organizing information according to main ideas, 3.​ CRITIQUE - balance discussion and analysis of a major details, and lesser details (Forlini, 1990) literary work; notable features of those  CRITICAL APPROACHES IN WRITING A CRITIQUE LESSON 4: WRITING OBJECTIVE AND Critique is a specialized form of writing in which a reviewer or BALANCED REVIEWS reader evaluates any of the following: ❖​ BALANCED REVIEW - systematic way of presenting ​ scholarly work (academic books, articles) facts and truthfulness of a piece of work ​ work of art (performance art, play, dance, sports, film, ❖​ CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM - feedback that provides exhibits) specific recommendations on taking positive ​ designs (industrial designs, furniture, fashion design) improvements. ​ graphic designs (posters, billboards, commercials, and ❖​ OBJECTIVITY - In-depth analyzation and evaluation of a digital media) piece of work using critical approaches 1.​ FEMINIST APPROACH / CRITICISM OBJECTIVITY IN WRITING A CRITIQUE -​ women as subjects of socio-political, psychological, and economic oppression. OBJECTIVITY -​ depicts how men is seen as more -​ emphasis on facts, information, and arguments; powerful than women in our culture rely more on facts and evidences instead of just opinions 2.​ MARXIST APPROACH / CRITICISM -​ third person pronouns (it, he, she, they) -​ differences between economic classes and implications of the capitalist system TECHNIQUES FOR MAINTAINING OBJECTIVITY -​ continuous conflicts between working class and elites 1.​ USE FACTS AND DATA -​ Presenting factual evidences by 3.​ READER-RESPONSE APPROACH / CRITICISM conducting extensive research -​ essential role of reader to the meaning of a literary work; reviewers’ reaction as an 2.​ CONVEY OPPOSING VIEWS audience of a work -​ fairness & transparency on both sides -​ what happens in the reader’s mind while 3.​ AVOID EXPRESSING PERSONAL JUDGEMENT interpreting a text -​ Neutral phrases to show that you are not biased 4.​ PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH / CRITICISM -​ focuses on the relationship between 4.​ AVOID EMOTIVE LANGUAGE literature, unconscious mind and -​ makes it more personal and subjectivity; conscious actions and thoughts. reviews should just present factual and -​ focuses on: mind of the author, unbiased information characters, audience and the text BALANCE IN CRITICAL WRITING 5.​ NEW HISTORICISM APPROACH / CRITICISM -​ analyzing specific text prior to political, BALANCED REVIEW social, and economic conditions of the -​ could be hard when you have strong opinion time that the writer has lived in. towards a specific topic -​ analyzing author’s biography and social -​ covers both strengths & weaknesses of a subject background; find meaning considering -​ topic should not be too narrow or too broad the work within the framework of prevailing ideas and assumptions of its STRUCTURE OF A BALANCED REVIEW historical era 1.​ INTRODUCTION 6.​ QUEER APPROACH -​ overview of the whole paper; main -​ involves exploration of identities and argument and position is presented sexuality; how much of binaries humans (clearly specified but engaging) adhere to actually socially constructed -​ author’s name, name of the article, -​ helps interpret and critique representation source, main claims of the article of LGBTQIA+ identities & themes  2.​ SUMMARY (body part) 2.​ Critiquing Visual Arts -​ elaborates the main claim a.​ Paintings, Sculptures, Installations 3.​ ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION -​ evaluation of text being critiqued; further 4 Step Process to Critique Art work according to discussion of main claims SCAD Libraries, (2024). -​ extensive analyzation supported by evidences and facts ​ Description - “What do I see?” ​ Analysis - “How is the work organized?” 4.​ CONCLUSION (end note) ​ Interpretation - “What is happening? What is the artist -​ restate important concepts from first three trying to say/portray?” parts emphasizing writer’s main position ​ Judgment or Evaluation – “What do I think of the -​ final evaluation, recommendations for work?” improvement 3.​ Reviewing Performing Arts STRATEGIES FOR CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM a.​ Theater CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM ​ State title of the play, name of playwright, Theater -​ giving constructive feedback with supporting where the play was held, name of the director, examples; clear, direct, honest, and easy to date of performance implement; provides positive change ​ Discuss important parts of the play; How actors handle their roles, actions, dialogue, and other STRATEGIES USED FOR GIVING CONSTRUCTIVE concepts of the play. CRITICISM b.​ Dance 1.​ Include positive comments where appropriate ​ Evaluate dancer’s execution of movements 2.​ Provide actionable feedback (posture, alignment, footwork, and control) 3.​ Give feedback in a timely manner ​ Assess ability of the dancers in conveying 4.​ Maintain a friendly tone and body language emotions and telling a story through their movements and facial expressions STRATEGIES YOU COULD USE FOR RECEIVING CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM c.​ Music ​ Check the clarity, balance, pace and rhythm, 1.​ Avoid immediately reacting. dynamics and mood, lyrics, and the message of 2.​ If need be, remind yourself that constructive the song. criticism can help you improve. 3.​ Listen to understand—not to respond. 4.​ Critiquing Films & Television Shows 4.​ Connect the feedback to your role, not to yourself. 5.​ Thank the person giving you feedback. a.​ Films & Television Shows 6.​ Ask questions, but don’t challenge the feedback. ​ Watch the movie once or twice. ​ Express Thoughts about the movie without being REVIEWING DIFFERENT FORMS OF ART AND biased or unfair. State what you think are the best EVENTS parts of the movie and how it affects you. ​ You may also discuss the way the actors have 1.​ Writing reviews for literature acted upon the movie. a.​ Books, Poetry, Plays ​ Explain how the movie has been created – from ​ Start with sentences that describes the book directors, to cinematographers, and even through ​ State what particular part of the book has caught the special effects. your attention ​ Do not spoil the readers. Revise if needed. ​ Mention the part of the book that has less impact ​ Summarize your review by suggesting a type of 5.​ Writing Reviews for Events & Programs reader you would recommend the book to (e.g. younger readers, older readers, fans of a.​ Concerts, Exhibitions, Festival relationship/romantic drama) ​ Write how the event has been done – people, experience, parts of the event from where you  have been impacted greatly. MOST COMMON METHODS OF EXPANSION ​ Writing should be interesting, lively, and vivid so a.​ Explanation of use or function your readers will be able to feel what you have felt b.​ Description of parts when you were there. c.​ Comparison and contrast ​ The goal is to give the readers a taste of what it d.​ Origin of the word e.​ Example feels like to be in those events. f.​ Negation g.​ Basic Operating Principles b.​ Educational, Social, Cultural EXPLICATION - scientific process; transforms inexact LESSON 5: UNDERSTANDING concept (explicandum) into a precise one (explicatum); CONCEPT ELUCIDATION: detailed explanation and documentation DEFINITION AND EXPLICATION Ex. Applications ​ Concept - abstract idea or a mental symbol, Politics: Explicating "democracy" by discussing its origins, associated with a corresponding representation in principles, and variations in different countries. language or thought ​ Elucidation - process of making something clear Computer Programming: Explicating "algorithm" by breaking or making detailed explanation down the steps involved in solving a problem. ​ Definition - statement of the meaning of a term CONCEPT - DRIVEN WRITING ​ Intentional Definition (Connotative Definition) - -​ explaining and exploring a specific concept; specifies the necessary and sufficient conditions; definition, importance, break down into specific or literal meaning; from dictionaries understandable parts Ex. A bird is a warm-blooded vertebrate animal that has feathers, wings, and lays eggs. DATA - DRIVEN WRITING -​ focuses on data and empirical evidence; ​ Extensional Definition (Denotative Definition) - presenting data, analyzing it, drawing conclusions list of every object member of specific set; extending based on the evidence. -​ Observe before explaining; gathered data from or widening the meaning and scope of the term experiences Ex. Birds include sparrows, eagles, penguins, robins, Example: and ostriches. In Politics: Writing about "Democracy" by defining it, exploring METHODS OF DEFINITION its principles, and presenting data on its effectiveness. In Computer Programming: Explaining "Algorithms" by defining 1.​ INFORMAL DEFINITION - using familiar words / the term, breaking down the steps, and presenting data on phrases for an unfamiliar word or phrase; their efficiency. “dictionary meaning” instead of denotation LESSON 6: CONCEPT PAPER 2.​ FORMAL SENTENCE DEFINITION - consists of three principal parts: SPECIES (word) + GENUS CONCEPT PAPER - short document; outlines (class) + DIFFERENTIAE main points of a grant proposal (initial ideas, objectives, and theoretical framework of a research project) Example: Skimming (specie) is a reading technique (class) allowing eyes IMPORTANCE OF CONCEPT PAPER to travel over a page very quickly, stopping only here and there -​ help obtain feedback, attract potential investors or to gain an idea (differentiae) funders -​ determining the feasibility of a project 3.​ EXPANDED DEFINITION - general discussion of -​ used in academia to initiate research projects and an object, process or concept; breaking down of secure grants. components and parts to be explained individually; dig deeper KEY REASONS FOR WRITING CONCEPT PAPERS: 3.​ RATIONALE - relevance of project/research 1.​ Transforming a research idea into a detailed proposal and gathering feedback. 4.​ PRODUCT DESCRIPTION - addresses goals and 2.​ Justifying the worthiness of a project to funding objectives; one of the important components agencies. 3.​ Identifying potential flaws or gaps in the project 5.​ METHODOLOGY - method or activities will early on and finding solutions. require to be congruent with or based on what has 4.​ Serves as foundation for full proposal and ensure been tried in the field in the past, they have to be appropriate experimental methods based on research findings; these designs will 5.​ Defining project timelines to help researchers stay have to be relatively affordable and not very on track and reach milestones successfully. complicated. ELEMENTS OF CONCEPT PAPER FOR ACADEMIC 6.​ PROJECT NEEDS & COST - highlights key RESEARCH activities to be completed in order to accomplish the project; offers cost breakdown of the venture. 1.​ TITLE - simple and specific, effectively captures the subject; contains hints of research content COMPARING & CONTRASTING 2.​ INTRODUCTION - research question/problem, purpose, background COMPARING - parallels or similarities between two or more objects; shared qualities 3.​ NEED FOR THIS STUDY - significance CONTRASTING - differences between two or more things; 4.​ BACKGROUND - literature review; account of unique qualities or distinctions prior research conducted, its relation STEPS IN COMPARING AND CONTRASTING A 5.​ OBJECTIVES - goals; what is intended to be CONCEPT PAPER accomplished Step 1: Choose a topic that can be easily compared or S.M.A.R.T. - Specific, Measurable, Achievable, contrasted, like two opposing ideas or two similar people. Relevant, Time-bound Step 2: Make a list of similarities and differences for each subject on separate sides of a paper. 6.​ HYPOTHESIS - assumed solution or answer Step 3: Organize the content; structuring information in based on which research will operate to provide a clear and logical manner evidence. Step 4: Use transitional phrases. Transitional phrases ensure a seamless and coherent progression from one 7.​ METHODOLOGY - data collection information; paragraph or section to the next in an essay. outline of research design & techniques 8.​ TIMELINE - how different phases of the research will be accomplished at different points ​ ​ 9.​ REFERENCES - compilation or list of all sources ​ used or referred to in the development of the ​ concept paper ​ ELEMENTS OF CONCEPT PAPER FOR A PROJECT 1.​ COVER PAGE - relevant details (proponents, organization, contact details, proposal title, name of client or funder, date of submission) 2.​ INTRODUCTION - familiarize the audience with the topic in question; clear perception of problem being discussed