Embryology of Sensory Organs PDF

Embriologi Organa Sensoris dr. Zainuri Sabta Nugraha, M.Sc Dep. Anatomi FK UII Tujuan Mengetahui pembentukan organ sensoris dari awal perkembangan 3 lapis embrional. Mengetahui perkembangan Apparatus pharyngealis. Mengetahui pembentukan mata. Mengetahui pembentukan teli...

Embriologi Organa Sensoris dr. Zainuri Sabta Nugraha, M.Sc Dep. Anatomi FK UII Tujuan Mengetahui pembentukan organ sensoris dari awal perkembangan 3 lapis embrional. Mengetahui perkembangan Apparatus pharyngealis. Mengetahui pembentukan mata. Mengetahui pembentukan telinga Mengetahui pembentukan lidah dari apparatus pharyngeal Mengetahui pembentukan Kulit (integumentum) 2/9 Embryonic period (Week 3-8)  Embryology The three GERM LAYERS The ‘blast’ suffix is still here being used to indicate formative power, as is the term germ layer for what derives from the epiblast EPIBLAST EPIBLAST forms three layers (HYPOBLAST) ECTODERM MESODERM Note - Mesoderm is the middle layer ENDODERM Trilaminar: Minggu ke tiga embrional APPARATUS PHARINGEAL APPARATUS PHARYNGEAL Pharyngeal arches are paired structures associated with the pharynx that contribute greatly to the formation of the face, jaw, ear, and neck The 1st pharyngeal arch appears at about the beginning of the 4th week and others are added more caudally later such that there are ultimately 5 arches by the end of the 4th week; the 5th arch fails to form, so the arches are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6. The entire apparatus consists of paired pharyngeal arches, pharyngeal pouches, pharyngeal clefts (or grooves), and pharyngeal membranes (see diagram). Each pharyngeal arch consists of a core of somatic mesoderm and neural crest mesenchyme somatic mesoderm contributes to the arch artery (i.e. aortic arches 1-6) as well as skeletal muscle tissue in each arch neural crest mesenchyme develops into bone, cartilage, and/or connective tissue in each arch. The inside of the pharyngeal apparatus is lined by endoderm that forms infoldings or pouches between the arches; since there are 5 pharyngeal arches, there are 4 pharyngeal pouches, the fates of which are discussed below. The outside of the pharyngeal apparatus is covered by ectodermal that forms outer pharyngeal clefts (or grooves); as with the pouches, there are initially 4 pharyngeal clefts, the fates of which are discussed below APPARATUS PHARYNGEAL APPARATUS PHARYNGEAL Arcus Pharyngeal /arcus viseralis(1,2,3,4, 6)  berisi mesoderma (somatomere) dan crista neuralis. Kantong pharingeal/saccus viseralis (pharyngal pouches) (1,2,3,4)  evaginasi endoderma yang melapisi forgut. Ceruk pharyngeal (pharingal groove) (1,2,3,4)  mrpk evaginasi dari surface ectoderma. Pharyngeal groove ke 1 akan membentuk epithel yang melapisi meatus acusticus externus, sedangtkan pharyngeal groove yang lain mengalami obliterasi. Pharyngeal membran (1,2,3,4) merupakan pertemuan antara pharingeal groove dan pouch. Pharyngel membran 1 membran tymphani, yang lain obliterasi. 1. Pharyngeal Arch 1 (mandibular arch) associated with the 1st aortic arch, which develops into part of the maxillary artery innervated by CN V (trigeminal nerve) splits into an upper maxillary prominence and a lower mandibular prominence derivatives of the 1st arch are: 2. Pharyngeal Arch 2 (hyoid arch) associated with the 2nd aortic arch, which develops into the stapedial artery innervated by CN VII (facial nerve) derivatives of the 2nd arch are: 3. Pharyngeal Arch 3 associated with aortic arch 3, which contributes to the common carotid artery and proximal segment of the internal carotid artery innervated by CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) derivatives of the 3rd arch are: 4. Pharyngeal Arch 4 associated with aortic arch 4, which contributes to the proximal segment of the right subclavian artery and the arch of the aorta innervated by CN X (superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve) derivatives of the 4th arch are: 5. Pharyngeal Arch 6 associated with aortic arch 6, which contributes to the proximal segments of the pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus (which becomes the ligamentum arteriosum in the adult) innervated by CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve) derivatives of the 6th arch are: Pharyngeal Arches Pharyngeal arch Derivates The pharyngeal arches contribute to the developing tongue and epiglottis Some of the neural crest cells in each of the arches become cartilage. Each pharyngeal arch has a cranial nerve associated with it: 1. arch 1: CN V (trigeminal) 2. arch 2: CN VII (facial) 3. arch 3: CN IX (glossopharyngeal) 4. arch 4: CN X (superior laryngeal branch of the vagus) 5. arch 6: CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus) Each of the pharyngeal arches is supplied by a specific cranial nerve. The cells that contribute to the sensory ganglia are derived from neural crest cells and from epibranchial placodes. 23 Pharyngeal Pouches (Glands) The pharyngeal pouches are endodermal-lined pockets that form on the INSIDE of the pharynx between the arches; pouch 1 forms between arch 1 and arch 2, pouch 2 forms between arch 2 and arch 3, etc. First Pharyngeal Pouch forms the auditory tube (narrow proximal part) & tympanic cavity (distal sac-like structure) tympanic membrane—forms from lining of tympanic cav. later comes into contact with epithelial lining of 1st pharyngeal cleft (future EAM) Second Pharyngeal Pouch proliferates to form palatine tonsil Third Pharyngeal Pouch forms thymus and inferior parathyroid glands thymus descends during development, pulling superior/ inferior parathyroid glands with it Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch forms superior parathyroid glands attach to dorsal surface of thyroid Fifth Pharyngeal Pouch forms ultimobrachial body—regulates Ca2+ in body & is embedded in thyroid Derivatives of the pharyngeal pouches 25 Pharyngeal Grooves (Clefts) The pharyngeal clefts are ectodermal-lined recesses that appear on the OUTSIDE of the pharnyx between the arches; cleft 1 is between arch 1 and 2, cleft 2 is between arches 2 and 3, etc four recognizable clefts; all but one disappear during development 1st pharyngeal cleft  external auditory meatus (EAM) & part of tympanic membrane 2nd pharangeal arch mesenchyme proliferates  overlapping arch that covers 2-4th pharangeal clefts  smooth neck cervical sinus—temporary cavity formed during development; closes later during development Pharyngeal Grooves (Clefts) 1. Pharyngeal cleft 1: develops into the external auditory meatus (the corresponding 1st pharyngeal pouch develops into the auditory (or Eustacian) tube, and the intervening membrane develops into the tympanic membrane). Defects in the development of pharyngeal cleft 1 can result in preauricular (i.e. in front of the pinna of the ear) cysts and/or fistulas. 2. pharyngeal clefts 2, 3, and 4 are overgrown by expansion of the 2nd pharyngeal arch and usually obliterated Remnants of pharyngeal clefts 2-4 can appear in the form of cervical cysts or fistulas found along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.  Aortic Arch Arteries blood vessel development follows path of least resistance (thru mesenchyme) => many run through brachial arches during early embryogenesis Cranial Nerves—each is associated with a specific pharyngeal arch & innervates all its muscles, etc Muscles—each pharyngeal arch differentiates into a specific set of muscles which are innervated by the CN in that arch Five pairs of aortic arch vessels form temporally in a cranial to caudal sequence. The cranial-most vessels regress as the caudal ones develop 30  Development of Larynx The epithelial lining of the larynx develops from endoderm of the cranial end of laryngotracheal tube The cartilages of the larynx develop from the cartilages in the fourth and sixth pairs of pharyngeal arches The laryngeal cartilages develop from the mesenchyme that is derived from neural crest cells  Development of Larynx The laryngeal epithelium proliferates rapidly resulting in temporary occlusion of the laryngeal lumen Recanalization of larynx normally occurs by the tenth week Laryngeal ventricles form during this recanalization These recesses are bounded by folds of mucous membrane that become the vocal folds and vestibular folds  Epiglottis It develops from the caudal part of the hypopharyngeal eminence The rostral part of this eminence forms the posterior third or pharyngeal part of the tongue Growth of the larynx and epiglottis is rapid during the first three years after birth By this time the epiglottis has reached its adult form EMBRIOLOGI TELINGA PEMBENTUKAN AURIS INTERNA Embryo (25 hari)  di mana ada sulcus medullaris di area yang akan menjadi rhombencephalon, di sebelah lateral pada ectoderm (surface ectoderm)  ada penebalan disebut lamina otica (otic placode)  mencekung (invaginasi ke arah rhombencephalon) mjd Fovea otica  menutup mjd vesicula otica PEMBENTUKAN AURIS INTERNA awalnya dari sin ; m Vesicula otica tumbuh menjadi pajang ke arah dorsoventral yang akan berkembang menjadi 2 Pars Ulricula Vesicula Otica pars sacoula Pars Utricula Pars Saccula 1. Utriculus 1. Sacculus 2. Ductus semisircularis 2. Ductus 3. Ganglion vestibular cochlearis(organ of NC VIII corti) 4. Ductus dan saccus 3. Ganglion spirale NC endolymphaticus VIII  PEMBENTUKAN AURIS INTERNA Gradual transformation of a rounded otic vesicle to the highly complicated form of the membranous labyrinth. (A) Otocyst; (B) Formation of endolymphatic sac; (C) Division of otocyst into vestibular and cochlear parts; (D) Division of vestibular part into utricle and semicircular ducts and cochlear part into saccule and cochlear duct; (E and F) Further differentiation of components  PEMBENTUKAN AURIS INTERNA Development of various components of internal ear and middle ear. (A) Formation of cochlear and vestibular parts, tympanic cavity and pharyngotympanic tube; formation of mesenchymal condensation around the membranous labyrinth; (B) Evaginations of utricle to form semicircular ducts; (C) Coiling of cochlea; (D) Cartilaginous otic capsule, approximation of external acoustic meatus and tubotympanic recess with intervening mesoderm; (E) Formation of ear ossicles, tympanic membrane, petrous temporal bone and connections with vestibular and cochlear nerves Specialized sensory areas developing in the internal ear and their nerve supply PEMBENTUKAN AURIS INTERNA PEMBENTUKAN LABYRINTHUS degenerast ↑ jadi perilymphaticus Lab. membranosus Lab. osseus mesoderm -- kartilago ↳ penulangan Meliputi struktur yang Merupakan lab. asalnya bukan dari Membranosus yang vesicula otica awalnya ditutupi oleh mesoderma  kartilago  penulangan (osseus) membranosseus buhan dari Intinya resicula otica Degenerasi  spatium perilymphaticus (berisi cairan perilymphe) PEMBENTUKAN LABYRINTHUS Some parts of bony labyrinth (black) and of Establishment of the basic structure of the bony membranous labyrinth (pink) labyrinth Perkembangan macula, crista dan organon spirale. Epithelium dinding medial otocyst, dimana ada ganglion acusticum, menebal dan penebalan ini disebut macula communis yang kemudian terbagi dua, bagian atas dan bagian bawah. Bagian superior Epithelim macula Bagian atas menjadi : a medial dinding comunis Bagian inferior - macula utriculi; otocyst crista ampullaris superior; crista ampullaris lateralis. Bagian bawah menjadi : macula sacculi; crista ampullaris posterior; organon spirale. Bakal organon spirale ikut tumbuh dengan ductus cochlearis. Gambar menunjukkan pembentukan otic placode dan vesicula otica. M= maleus; i=incus; st=stapes; Ut=utriculus; Sac.=sacculus; Perkembangan macula, crista dan organon spirale. Pada embryo 15 mm sudah dapat dibedakan sel-sel indera dan sel-sel penyokong. Sel-sel indera embrio 18.5 mm sudah mempunyai rambut. Pada waktu sel-sel penyokong terbentuk di tengah bakal macula dan Krista terjadi selapis benda gelatin yang bersifat homogen, meluas ke tepi bakal macula dan Krista. Organon spirale berkembang dulu pada lingkaran pertama ductus cochlearis untuk meluar kearah cecum cupulare. Perkembangan macula, crista dan organon spirale. Crista Internal lamina basalis duri Membran crista easterna--diatasnya -- fectoria Pada epithelium dinding yang akan menjadi lamina basalis terjadi dua krista, crista interna dan crista externa. Diatas kedua krista tersebut terjadi suatu substansi menyerupai gelatin yang mengandung fibrillae merupakan bakal membrana tectoria. Bagian dalam crista interna menjadi limbus laminae spiralis. Sel-sel epithelium bagian luar crista interna mengalami kemunduran sehingga terjadi epithelium squamosum pada sulcus spiralis internus. Sel-sel epithelium crista interna menjadi sel-sel rambut dan sel- sel penyokong. Ke dalam bakal maculae, krstae dan organon spirale tumbuh dendrit-dendrit sel-sel syaraf yang membentuk ganglion acusticum. Perkembangan macula, crista dan organon spirale. Jaringan mesenchimal sekeliling vesicula otica atau otocyst menjadi rapat. Jaringan yang terletak tepat di luar otocyst menjadi membrana propria dari epithelium yang merupakan dinding otocyst, sedang jaringan disebelah luarnya menjadi kartilago, sehingga terjadi capsula otica. Pada minggu kesepuluh kartilago ini berubah menjadi jaringan retikulum yang sangat longgar. Dengan demikian otocyst dikelilingi oleh suatu ruangan terisi suatu retikulum yang sangat longgar disebut ruangan perilymphatis. Rongga di dalam antara retikulum ini terisi perilympha. he-10 - jaringan refibulam a rangan minggu · Kartilage perilymphatis longgar Perkembangan macula, crista dan organon spirale. Pada ductus cochlearis ruangan ini terjadi dulu di luar dinding yang akan menjadi lamina basilaris dan membrana vestibularis, sehingga terjadi berturut-turut bedua scala tympani dan scala vestibuli. trimester Pada bulan kelima kartilago yang mengelilingi otocyst serta ruangan-ruangan perilymphatis berubah menjadi tulang. Dengan demikian terjadi labyrinths osseus. labyrinths asseus -o terbentule pdbulan helima  PEMBENTUKAN AURIS MEDIA AURIS MEDIA Ossicula Tuba auditiva dan Membran tympahi cavum tymphani 1. Malleus  terbentuk dari terbentuk dari cartilago cartilago arcus terbentuk dari cartilago arcus pharingeus 1 pharingeus 1 (Meckel’s arcus pharingeus 1 (Meckel’s carlilage) : carlilage) – VC V3 (Meckel’s carlilage) – pharyngeal groove dan 2. Incus  terbentuk juga NC V3 dan IX dari cartilago arcus membran pharingeus 1 (Meckel’s carlilage) 3. Stapes  terbentuk juga dari cartilago arcus pharingeus 2 (reichert’s cartilage) – NC VII KEJADIAN AURIS MEDIA Pemadatan jaringan pengikat yang kemudian berubah menjadi kartilago di dalam arcus visceralis (arcus pharyngeus) pertama kemudian terlepas baik dari sisa kartilago maupun satu terhadap yang lain. Kartilagines ini ialah bakal malleus dan incus. Antara kedua cartilagines ini terjadi articulatio. Kemudian kartilagines ini menulang. Pemadatan jaringan pengikat yang kemudian berubah menjadi kartilago di dalam arcus visceralis kedua kemudian juga terlepas dari sisa kartilago yang lain merupakan bakal stapes. Ia kemudian bersendi dnegan incus, dan menulang. Bentuk stapes terjadi karena pada ketika masih bersifat jaringan pengikat maupun kartilago terdapat arteria yang menembusnya ialah a. stapedia. Pada bulan ketiga a. stapedia ini menghilang. Ossicula auditus yang terjadi, terdapat di dalam suatu jaringan pengikat longggar dan memisahnya dari dinding bakal cavum tympani yang terdiri atas tunica mucosa dapat lambat laun mencapai ossicula auditus yang meliputnya. Pada ketika lahir jaringan pengikat ini belum sama sekali hilang, sehingga pendengaran belum baik. malleus ostapes Arcus pharingos , Arms pharingeus , Incus  KEJADIAN AURIS EXTERNA Pharyngeal groove ke 1  Meatus acusticus externus; dipersarafi oleh NC V3 dan NC IX. Pada waktu lahir, di dalam meatus acusticus masih ada sel-sel epithelium yang telah dilepaskan, sehingga pendengaran belum baik. Epithelium dari saccus visceralis yang tumbuh kearah dinding bakal cavum tympani mendekati epithelium saccus visceralis yang akan menjadi cavum tympani. Kedua epithelium itu hanya dipisah oleh jaringan pengikat akan menjadi membrana tympani serta manubrium mallei. Development of the middle ear (tympanum). The ossicles of the middle ear develop from the first and (A) Formation of tubotympanic recess, and (B) its subdivision second pharyngeal arches. Ossicles of the ear gradually into the tympanum and the pharyngotympanic tube invaginate into the tympanum KEJADIAN AURIS EXTERNA Tympanic Membrane This is formed by apposition of the tubotympanic recess and the first ectodermal cleft, these two forming the inner (endodermal) and outer (ectodermal) epithelial linings of the membrane. The intervening mesoderm forms the connective tissue basis Development of external acoustic meatus. The solid mass of ectodermal cells seen in (B) has been canalized as seen in (C); (D) Layers of tympanic membrane  tragus arcus pharingeal helix Auricula arms pharinged 2 antitragus antihelix Pada dataran luar arcus visceralis pertama ada tiga tonjolan berturut-turut dari ventral ke dorsal. Tonjolan di ventral sendiri akan menjadi tragus (1), tonjolan kedua dan ketiga (di sebelah dorsalnya) akan menjadi helix (2,3). Di arcus visceralis kedua juga terdapat tonjolan di sebelah ventral sendiri akan menjadi antitragus sedang tonjolan kedua dan ketiga di sebelah dorsalnya akan menjadi anthelix. Auricula mendapat persarafan dari NC V3, VII, IX, X dan cervical C2-3 KEJADIAN AURIS EXTERNA Development of the auricle. (A) First ectodermal cleft around which the auricle develops; (B) Small swellings or hillocks appear; (C to E) Hillocks gradually fuse with one another to form the various parts of external ear Anomali EMBRIOLOGI KULIT Tujuan Understand the differentiation of the epidermis and dermis. Understand the formation of hair and nails. Understand the formation of sweat glands, mammary glands. Understand the formation of teeth. 56/9 The integumentary system The integumentary system covers the surface of the embryo (skin) and its specialized skin structures including hair, nails, sweat glands, mammary glands and teeth. As a system it has contributions from all embryonic layers. The skin provides a barrier between ourselves and our environment, it also contains specializations in different regions including hair, nails, glands and sensory receptors. In other species, additional specializations such as feathers, horns and shell can be seen. KULIT MEMPUNYAI ASAL GANDA elo -- epiders endr-odermis - Ektoderm  berkembang menjadi epidermis - Mesoderm  berkembang menjadi dermis The two major tissue organizations of epithelial (ectoderm, epidermis) and mesenchyme (mesoderm connective tissue, dermis and hypodermis) are shown within skin. In addition, we have aslo extensive populating by melanocytes (neural crest) and sensory nerve endings. melanocyte neural crest Ectoderm and Mesoderm Origin Ectoderm o epidermis & helenjar Mesoderm javing an that dermis & a Ectoderm forms the surface epidermis and the associated glands. hipodermts Mesoderm forms the underlying connective tissue of dermis and hypodermis. Neural crest cells also migrate into the forming epidermis and the skin is also populated by specialized sensory endings and melanocytes. Fetal skin also has the ability to heal wounds without a scar in contrast to adult skin, this may relate to differences in the fetal extracellular matrix structure. neural crest caraf sensory melanocytes Derivation of components of the skin Ectoderm and Mesoderm Origin 4 weeks simple ectoderm epithelium over mesenchyme. 1-3 months ectoderm- germinative (basal) cell repeated division of generates stratified epithelium. Trimester mesoderm- differentiates into connective tissue and blood vessels. Y pertama During 3 – 4 months epedermis consist of 3 cell layers: - periderm - intermediary stratum - cuboidal basal cells Y ectoderm amiggu pertama mesoderm Y simple 1-3 bulan ectodero Clapisan epitel) mesoderm (jaringan that & pembuluh duran) periderm 3-4 bulan Intermediary Stratum cuboidal basal cells oumigan , 1-3 bulan - - Y3-4 bulan Perkembangan Epidermis Pada mulanya, embrio di bungkus oleh selapis tunggal sel ektoderm Akhirnya minggu ke 7, permukaan ektoderm terdiri atas epitelium kuboid  membelah menjadi : = periderm -terbentuhmanusas lapisan luar yang terdiri atas sel squamosa fetal periode pematangan -- terbenauh organ by = lapisan basalis selama periode embrionth lapisan ini akan membentuk stratum basalis embrionin Utumn terbentuh organ ? -o dan lapisan kulit lainnya Pematangan organ Selama periode fetal, periderm akhirnya mengelupas dan bercampur dengan sebum yang disekresikan oleh glandula sebasea, yang disebut vernix caseosa yang berguna memproteksi kulit fetus a periode fetal Sebelum minggu 11, sel lapisan basalis membentuk lapisan intermediet yang berkembang menjadi : 1. Stratum germinativum / stratum basale akan menghasilkan sel baru. Kelak akan membentuk rigi dan lekuk yang direflexikan sebagai sidik jari 2. corneum  terbentuk sebelum minggu ke 21 → cellular stratum spinosum  berisi sel besar 3. Stratum Granulosum  mengandung butir kecil kerato hialin 4. Stratum corneum cytoplasm undergo cornification to become cornified dead cells with degenerate nuclei. The cornification is not intensive in some areas : red layer of lips & anus. Dermis Berasal dari mesoderm Selama periode embrionik, berkembang menjadi mesenkim dan menonjol ke ekdoderm ± 11 minggu, sel mesenkim membentuk komponen dermis Dermis Skin component underneath the epidermis − compose of fibrous connective tissues. Develop from lateral wall of somites → dermatomes and somatic mesoderm (left & right) The mesenchymal cells differentiate to become fibroblast cells → produce matrix in the form of collagen & elastic fibers. Fibroblast → fibrocytes reside the spaces between matrix. The deepest layer of dermis − subcutaneous layer → loose & fatty connective tissues; contain capillary blood vessels & sensory nerve endings. Melanosit Berasal dari sel crista neural yang disebut melanoblast yang menyusup ke epidermis Melanoblast berdeferensiasi menjadi melanosit ± 40 – 50 hari sesudah fertilisasi dan mulai memproduksi melanin Jaringan kolagen dan elastin Pembentukan jaringan kolagen dan elastin menyebabkan pelipatan pada batas dermis dan epidermis, sehingga membentuk papila dermis Sebelum akhir trimester I, papila ini mempunyai kapiler Lapisan dermis yang lebih dalam (sub korium) mengandung jaringan lemak sebelum pelipatan jaring an · papilla · trimesterapunya; dermis kolagen & elastin hapilep Ectoderm and Mesoderm Origin a bulan-o Dermisninh 4 months Basal cell - proliferation generates folds in basement membrane. Neural crest cells - melanoblasts migrate into epithelium. These are the future melanocyte pigment cell of the skin. Embryonic connective tissue- differentiates into dermis, a loose ct layer over a dense ct layer. Beneath the dense ct layer is nother loose ct layer that will form the subcutaneous layer. Ectoderm contributes to nails, hair follictles and glands. Nails form as thickening of ectoderm epidermis at the tips of fingers and toes. These form germinative cells of nail field. Cords of these cells extend into mesoderm forming epithelial columns. These form hair follocles, sebaceous and sweat glands. 70/9 Ectoderm and Mesoderm Origin sudah tumbuh rambut dengan - dilenghapi belenjar sebused 5 months Hair growth initiated at base of cord, lateral outgrowths form associated sebaceous glands. Other cords elongate and coil to form sweat glands. Cords in mammary region branch as they elongate to form mammary glands. These glands will complete development in females at puberty. Functional maturity only occurs in late pregnancy terbenuh rambut dengan helenjar sebased o - bulan 71/9 In some places the epidermis undergo modifications and develop into skin glands and hairs. The hair develop from epidermis that grow downwards into the dermis to become hair follicle. tumbuh he bawah menuju dermis foliwel rambut The mesenchymes at the basal of follicle form hair papilla → surrounded by hair follicle root sheath. The mesenchymes around the follicle differentiate to become supporter → dermal root sheath − this mesenchymes also form arrector pili folwel rambut penyohany muscle. mesenkim m. arrector pit, The cells in the germinal matrix proliferate & develop toward the surface & keratinized → hair shaft. Perkembangan Kuku Kuku tangan dan kaki terbentuk pada minggu ke 10 Terbentuk dari rigi epitetelium yang menebal, disebut dasar kuku pada tiap puncak dari jari Dasar kuku dibungkus oleh lipatan epidermis yang disebut lipatan kuku Bagian proximal tumbuh melewati dasar kuku dan mengalami keratinisasi Jari tangan betul-betul terbentuk pada minggu ke 32, sedangkan jari kaki pada minggu ke 36 nula he 10 terbeatul anggu. jari he 32 tangano minggu - -1-Kahi o minggu he - 36 Derivation of nail. (A) Parts of nail; (B) Developing nail root and substance Nail Development "muncul di minygu we 9 The nail anlage appears in fingers of embryos 9 weeks old. - Externally the earliest recognizable nail structure is the primarynail field which is present in embryos at 10 weeks. mulai terlindt strumenya a o minggu he-16 The first nail structure to keratinize is the distal ridge andis seen in embryos as early as 11 weeks. The earliest matrix was found in the area of the lunula in embryosof 13 weeks. Differentiation of the matrix primordium cells into matrix cellsoccurs in a distal to proximal direction beginning from thelunula. This process is manifested by a vacuolation of the matrixprimordium cells, which is seen first at the lunula and latermoves proximally as the embryo matures. By 20 weeks all thematrix primordium cells have matured into matrix. Possibly asmall cluster of primordial cells remains in adult life at themost proximal tip of the matrix. The matrix produces nail plate by a parakeratosis-like processwithout keratohyaline granules. In embryos 13 weeks old the keratinization of the nail bed involvesthe production of keratohyaline granules and a stratum corneum.The adult nail bed produces a horny layer by a process whichdoes not involve keratohyaline granules and a stratum corneumbut is parakeratotic-like. The change in the process of keratinizationof the nail bed is seen as the nail plate grows over the nailbed in embryos 20 weeks and older. Sulfhydryl stains are stronglypositive in the nail plate of embryos early in life. This reactiondecreases in intensity as the fetus becomes older, and in theadult nail it is mildly to variably positive. Disulfide stains are mildly positive in the nail plate of embryosearly in life. This reaction becomes more intense as the embryobecomes older and in the adult nail is strongly positive.  Development of a hair follicle, sweat and sebaceous glands Folikel rambut terbentuk pada minggu 9 – 12 Berasal dari sel-sel yang berbentuk kantong disebut tunas rambut yang berinvaginasi ke dermis Tunas rambut berdiferensiasi menjadi bulbus rambut, glandula sebacea dan struktur lainnya Balance -5 a rambut & gland sebaced. Papila rambut Berasal dari diferensiasi sel mesenkim yang berlokasi disekitar sel epitel bulbus rambut Akhirnya rambut tumbuh disebabkan aktivitas sel epitel dari bulbus rambut Rambut ini dikenal sebagai lanugo, yang dilepas waktu lahir dan diganti oleh rambut yang lain Want lam , a lanugo terlepas A kun selepiel dari bulbus rambut Hipertrikosis Pertumbuhan rambut yang berlebihan, disebabkan peningkatan pembentukan folikel rambut Atrikia Tidak ada rambut secara bawaan Berhubungan dengan kelainan derivat extoderm lain, seperti gigi dan kuku Perkembangan kelenjar sebasea dan keringat Berasal dari setratum basalis epidermis, tetapi mulai tumbuh pada dermis Kelenjar keringat muncul pada minggu 20 pada tangan dan kaki, kemudian baru pada daerah lain Pars sekresi dari kelenjar ini melingkar seperti perkembangan kelenjar didalam dermis Kelenjar sebasea berkembang sebagai pertumbuhan yang lebih besar dari epidermis disisi folikel rambut Sebum dihasilkan selama peride fetal Sebum bercampur dengan sel yang dilepas dari periderm untuk membentuk vernix caseosa Perkembangan Kelenjar Sebasea Adipose tissues are formed from mesenchymal cells which differentiate into lipoblast (fat cells). Lipoblasts take/synthesize fat & store it in the cytoplasm as lipid droplets. As fat contents are increasing, the cell body become round expanded & the nucleus is pressed to cell periphery. During the production of histologycal slides, fat globules are diluted by nonpolar solution (xylene) → leave the track as empty spaces and look like spider webs Perkembangan Glandula mamaria Glandula mammaria ditemukan dalam bentuk penebalan epidermis yang berupa garis atau rigi Pada minggu ke 6 terbentuk tunas (bakal) glandula mamma primer (primary bud) Pada minggu ke 16, masing-masing tunas gland mamma primer bercabang membentuk tunas gland mamma primer sekunder yang kecil dan padat Pada akhirnya epitel tunas berongga membentuk ductus lactiferus yang bermuara kedalam epitel kecil Jaringan lemak dan ikat dari glandula mama dibentuk dari mesenkim dalam dermis Segera setelah lahir, lubang epitel kecil berubah menjadi papilla mamma Perkembangan Glandula mamaria Mammary glands are modified sweat glands and are ectodermal in development. The thickened mass of epidermis (and the outgrowths) gets canalized These are situated along a line that extends from the axilla to the inguinal region (mammary line or ridge). The mammary gland remains rudimentary in the male. In females, the ducts and secretory elements undergo extensive development during puberty and pregnancy  Anomali Amastia: The gland may be absent on one or both sides. Athelia: The nipple may be absent. Politelia terdapat puting susu tambahan dapat terjadi dimana saja sepanjang garis susu Polimastia sisa garis puting susu berkembang menjadi kelenjar susu Inverted nipple puting susu gagal berbalik keluar 90/9 Kongenital Malformations (disorders) of Skin Development : - Failure (malformation) of epidermal keratinization → Ichthyosis - Failure of pigmentation (melanocytes) → Albinism - Abnormality in the formation of capillary blood vessels in various region → Angioma. - Failure or abnormality in the formation of nails either in the hand or leg fingers → Anonychia Ichthyosis Angioma Anonychia