Drugs and Addiction: Common Prescription Drug Abuse, Marijuana and Cocaine PDF

Prescription drugs  What are some of the commonly abused prescription drugs ? Opioids, which are most often prescribed to treat pain; CNS depressants, which are used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders; Stimulants, which are prescribed to treat the sleep disorder narcolepsy, attention-...

Prescription drugs  What are some of the commonly abused prescription drugs ? Opioids, which are most often prescribed to treat pain; CNS depressants, which are used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders; Stimulants, which are prescribed to treat the sleep disorder narcolepsy, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and obesity.  Nonmedical use of prescription drugs, reported by 6.2 million persons in 2020, is second only to marijuana use. Past Month Users, Ages 12 and Older (in Millions) Marijuana 14.6 Prescription Drugs 6.2 Cocaine 2.0 (incl. crack) Crack 0.6 Ecstasy 0.7 Meth 0.6 Inhalants 0.6 Heroin 0.2 LSD 0.1 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 Source: SAMHSA, 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. 2/2004  Pain relievers account for the largest portion of nonmedical use of prescription drugs. Past Month Users, Ages 12 and Older (Thousands) Prescription Drugs 6,210 Pain Relievers 4,377 Tranquilizers 1,804 Stimulants 1,218 Sedatives 436 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000. 2/2004  CNS depressants are substances that can slow normal brain function. useful in the treatment of anxiety and sleep disorders.  Ritalin Methylphenidate is a mild stimulant to the central nervous system (brain and nerves). Methylphenidate is used to treat attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and narcolepsy.  Young people are likely to abuse inhalants, in part because inhalants are readily available and inexpensive.. What are Inhalants? Breathable chemical vapors that produce mind altering effects. There are three types of inhalants Solvents Gases Nitrites Street names include poppers, snappers, ozone.  How are Inhalants Abused? Inhalants are ingested into the body by breathing in the vapors of the product. Several methods of inhalation can be used by abusers: Using a bag Using a rag Using pressurized containers  Solvents Industrial or household solvents or solvent- containing products, including paint thinners or solvents, degreasers (dry- cleaning fluids), gasoline, and glues Art or office supply solvents, including correction fluids, felt-tip-marker fluid, and electronic contact cleaners  Gases Gases used in household or commercial products, including butane lighters and propane tanks, whipping cream aerosols or dispensers (whippets), and refrigerant gases Household aerosol propellants and as sociated solvents in items such as spray paints, hair or deodorant sprays, and fabric protector sprays Medical anesthetic gases, such as ether, chloroform, halothane, and nitrous oxide (laughing gas)  Inhalant Use by Students, 2020: Monitoring the Future Study 8th-Graders 10th- 12th Graders Ever Used 17.9% 16.6% 14.2% Used in Past Year † 9.4 7.3 5.9 Used in Past Month † 4.5 2.6 2.2 Marijuana is formed from the dried leaves and flowering tops of the Indian hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Marijuana The first direct reference to a cannabis product as a psychoactive agent dates from 2737 BC, in the writings of the Chinese emperor Shen Nung. Its use spread from China to India and then to N. Africa. It reached Europe at least as early as A.D. 500. The focus was on its powers as a medication for rheumatism, gout, malaria, and oddly enough - forgetfullness In India though, it was clearly used recreationally. The Muslims too used it recreationally for alcohol consumption was banned by the Koran. Marijuana in America In 1545 the Spanish brought marijuana to the New World. The English introduced it in Jamestown in 1611 where it became a major commercial crop alongside tobacco and was grown as a source of fiber. By 1890, hemp had been replaced by cotton as a major cash crop in southern states. It was in the 1920's that marijuana began to catch on. Prohibition. Restricted to jazz musicians and people in show business. "Reefer songs" became the rage of the jazz world. Wiz Marijuana clubs, called tea pads, sprang up in every major city. These marijuana establishments were tolerated  Marijuana in America Marijuana was listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia from 1850 until 1942 Prescribed for various conditions including labor pains, nausea, and rheumatism.  The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classified marijuana along with heroin and LSD as a Schedule I drug, Most marijuana at that time came from Mexico, but in 1975 the Mexican government paraquat Colombia then became the main supplier. The plant has both male and female forms, and the sticky flowers of the female plant are the most potent. The flowering tops of the Cannabis plant secrete a sticky resin that contains the active ingredient of marijuana, known as delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) In the brain: THC connects to specific sites called cannabinoid receptors on nerve cells cells. Some brain areas have many cannabinoid receptors  In the Brain Many cannabinoid receptors are found in the parts of the brain that influence pleasure memory thought concentration sensory and time perception coordinated movement. Two phases of marijuana intoxication: Initial stimulation, which includes giddiness and euphoria Followed by sedation and pleasant tranquility.  Reason for its use Peer Pressure – because friends or siblings use it Family influence – because they see older people in family using it Listening to music and songs that refer to its use. Belief of escaping form problems at home, school, or with friends DRUG DEMAND REDUCTION Over 900 Marijuana fields were found in Delaware last year. Marijuana smoke contains 50 to 70 percent more carcinogenic hydrocarbons than does tobacco smoke Cancer from tar in 5 cigarettes- 5 Joints per week same as a pack per day Marijuana users usually inhale more deeply and hold their breath longer than tobacco smokers do, which increases the lungs’ exposure to carcinogenic smoke. Smoked dose of 20 MGS - about 2 cigarettes will increase heart 20-50 beats per minute marijuana and cocaine doubles increase in heart rate The best-supported medicinal use of marijuana is as a treatment for chronic pain. There's also strong evidence medical cannabis can help with muscle spasms. It doesn't seem to harm lung capacity, and may even improve it. It may be of some use in treating glaucoma, or it may be possible to derive a drug from marijuana for this use. It may help control epileptic seizures. Dravet or other seizure disorders. A chemical found in marijuana stops cancer from spreading, at least in cell cultures. It may decrease anxiety in low doses THC may slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease It was the Muslims who introduced hashish, whose popularity spread quickly throughout 12th century Persia (Iran) and North Africa.  Hashish comprised of only the resin from the plant. hash oil as a sticky black liquid Current samples of hash oil, a viscous liquid ranging from amber to dark brown in color, average about 15 percent THC. In terms of its psychoactive effect, a drop or two of this liquid on a cigarette is equal to a single "joint" of marijuana. Advantages of THC oil: · No hot, harsh smoke to irritate your lungs · No tar to stain your teeth and fingers · Very little smell · 5 times as much THC in bloodstream · Get 5 times as many "trips" per $$$ as compared to joint/bong smoking · No carcinogens to give you cancer Cystolithic Hairs Duquenois Levine Test: Purple Color in Chloroform Test in urine 48-72 hours Habitual 12 weeks False Positives: Ibuprofen (Advil, Nuprin, Motrin,Excedrine) Naproxe - Aleve Riboflavin - B2 Hempseed oil Kidney Infections Liver Disease 3000 B.C. Coca chewing is practiced throughout South America. Coca is believed to be a gift from God. Since the cocaine metabolite benzoylecognine is entrapped in hair of the user. 8 Chilean mummies with dates ranging from 2,000 BC to 1,500 AD. TESTED FOR benzoylecognine, it is very stable and was found in mummy hair. History of Cocaine Cocaine in its various forms is derived from the coca plant which is native to the high mountain ranges of South America. The stimulating effects of the drug increase breathing which increases oxygen intake. Spanish Conquistadors found it so nutritious that the Indians labored whole days with nothing else in the Silver Mines  1505 First hand accounts of coca use made their way back to Europe. Early 1500s Incan Coca plantations are taken over by holders of Spanish land grants. Spanish tax laws are revised to allow land owners to make their tax payments in coca leaves. 1539 The Bishop of Cuzco tithes coca, taking 1/10 of the value of each crop in taxes. When the leaf is soaked and mashed , the Extract coca paste is 60-80% pure 1855 Cocaine first extracted from Coca leaves. 1862 Merck produces 1/4 pound of cocaine. The first recognized authority and advocate for this drug was world famous psychologist, Sigmund Freud. Early , Freud broadly promoted cocaine as a safe and useful tonic that could cure depression 1884 Freud publishes On and sexual Coca- recommends use of cocaine for morphine impotence. addiction. Sherlock Holmes felt Cocaine was Transcendentally stimulating and Clarifying to the Mind By the 1880s in the United States it was freely prescribed by physicians for such maladies as exhaustion and depression 1870s Parke,Davis manufactures a fluid extract of coca.. Advertised it to “ make the Coward Brave, the Silent eloquent and render the suffering insensitive to PAIN” From the 1850's to the early 1900's, cocaine and opium laced elixirs, tonics and wines were broadly used by people of all social classes. Sarah Bernhardt, Queen Victoria of England, Thomas Edison and Pope Leo the III Cocaine got a further boost in acceptability when in 1886 John Pemberton included cocaine as the main ingredient in his new soft drink, Coca Cola. It was cocaine's euphoric and energizing effects on the consumer that was mostly responsible for skyrocketing Coca Cola into its place as the most popular soft drink in history. Until 1903 a typical serving had 60MG of cocaine Billed as a temperance drink with the virtues of coca without the VICES of Alcohol Coca-Cola (Coke) had cocaine in it, in varying amounts, from 1886 – 1929. At the time cocaine was legal and treated as a medicine. From 1900 – 1929 opinion turned against cocaine, but Coke continued to use trace amounts of cocaine and “spent” coca leaves to maintain its flavor and trademark. Today Coca-Cola uses caffeine rather than cocaine. Cocaine blocks pain sensation and stimulates the central nervous system, producing a sudden increase in heart rate temperature blood pressure In the brain: It blocks the synaptic reabsorption of certain neurotransmitters (in particular dopamine).  Cocaine Hydrochloride ~ 30% pure Gram-sized packs Diluted (“cut”) with: – mannitol, sucrose, lactose – Caffiene, PPA, ephedrine, lidocaine Snorted 30-60 x 2 mm lines = average 25 mg dose 50- 100mgs necessary for snorting, High lasts 15- 30 minutes Short-term effects of cocaine: · Increased energy · Decreased appetite · Mental alertness · Increased heart rate · Increased blood pressure · Constricted blood vessels · Increased temperature · Dilated pupils https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBuIliNAi xg&app=desktop  Smoking cocaine combines the efficiency of intravenous administration with the relative ease of intranasal (in the nose). Facilitated by the large surface area of the lungs' air sacs, cocaine administered by inhalation is absorbed almost immediately into the bloodstream, taking only 19 seconds to reach the brain. However, only 30 to 60 percent of the available dose is absorbed due to incomplete inhalation of the cocaine- laden fumes and variations in the heating temperature 1976 Freebase cocaine first developed (probably in California). It would soon be popularized by dealers and glamorized by Hollywood media.  FREEBASE COCAINE is cocaine without its water-soluble component or "base." It is prepared by dissolving cocaine hydrochloride with a strong alkali drawing out the "pure" cocaine from many of the impurities. Initially, "free-base" cocaine was typically produced using volatile solvents, usually ether. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0bYoBB -loA&app=desktop Crack is actually a less pure sort of free- base cocaine. Base-cocaine vaporizes at a low temperature, so it can be easily inhaled via a heated pipe.  Crack Cocaine This type of base-cocaine makes a cracking sound when heated; hence the name "crack". Crack is usually made by mixing: two parts of cocaine hydrochloride with one part baking soda in about 20 ml of water. The solution is then heated gently until white precipitates form. Heating is halted when precipitation stops The precipitate is filtered and retained. The precipitate may then be washed The product may then be dried for 24 hours under a heat-lamp. Crack is then cut or broken into small 'rocks' weighing a few tenths of a gram Cocaine hydrochloride is very stable. It binds closely to the ink in in paper currency. Hence most Americans handle cocaine every day of their lives. SUBSTANCE = Cocaine Benzoylecgonine DETECTION PERIOD in Urine in trace amounts up to 5 days DETECTION PERIOD in Urine Chronic Use up to 3 weeks Increased blood vessel constriction causes the placenta to tear away from the uterus and thus premature delivery Low blood return and less oxygen to fetus and fetal brain Infants exposed have a increased rate of SIDS