DRI Final Notes PDF

 1 Chapter ERRORS reasoning : quantitative quantitative. 1 Selective VS observation...

 1 Chapter ERRORS reasoning : quantitative quantitative. 1 Selective VS observation positivism constructivism cause-effect h ow ppl see reality. 2 overgenera - lizability 3. illogical Reasoning deductive 4. change theory/hypothesis observation/data collection Resistance to Change inductive can observation / data collection "hypothesis/theory 3 triangulation 3. social research multiple methods for 1 Rq 1 2 1. descriptive. 2 exploratory Exploratory - Inductive. 3 explainatory Explanatory - Deductive 4. evaluation -- Describe Observations deel Evaluation -- Cause effect relations Resistance to change due to: ‧ Ego and Institutional Commitments ‧ Devotion to Tradition ‧ The Internet ‧ Disagreement with Autority  Chapter 2 longitudinal designs : Strategies 2/ > points in time. 1 deductive. 2 inductive 1. Repeated cross-sectional. 3 descriptive sample : different population : same 2 fixed sample panel design sample : same population : different validity. 3 event-based design. 1 measure- different individuals in a cohort ment - common characteristics 2. generali- zability. 3 causal/cross-sectional design internal data collected at 1 point in time 3 longitudinal designs :. 1 trend study 2. Panel study. 3 Conort study anomalous findings : unexpected patterns in d at a serendipitous findings : "stimulating new findings etc.  Chapter 3 Belmont key ethical principles for protection Report 1. respect for. 1 achieve valid Results persons. 2 honesty + openness. 2 beneficence. 3 protecting participants. 3 justice 4. maintain privacy + confidentiality. 5 benefits Research outweigh Risks 1. nuremberg wa r crime trials medical experiments done by the nazi's C. milgrem's obedience experiment determine likelihood of the people following order authority despite their ow n sentiments 3. Tuskegee study studying the "natural" course of syphilis on men without giving them the cure hippa protection of health care data deviance do not tell participants whole truth abt aim experiment until after beneficence= minimizing possible har ms + max. benefits  Chapter 4 measurement conceptualization. 1 nominal specify : a concept. 2 Ordinal 7 discrete. interval 3 / operalization Ratig < continuous specify : the process questions > dichotomy : a variable having only 2 1. open values 2. closed exhaustive : every case concurrent + predict can be classified in 1 cat. ive validity validity :. 1 face is it connected to the concept ? 2. Content does it cover full range of concept meaning ?. 3 Criterion is it meaningful in real world context ? 4. construct does it relate / establish theories / concepts ? 5. Predictive what are future outcomes ? ecological fallacy : when one makes assumptions an indiv. based on a group reductionist fallacy : saying you understand the whole puzzle , if you understand 1 piece. (they interact concurrent validity : to check if a measurement is working by comparing one that does unobstugive measures : collect data without people knowing  chapter 5 generalizability to entire population. 1 population to different population 2. Sample cross-population generalizability 3. elements census : population = sample snowball sampling : asking current participants to find more sampling methods 1. SimpleRandom sampling chance 2. Systematic Random sampling every nth ter m. 3 stratified Random sampling Random in Strata sampling 4. Cluster 2/ > Stages. 1 Random clusters 2. Random in cluster sampling systematic Random sample : inter val periodicity : regular periodic pattern sampling error : difference in sample + pop. proportionate SS : elements are proportionate to representation in the population disproportionate s : they a re not