EALS-Reviewer-Midterm-2024.pdf

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE UNIQUENESS OF THE EARTH WHAT ARE THE EIGHT PLANETS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM? Terrestrial Planets Jupiter Earth Uranus Mercury Mars...

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE UNIQUENESS OF THE EARTH WHAT ARE THE EIGHT PLANETS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM? Terrestrial Planets Jupiter Earth Uranus Mercury Mars Neptune Venus Saturn Gas Planets  ATMOSPHERE FUNCTION RIGHT FACTORS TRAPS HEAT, SHIELDS THE EARTH AND VENUS ARE THE SURFACE FROM HARMFUL RIGHT SIZE TO HOLD A RADIATION, AND PROVIDES SUFFICIENT-SIZED CHEMICALS NEEDED FOR LIFE, ATMOSPHERE. EARTH'S SUCH AS NITROGEN AND CARBON ATMOSPHERE IS ABOUT 100 DIOXIDE MILES THICK. IT KEEPS THE SURFACE WARM AND PROTECTS IT FROM RADIATION AND SMALL-TO- MEDIUM-SIZED METEORITES OUR EARTH Earth is the only planet in the solar system that it is known to have life on it, no other planet in the solar system to have life on them. The processes that shape the Earth and its environment are through constant cycle. This cycling sustains life and leads to the formation of the mineral and resources that are the foundation of modern technological society. According to the National Geographic (www.nationalgeographic.com) A NASA scientist listed 5 essential ingredients needed to sustain life. There must be: TEMPERATURE WATER SUNLIGHT NITROGEN OXYGEN  Life, in general can tolerate a wide range of temperature conditions. Planets should be sufficient in size to hold a significant atmosphere, the composition of the atmosphere specifically the amount of greenhouse gases influencing the earth’s surface temperature. The temperature range that allows water to exist in the liquid state, about 70% of the Earth is covered with liquid water, the liquid form turns out to be one of the most important pre-requisite for life as we know it.  On Earth, nutrients are recycled through the hydrologic cycle and plate tectonics (volcanism). The amount of solar radiation that a planet receives is primarily a function of distance from the sun, because sunlight is essential for photosynthesis. A system that will be able to constantly supply nutrients to organisms as it is important to sustain life. Thus, this earth’s unique composition and characteristics present in our planet make the Earth as only planet in the solar system with properties necessary to support and sustain life. the four subsystems  The Earth Earth has a complex system compose of four subsystem- geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere that interact to carry out many differential natural processes (physical, chemical, biological).  ECOSYSTEM The unit in nature where relationship between the complex communities of individual organisms. THE GEOSPHERE Largest component Earth System THE ATMOSPHERE atmosphere serves as the earth's blanket THE ATMOSPHERE Word Origin Atmos = Gas Sphaira = Globe or Ball THE ATMOSPHERE THE HYDROSPHERE A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air. A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice. THE HYDROSPHERE Word Origin Hydro = Water THE HYDROSPHERE Hydrosphere id composed of all the water on earth in any form. This can either be in a form of water vapor and liquid water.  THE BIOSPHERE The biosphere is made up of the parts of Earth where life exists. The biosphere extends from the deepest root systems of trees, to the dark environment of ocean trenches, to lush rainforests and high mountaintops. THE BIOSPHERE Word Origin Bios = Life  THE BIOSPHERE Composed of all living things and the areas where they are found. It includes animals, microbes, and plants.  THE BIOSPHERE It extends to the upper areas of the atmosphere where insects and birds can be found. It also extends to the deep parts of the oceans where marine organisms can still survive.  THE BIOSPHERE It is also in this zone that interaction between different subsystems is most dynamic. In biosphere, organisms play an important role in the food web. If one is lost, the others will be affected.  Lesson 3 & 4 MINERALS AND ROCKS MINERALS ON DESCRIBING MINERALS: I N O RGA N IC Formed by natural geologic processes Formed in nature ON DESCRIBING ROCKS: Rocks contain Minerals MINERALOGY PETROLOGY  PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS  COLOR The color of a mineral depends on the elements which constitute the crystal lattice – the arrangement of atoms, or groups of atoms, in a specific pattern and with high symmetry. The reflection of certain wavelengths of light by the crystal lattice results in the color perceived by the observer.Some are of the same color like azurite (always deep blue) malachite is green, cinnabar is red, sulfur is yellow.  STREAK Streak is the color of the mineral in its powdered form. The sample is rubbed across a piece of unglazed porcelain or streak plate.  LUSTER Luster refers to the way light is reflected from a mineral surface. Some have a metallic surface such as gold, silver, and copper. Others are described as vitreous or glassy, pearly, silky, resinous, and earthy and dull.Luster is the relative differences in the opacity and transparency of a mineral as light is reflected on its surface. This describes the 'sparkles' of the mineral surfaces.  C L EAVAG E is the tendency of minerals to break along planes of weak bonding. It is described by the number of planes exhibited and the angles at which they meet.  FRACTURE minerals that do not exhibit cleavage are said to fracture when broken. Some break like glass, some into splinters or fiber. Endogenic Processes Endogenic Processes are internal processes that occur beneath Earth. The result in reshaping of Earth’s landforms. kinds of volcano  Magma is molten rock beneath the Earth's surface, formed by the melting of the mantle or crust. It contains molten rock, minerals, and gases. When it erupts, it becomes lava. Magma’s composition and gas content determine the type of volcanic activity. A magma chamber is a reservoir of molten rock located beneath a volcano. It stores magma before it rises to the surface during an eruption. The size and pressure within the chamber influence the intensity of volcanic activity.  Lithostatic pressure is the pressure exerted on rocks due to the weight of overlying materials in the Earth's crust. It increases with depth and is uniform in all directions, helping to contain magma in subsurface chambers. Rock strength refers to a rock's ability to withstand forces without breaking or deforming. It depends on factors like composition, temperature, pressure, and the presence of fractures. Stronger rocks can resist deformation, while weaker ones may crack or fail under stress. Magmastatic pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of magma within a magma chamber or conduit. It increases with the depth of the magma column and plays a key role in driving volcanic eruptions, as higher magmastatic pressure can force magma upward toward the surface.  Unloading in volcanism refers to the reduction of pressure on the Earth's crust, often caused by processes like erosion, glacial melting, or faulting. As pressure is removed from a volcanic area, the underlying magma experiences less stress and can rise more easily toward the surface. fissure  FISSURE A fissure vent, also known as a volcanic fissure, eruption fissure or simply a fissure, is a linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. The vent is often a few metres wide and may be many kilometres long.  SHIELD has a mound-like shape. It is formed from basaltic lava that erupted from a volcano. The Mauna Loa in Hawaii is a shield volcano.  dome volcanic dome, also called Lava Dome, any steep-sided mound that is formed when lava reaching the Earth’s surface is so viscous that it cannot flow away readily and accumulates around the vent.  ash-cinder Cinder cones are also known as ash cones. Cinder cones are the type of volcano that is formed by pyroclastic fragments like volcanic ashes, solidified lava pieces, volcanic clinkers, pumice and hot gases. These volcanoes are formed around the volcanic vent and are known to be the simplest form of a volcano.  composite Composite volcanoes can be the most picturesque of all volcanoes. A classic composite volcano is conical with a concave shape that is steeper near the top. Composite cones are large volcanoes generally composed of lava flows, pyroclastic deposits, and mudflow (lahar) deposits, as well as lava domes. Composite volcanoes are active over long periods (tens to hundreds of thousands of years), and erupt periodically.  CALDERA is a large cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma chamber in a volcanic eruption. When large volumes of magma are erupted over a short time, structural support for the rock above the magma chamber is lost. The ground surface then collapses into the emptied or partially emptied magma chamber, leaving a large depression at the surface (from one to dozens of kilometers in diameter)  MID-OCEAN RIDGES A mid-ocean ridge is a volcanic system where tectonic plates move apart, allowing magma to rise from beneath the Earth's crust. As the magma cools, it forms new oceanic crust, creating an underwater mountain range. This continuous volcanic activity shapes the seafloor and contributes to the formation of features like hydrothermal vents and submarine volcanoes.  Mantle The mantle behave as a viscous fluid because of high temperatures Classification of Volcanoes Types of Volcanic Eruption  Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.  Chemical Weathering Chemical weathering changes or alters the molecular structure of rocks and soil.  Physical Weathering Mechanical weathering, also called physical weathering and disaggregation, causes rocks to crumble but does NOT alter the mineral composition  Erosion is the removal of weathered rocks downslope from the original place of weathering. Loss of Plant cover facilitates erosion Some agents of erosion are Glacier, Water, and Wind  Disposition Also known as deposition. It is the laying down of sediments to its depositional environment or final destination.  SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Sedimentary rocks are formed from pieces of other existing rock or organic material. There are three different types of sedimentary rocks: clastic, organic (biological), and chemical.  SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Clastic sedimentary rocks, like sandstone, form from clasts, or pieces of other rock. Organic sedimentary rocks, like coal, form from hard, biological materials like plants, shells, and bones that are compressed into rock.  SEDIMENTARY ROCKS The formation of clastic and organic rocks begins with the weathering, or breaking down, of the exposed rock into small fragments. Through the process of erosion, these fragments are removed from their source and transported by wind, water, ice, or biological activity to a new location. Once the sediment settles somewhere, and enough of it collects, the lowest layers become compacted so tightly that they form solid rock.  SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Chemical sedimentary rocks, like limestone, halite, and flint, form from chemical precipitation. A chemical precipitate is a chemical compound— for instance, calcium carbonate, salt, and silica—that forms when the solution it is dissolved in, usually water, evaporates and leaves the compound behind. This occurs as water travels through Earth’s crust, weathering the rock and dissolving some of its minerals, transporting it elsewhere. These dissolved minerals are precipitated when the water evaporates.  METAMORPHIC ROCKS Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been changed from their original form by immense heat or pressure. Metamorphic rocks have two classes: foliated and non-foliated. When a rock with flat or elongated minerals is put under immense pressure, the minerals line up in layers, creating foliation. Foliation is the aligning of elongated or platy minerals, like hornblende or mica, perpendicular to the direction of pressure that is applied.  IGNEOUS ROCKS Igneous rocks (derived from the Latin word “ignus” which means fire) are formed when molten hot material cools and solidifies. Igneous rocks can also be made a couple of different ways. When they are formed inside of the earth, they are called intrusive, or plutonic, igneous rocks. If they are formed outside or on top of Earth’s crust, they are called extrusive, or volcanic, igneous rocks.  IGNEOUS ROCKS Granite and diorite are examples of common intrusive rocks. They have a coarse texture with large mineral grains, indicating that they spent thousands or millions of years cooling down inside the earth, a time course that allowed large mineral crystals to grow.  IGNEOUS ROCKS Alternatively, rocks like basalt and obsidian have very small grains and a relatively fine texture. This happens because when magma erupts into lava, it cools more quickly than it would if it stayed inside the earth, giving crystals less time to form. Obsidian cools into volcanic glass so quickly when ejected that the grains are impossible to see with the naked eye.  IGNEOUS ROCKS Extrusive igneous rocks can also have a vesicular, or “holey” texture. This happens when the ejected magma still has gases inside of it so when it cools, the gas bubbles are trapped and end up giving the rock a bubbly texture. An example of this would be pumice.  Rocks are classified according to how they are formed. From the diagram, we can see that: Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling or solidification of magma or lava. Metamorphic rocks are formed by preexisting rocks that are exposed to extreme heat and pressure in the Earth’s interior, a process called metamorphism. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments, a process called lithification.  METAMORPHISM When you expose igneous rocks to intense heat and pressure, they could undergo metamorphism. Metamorphism is the process of change in the form and structure of rocks due to intense heat and pressure. It comes from the Greek word metamorphous meaning transform or change shape. The rocks that undergo metamorphism are converted to metamorphic rocks.  METAMORPHISM An example of metamorphism is when limestone is subjected to elevated temperature and pressure it is metamorphosed to marble  KEY POINTS Mantle convection is the movement of the mantle as heat is transferred from the core to the crust. Magma are rocks that melted when subjected to high temperature and pressure. Magmatism is the activity or the motion of magma. Plutonism is the formation of intrusive igneous rocks through the solidification of magma beneath the Earth’s surface. Volcanism is the phenomenon of an eruption of magma onto the surface of the Earth. Volcano is the opening on the Earth’s crust where magma, gases, and hot vapor are being ejected or released. Lava is the cooled and solidified magma upon reaching the Earth’s surface  KEY POINTS Metamorphism is the process of change in the form and structure of rocks due to intense heat and pressure. Compression is a type of stress that causes the rocks to push or to collide towards each other. Tension is a type of stress that pulls the rocks away from each other.