Drug Calculations PDF - Flinders University - Practice Questions

DRUG CALCULATIONS HOW TO SOLVE DRUG CALCULATIONS Identify what type of drug calculation and as a first step, use common sense to estimate a rough answer. In many cases, drawing a picture that visually represents the problem is often a helpful strategy. Remember that a formula often used f...

DRUG CALCULATIONS HOW TO SOLVE DRUG CALCULATIONS Identify what type of drug calculation and as a first step, use common sense to estimate a rough answer. In many cases, drawing a picture that visually represents the problem is often a helpful strategy. Remember that a formula often used for working out how many tablets TIP: An easy way to to take or for a drug taken orally or injected is: remember this formula is STRENGTH REQUIRED (SR) VOLUME OF STOCK SUNRISE (SR) VOLUME REQUIRED = x STOCK STRENGTH (SS) 1 SUNSET (SS) Remember that a formula often used to work out the number of drops per minute delivered by an intravenous infusion is: VOLUME (mL) x DROPS/mL NOTE: DPM stands for drops per minute DRIP RATE (DPM) = TIME (h) x 60 Remember that for intravenous infusion, sometimes you are asked to calculate volume, time, or rate, and the following formulae can be useful: VOLUME (mL) =RATE (mL/h) x TIME (h) VOLUME (mL) VOLUME (mL) RATE = TIME = TIME (h) RATE (mL/h) After applying the formula (if relevant), or calculating an exact answer using common sense, go back and check: is your final answer close to your initial estimate? If not, why not? EXAMPLE 1: DRUG MADE UP FROM STOCK SOLUTION This example illustrates how to work out injections or orally taken drugs made up from stock solution – for example, working out how many mLs to inject when the drug is in a stock solution. QUESTION: A patient is ordered 70 mg of pethidine. Find the volume required if the stock solution contains 10g of pethidine per 200mL. VISUAL TO SOLVE: We’ll be using this formula: REPRESENTATION STRENGTH REQUIRED (SR) VOLUME OF STOCK VOLUME REQUIRED = x STOCK STRENGTH (SS) 1 1. Note down the strength of medication the patient needs and the stock strength: 10,000mg 200mL Strength Required is 70 mg, Stock Strength is 10g in 200 mL PETHIDINE solution At this point our rough answer is – More than 1 mL and a lot less than 200mL. 2. Since you need units to be the same, convert 10 g to mg by multiplying by 1000. e.g. 1000mg x 10 = 10,000mg (10,000mg = 10g) CONVERSION TIP: 3. Now put the values into the above for. X 1,000 Note that 70mg (what the patient needs) is a very small part of 10,000mg – so expect your g mg answer in mL to be much less than 200mL ÷ 1,000 70 200 140/0/0/ 14 VOLUME REQUIRED = x mL = = mL = 1.4mL 100/0/0/ 1 100/0/0/ 10 ANSWER: Based on the above, your answer = 1.4mL DRUG-CALCS _20220927 © Student Learning Support Service, 2022 Page 1 of 5 [email protected] students.flinders.edu.au/slss  DRUG CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE 2: INTRAVENOUS INFUSION This example indicates how many mLs to give in a certain time, and how VISUAL REPRESENTATION many drops per minute a patient will receive. QUESTION: A teenager who is badly dehydrated is to receive 1.5 L over 10 hours of rehydration fluid by IV infusion. The giving set delivers 20 drops/mL. Calculate the drip rate. 1.5L = 1500mL fluid TO SOLVE: We’ll be using this formula – remember that DPR stands for ‘drops per minute’ VOLUME (mL) x DROPS/mL DRIP RATE (DPM) = TIME (h) x 60 Fluid given over ten hours, so each 1. Note down the key figures in the above scenario of these small sections represents Volume is 1.5 L, Drops/mL is 20 and Time (h) is 10 fluid given in one hour (150 mL or 0.15 L) Rough answer? Since the drops per mL is 20, and there are 60 minutes in an hour, you’ll calculate an answer in drops per mL by multiplying the fluid per hour by 20/60 = 1/3. So one-third of your mL per hour (150 mL) should be your answer – i.e. 50 mL. 2. Notice units of rehydration fluid (L) different from giving set (mL), so convert CONVERSION TIP: 1.5L to mL by multiplying by 1000: e.g. 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 (1,500mL = 1.5L) X 1,000 3. Put the values into the above formula: L mL 150/0/mL x 20/ 150 x 2÷2150x1 150 ÷ 1,000 DRIP RATE (DPM) = = = = = 50 dpm 10/ x 60/ 1 x 6÷2 1x3 3 ANSWER: Based on the above, your answer = 50 dpm (which matches the initial estimate) EXAMPLE 3: TABLETS TAKEN ORALLY This example illustrates how to calculate how many tablets to give for a certain dose. QUESTION: 750 mg of ciprofloxacin is prescribed. On hand are 500 mg tablets. How many tablets should be given? TO SOLVE: We’ll be using this formula: STRENGTH REQUIRED (SR) VOLUME OF STOCK VOLUME REQUIRED = x STOCK STRENGTH (SS) 1 1. Note down the key figures in the above scenario – the units are the same so we won’t need to convert Strength Required is 750 mg, Stock Strength is 500mg VISUAL REPRESENTATION Rough answer? Tablets are 500mg so we’ll need more that one tablet but less than two. 2. Put the values into the above formula Note – when administering tablets, the volume of stock is always 1, since the tablets are not supplied in a solution. 750 1 750/ 3 1.5 500mg 500mg VOLUME REQUIRED = x = = = tablets Each tablet is 500mg, since 500 1 500/ 2 that is the stock strength. As the strength required is ANSWER: Based on the above, your answer = 1.5 tablets 750mg (500mg + 250mg), and half of 500mg is 250mg, the patient will need 1.5 DRUG-CALCS _20220927 © Student Learning Support Service, 2022 Page 2 of 5 [email protected] students.flinders.edu.au/slss  DRUG CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE 5: INTRAVENOUS INFUSION This example illustrates how to calculate how much fluid a patient receives. QUESTION: A patient is receiving 100 mL/h of a solution for 1.5 hours. How much fluid are they receiving? TO SOLVE: Note, you’re asked for the volume of fluid (how many mL the patient gets in total), rather than the drip rate, so we’ll be using the below formula: VOLUME (mL) =RATE (mL/h) x TIME (h) VISUAL REPRESENTATION 1. Note down the key figures in the above scenario 50mL Rate is 100 mL/h, Time is 1.5h 100mL 100mL solution solution Rough answer? If the patient gets 100 mL in an hour they (per hour) 50mL (per hour) would get half of that (50 mL) in half an hour so expected answer is 150 mL. 100mL 50mL 2. Put the values into the above formula: Administered in Administered in the first hour the remaining VOLUME (mL) =100mL x 1.5 = 150mL half-hour ANSWER: Based on the above, your answer = 150mL (which matches the initial estimate) EXAMPLE 5: INTRAVENOUS INFUSION This example illustrates how to work out how long an infusion will take. QUESTION: A patient is prescribed 2 L of a dextrose saline solution. The flow rate is set at 160 mL/h. How long will the infusion take? TO SOLVE: We’ll be using this formula: VOLUME (mL) CONVERSION TIP: TIME = X 1,000 RATE (mL/h) 1. Note down the key figures in the above scenario L mL Volume is 2 L, Rate is 160mL/h ÷ 1,000 2. Notice units of saline (L) different from mL used in flow rate, so convert 2 L to mL by multiplying by 1000. e.g. 2 x 1000 = 2000 (2,000mL = 2 L) VISUAL REPRESENTATION 160mL Rough answer? Since 2 L = 2000 mL and the flow rate is 160 mL 160mL per hour, you need to work out how many lots of 160 mL add up to 160mL 160mL 2000 to get your answer. A rough guess could be between 10 and 160mL 15 hours. 160mL 2000mL 160mL (2L) 160mL 3. Put the values into the above formula 160mL 160mL 2000 200÷4 50÷2 25 12.5 160mL TIME = = = = = 160 16÷4 4÷2 2 hours 160mL 160mL The question is asking, how many lots of 160mL taking (1 hour each) will it take to get 2000mL? DRUG-CALCS _20220927 © Student Learning Support Service, 2022 Page 3 of 5 [email protected] students.flinders.edu.au/slss  DRUG CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE 6: DILUTION This example illustrates how to dilute a drug to the required concentration. QUESTION: Prepare a morphine infusion 30 mg to be made up to a final volume of 30 mLs. Stock ampoules of morphine contain 10 mg/mL. A strength of 1mg/mL is required. How much normal saline would need to be added to the syringe? TO SOLVE: 1. Note that the stock ampoules of morphine each contain 10 mg morphine, therefore you will need 3 stock ampoules to get 30 mg (3 x 10 = 30). 2. Those three stock ampoules come in a total of 3 mL of solution (1 mL + 1 mL + 1 mL = 3 mL). So, just from your stock, you have 30 mg morphine in 3 mL solution. 3. You need 30mg morphine in 30mL solution so to top this up, you add 27mL of saline to the syringe. (30 – 3 = 27) VISUAL REPRESENTATION There is 10 mg morphine in each stock ampoule, so you need 3 stock ampoules (3x10 mg = 30 mg) to get the required 30 mg 10mg morphine. 30mg 27mL morphine morphine 27 mL solution in 1mL These stock ampoules come in a in 30mL added solution total of 3 mL of solution (1mL + 1 solution 3x stock ampoules mL + 1 mL = 3 mL). 3mL of morphine Since you need your 30 mg to be solution in 30 mL of solution, you need to 3 mL from add 30 – 3 = 27 mL saline to the stock syringe DRUG-CALCS _20220927 © Student Learning Support Service, 2022 Page 4 of 5 [email protected] students.flinders.edu.au/slss  DRUG CALCULATIONS EXERCISES Complete the below exercises to test your skills and see what you’ve learnt! EXERCISE SET 1 1. How much is drawn from a patient ordered an injection of 80 mg of pethidine? Each stock ampoule contains 100 mg per 1 mL. 2. A child requires 50 milligrams of Phenobarbitone. If stock ampoules contain 200 milligrams in 2 mL, how much will you draw up? 3. What volume is required for the injection if a patient is ordered 500 mg of capreomycin sulphate, & each stock ampoules contains 300 mg/mL? 4. A patient needs 5000 mg of medication. Stock solution contains 1 g per 1 mL. What volume is required? 5. If 1000 mg of chloramphenicol is given & stock on hand contains 250 mg / 10 mL in suspension, calculate the volume required. 6. A patient is prescribed 3 g of sulphadiazine, the stock contains 600 mg / 5 mL. How much stock should be given to the patient? 7. Complete the following table: STRENGTH REQUIRED STOCK VOLUME REQUIRED a) 1000 U 1000 U / 2 mL b) 1.25 micrograms 2.5 micrograms / 1 mL c) 20 mg 100 mg / 50 mL d) 1 megaunit 1 megaunit / 10 mL e) 4g 1 g / 5 mL EXERCISE SET 2 1. 500 ml is to infuse over a 5 hour period. Find the flow rate in mL/h. 2. Mr Smith is to receive 800 mL of an antibiotic via an IV infusion over 15 hours. Calculate the flow rate to be set. 3. An infusion is to run for 30 minutes and is to deliver 200 mL. What is the rate of the infusion in mL/h? 4. Calculate the flow rate if 1.2 L is to be infused over 24 hours. 5. An order states that 500 mL albumin 5% is to be given in 4 hours. What is the flow rate that should be set? ANSWERS 5) 125mL/h 4) 50mL/h 3) 400mL/h 2) 53mL/h 1) 100mL/h SET 2 e)20mL d) 10mL c) 10mL b) 0.5mL a) 2mL 7) 6) 25mL 5) 40mL 4) 5mL 3) 1.7 mL 2) 0.5mL 1) 0.8mL SET 1: DRUG-CALCS _20220927 © Student Learning Support Service, 2022 Page 5 of 5 [email protected] students.flinders.edu.au/slss