Drawing Unit One PDF

## Unite Three ### 2. Elements and principles of art (design) #### Activity one 1. Define vertical lines and their significance in art. 2. How does Leonardo da Vinci utilize line in his drawings? 3. Discuss the role of line in conveying feelings or expressions in art. ### 3.1. Elements of art (d...

## Unite Three ### 2. Elements and principles of art (design) #### Activity one 1. Define vertical lines and their significance in art. 2. How does Leonardo da Vinci utilize line in his drawings? 3. Discuss the role of line in conveying feelings or expressions in art. ### 3.1. Elements of art (design) #### A. Line - is the path left by a moving point. For example, a pencil or a brush dipped in paint. A line can take many forms. It can be horizontal, diagonal or curved. It can also change over its length, starting off curved and ending up horizontal, for example. Line can be used to show many different qualities, such as: - Contours - showing the shape and form of something - Feelings or expressions - a short, hard line gives a different feeling to a more flowing one - Movements - When analyzing artwork: we look at the artist's use of the formal elements and the 'quality' of line used. Leonardo da Vinci is famous for his many drawings of the human form, animals, nature and inventions. Look how the artist has used different qualities of line to describe this figure. He uses curved hatching lines that follow the from of the face showing the contours, and cross hatching to make darker areas of shadow. The figure's hair has more expressive, soft, loose lines in addition to further detailed, directional hatching lines within the plates. Images: - Leonardo da Vinci and he's works Different types of line drawings are there based on the kind of lines used. This includes geometric lines, natural lines, actual and implied lines, and so on. Continuous line drawing can be intriguing if you want to take on the challenge one notch higher. It involves creating a line drawing without letting the pen or pencil leave the canvas, forming an image using a single continuous line. #### Vertical line: Vertical line are straight up and down lines that are moving in space without any slant and are perpendicular to horizontal lines. They suggest height and strength because they extend towards the sky and seem unshakeable. #### Horizon line: The horizon line, or eye line, is a horizontal line depicting the viewer's eye line. You can see the horizon line when viewing out to a calm sea, which is the purest sense of a horizon line. As the horizon line is at eye level, this line depicts where the viewer is looking from. Artists use the horizon line to place vanishing points on this line. This is commonly drawn faintly with pencil, or if working digitally, an additional transparent layer. Artists use this as a structure for their work. Why use the horizon line? - Allows you to map correct perspective. You then place vanishing points along this horizon line, and build your scene. - Forms a foundation. A horizon line lets the viewer know where they are in relation to the scene. It essentially grounds your work and the viewer. - Gives perspective confidence. You can notice when proportions are off to correct them, offering more realistic scenes. - Positively impacts your art. Whether you're drawing a portrait, interior scene. - Helps you understand objects in relation to the horizon line. Is an object above or below the horizon line? #### Diagonal lines Diagonal lines are straight lines that slant in any direction except horizontal or vertical. When in use, they suggest movement or lack stability. #### Zigzag Lines: Zigzag lines are a series of diagonal lines joined at ends. They can convey action and excitement, as well as restlessness and anxiety. #### Curved Lines: Curved lines are lines that bend and change direction gradually. They can be simply wavy or spiral. Such lines convey the feeling of comfort and ease, as well as sensual quality as they remind us of the human body. ### Activity two - How does continuous line drawing challenge artists? - What impact does the horizon line have on an artist's work? - What is the significance of line quality in analyzing artwork? - How do artists use the horizon line to place vanishing points? - Identify different types of line drawings mentioned in the content ### B. Shape Shapes are the building blocks of everything we see, and the meaning of shapes speaks fundamentally to how we understand our world. They are so universal most visual artists first learn how to draw through construction, or breaking down images into basic geometry. But shapes are more than just practical, constructive tools: their meanings are what allow designers to communicate visually. This is sometimes called shape language or shape psychology. Along with the other elements of design, shapes allow designers to convey characteristics and emotions in a nonverbal way. Conversely, failing to understand the meanings of shapes can result in unintended or mixed messages. To make sure your shapes are speaking a language your viewers will understand, we're going to walk you through how to use the meaning of shapes in design. A shape is a two-dimensional area. Shapes have height and width but not depth. A shape might be defined by an outline or through contrast with its surroundings, such as through color or tone. There are two types of shape: - **Organic** - Organic shapes are ones that can be found in nature. For example fruit, vegetables, flowers and shells all have organic shapes. - **Geometric** - Geometric shapes are mathematical shapes, such as squares and circles. ### Activity three - Describe the role of shapes in visual art. - Define organic shapes and provide examples. - Explain the concept of shape language. - How can understanding shapes improve drawing accuracy? ### Drawing and Painting with Shapes #### Discuss the importance of observation in representational drawing. Representational drawing and painting is more about observation than basic mark-making. In fact, observation, and learning how to see, is crucial to your development as an artist. Shapes play an integral role in how we decipher what we are observing and how we record it in a drawing or painting. Many of us begin a drawing by making lines. We naturally look for edges and try to capture these edges in our sketch. While this method of drawing is valid, it is a slower and less accurate way of working. If we instead think of drawing in terms of shape, we can speed up our process and also be more accurate. We can learn to see the world around us as shapes. Recognizing the shapes that we see will lead to improved accuracy in our drawings and paintings. Instead of thinking of objects in terms of lines, we can think in terms of shapes. We can easily recognize the chair below simply based on its shape. But the shape of this chair is complex. What if we broke it down into easier shapes and pieced them together? In this case, the chair can be broken down into "easy to draw" rectangles and trapezoids. After these basic shapes are drawn with proportion considered, the artist can then concentrate on the contour lines (outlines). But since the structure of the object is in place, the contour lines are more accurate. ### D. Texture Texture in art can be achieved in various ways for various reasons. Before diving into them, let's look at the texture in art definition to understand what it means and how it works. #### What is texture in art? Texture in art and composition is the visual and tactile surface characteristics that are added to a work of art. It refers to the physical appearance or feels of an object, and can be seen through bumps, ridges, grooves and other physical details. Texture can also refer to the illusion of physicality it creates by adding depth to a painting or sculpture. It is used by artists to add interest, dimension and drama to their artwork. It can be achieved with different materials like paint, paper, metal and clay, or everyday objects like fabric or foliage. Textures can also be implied through brushstrokes, lines, patterns and colors. When used correctly it will draw attention to certain elements in an artwork while evoking emotion from the viewer. #### What is texture in art used for? - Adds depth and dimension - Draw attention to certain elements in an artwork - Creates a sense of physicality ### Activity four - How can artists achieve texture in their artwork? - What is the significance of texture in art composition? - Define the role of texture in art. ### E. Color Color is the element of art that refers to reflected light. Color theory is defined as a theory because it cannot be proved. Theories are generally accepted, despite the fact that they cannot be proven. Laws are accepted because they can be proven. #### Properties of Color in Art In the Munsell Color System, Professor Albert Munsell identified following properties the three elements of color: - **Hue:** Hue refers to the color itself, which is distinct from any other color, and represents the name we assign that color such as red, orange, and magenta. - **Value:** Value is the darkness or lightness of a hue. When hues are mixed with white, the resulting color will have a lighter value called tints. When hues are mixed with the color black, they have a darker value called shades. The many values of a hue can be shown on a gradient spectrum resembling paint swatches. - **Chroma:** A color's Chroma refers to the purity of a color. Chroma is related to saturation, with high - Chroma colors appearing brighter and low - Chroma colors appearing duller. #### What is Color Theory? Color theory examines how colors interact with and influence each other. It provides a framework for combining hues in aesthetically pleasing ways that create visual impact. Studying color theory helps artists, designers and more use color strategically to evoke certain sensations and direct attention. In order to generate harmonic and aesthetically pleasing compositions, color theory offers a framework for artists, designers, and anybody else working with colors in different industries. There are 3 categories in color theory: - The color wheel - The color harmony - The color context #### 1. The Color Wheel: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Colors The circular diagram is based on red, yellow, and blue, which points to the relationships and connections between different colors. Sir Isaac Newton developed the first color wheel in 1666 with seven colors (red, blue, orange, green, yellow, indigo, and violet). The color wheel is divided into 9 categories. The wheel also contains warm colors on one half and cool colors on the other. This contrast is useful for composition. #### Primary Colors These are the main components of the range of other colors; in other words, all the colors are derived from primary colors, also called RBG. Traditionally, the combination of red, yellow, and blue can form several colors. #### Secondary Color Definition in Art When you mix two primary colors, the result is a secondary color. Let's see the compounds. - Red + Yellow = Orange - Yellow + Blue = Green - Blue + Red = Purple #### The Meaning & Definition of Color in Art Beyond physics, color also carries psychological meaning and cultural symbolism, like what you can see in the psychology of animation color. - Red:- Power, Passion, and Energy - Orange:- Joy and Enthusiasm - Yellow:- Happiness and Intelligence - Green:- Growth and Ambition - Blue:- Peace and Confidence - Purple:- Luxury and Creativity - Black: Power and Mystery - White: Safety and Innocence ### Activity five 1. Explain the concept of color theory. 2. What are the three properties of color identified in the Munsell Color System? 3. How does value affect color in art? 4. Describe the significance of the color wheel. 5. What are primary colors and their significance? 6. What are the three categories of color theory? ### F. Space Real space is three dimensional. Space in a work of art refers to a feeling of depth or three dimensions. It can also refer to the artist's use of the area within the picture plane. The area around the primary objects in a work of art is known as negative space, while the space occupied by the primary objects is known as positive space. #### Positive and negative space The relationship of positive to negative space can greatly affect the impact of a work of art. In this drawing, the man and his shadow occupy the positive space, while the white space surrounding him is the negative space. The disproportionate amount of negative space accentuates the figure's vulnerability and isolation. #### SPACE IN ART Space is the emptiness or area between around, above, below, or contained, within objects. Shapes and forms are defined by the space around and within them, just as spaces are defined by the shapes and forms around and within them. ### G. Form Form is one of the elements of art and refers to three dimensional objects. Shapes are flat and have two dimensions (height and width). Forms have three dimensions. (Height, width and depth). #### What is form in art? It's one of the seven key elements of art and defines how artists represent dimensional objects in their work. A form may be either geometric or organic. For three dimensional art (e.g, sculptures), it refers to the shape, structure, and arrangement of length, width, and depth; in two-dimensional art (e.g., paintings), the form is recreated through light, shadow, contours, negative space, or even the surrounding objects which serve as a reference point. #### FORM IN PAINTING In painting, the form has to be conveyed through the use of light, shadows, and perspective since it requires the transfer of three dimensional objects onto a two dimensional canvas. Typically, this involves creating five different types of shades: - **highlight ** – the area where the light hits the object directly, - **mid tone ** – the average value of the color of the object, - **core shadow** – the area shaded on the object, - **casting shadow ** – the are shaded around the object, - **Reflected highlight ** – the area on the object that is highlighted by the light reflected by its surroundings. Similarly to sculpting, painting has evolved over time. At first, it represented the objects flatly, without regard to the form (e.g., Egyptian paintings). It was only during the Renaissance that form was represented accurately, with the above mentioned three dimensional techniques introduced. Later, abstract paintings emerged, and some artists, like Picasso, even gave up on form, preferring to concentrate on dynamics and movement through time and space. Form in art can take two...forms (pun intended!) – Geometric and organic. Below are some examples of geometric forms in art. #### H. Value Value is a fundamental concept that refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. It plays a crucial role in how an artwork is perceived, influencing not only its overall aesthetic but also the emotional response it evokes in the viewer. Value is not merely a technical aspect of drawing; it is a powerful tool that artists use to convey form, space, and depth within their compositions. The spectrum of value ranges from the purest white to the deepest black, with a multitude of shades in between. Each value creates a different visual impact; lighter values can suggest softness and delicacy, while darker values often impart a sense of weight and gravity. By manipulating value, artists can establish contrast, which enhances the three – dimensionality of objects. This contrast helps to guide the viewer's eye and creates a focal point that draws attention to specific areas of the artwork. Understanding value is essential for artists because it enables them to create depth and dimension effectively. When an artist applies varying values to their work, they can simulate light and shadow, which in turn gives the illusion of volume and space. This technique is vital in rendering realistic representations of subjects, whether they are still life, portraits, or landscapes. Moreover, a strong grasp of value can enhance an artist's ability to express mood and atmosphere; darker values may evoke feelings of mystery or drama, while lighter values can create a sense of serenity or openness. #### Value Scales and Their Importance A value scale is a systematic representation of the range of values from light to dark, typically illustrated as a gradient of shades. Artists create value scales to understand and visualize the full spectrum of tonal values available in their medium. This essential tool can be easily constructed by selecting a base color or using pure black and white, then gradually blending the colors to create a smooth transition across a series of squares or rectangles. The resulting scale allows artists to identify the subtle differences in value that can be crucial for successful rendering. Mastering value scales is important for artists aiming to achieve realistic proportions and textures in their work. A strong command over value enables artists to create a convincing illusion of three-dimensionality, making objects appear as though they occupy space on a flat surface. By accurately portraying light and shadow, artists can evoke a sense of realism that engages viewers and enhances the emotional impact of their artwork. Furthermore, understanding value scales fosters a greater appreciation of the interplay between light and form, ultimately enriching the artist's creative expression. #### Techniques for Establishing Value When it comes to establishing value in drawings, artists have a variety of techniques at their disposal. Each method offers unique possibilities for creating depth, texture, and visual interest. Here, we explore several key techniques, along with practical tips on how to apply them effectively. - **Hatching** Hatching involves the use of closely spaced parallel lines to create value. The density and spacing of the lines determine the darkness or lightness of the area. To use hatching effectively, start with light pressure on your drawing tool, gradually increasing pressure or adding more lines as needed. Experiment with the angle of the lines to create different textures and effects. For example, horizontal lines can suggest calmness, while diagonal lines can convey movement. - **Cross - Hatching** Cross - hatching builds on hatching by layering lines at different angles. This technique allows for greater control over value and texture. To implement cross-hatching, begin with a set of parallel lines, and then overlay a second set of lines at a perpendicular angle. Vary the density of the lines to achieve different values. As you practice, pay attention to how overlapping lines can create more complex textures, making them ideal for rendering shadows and depth. - **Stippling** Stippling uses small dots to create value, with the concentration of dots determining the perceived darkness. This technique can be time-consuming but offers a unique visual effect. To apply stippling, start by placing dots close together in shadowed areas and gradually space them farther apart in lighter regions. The contrast created by varying dot density can add a rich texture to your drawings. For a cohesive look, maintain a consistent dot size throughout your work. - **Shading** Shading is the process of smoothly transitioning between different values, typically using techniques like blending or smudging. To create a soft gradient, use a blending tool or your finger to gently mix the values together. This technique is particularly effective for rendering skin tones or soft surfaces. Remember to observe the light source carefully; shadows should be darkest closest to the object and gradually lighten as they move away. #### Practical Tips - Use Reference Photos: Observing real-life subjects can help you understand how light interacts with forms, aiding in the application of these techniques. - Practice Regularly: Consistent practice with each technique will improve your control over value and enhance your overall drawing skills. - Experiment with Tools: Different drawing tools (like pencils, pens, or charcoal) can produce varied results. Experimenting with these can help you discover your preferred methods for establishing value. By mastering these techniques, artists can effectively convey depth, texture, and emotion in their drawings, elevating their art to new levels of sophistication and engagement. ### Value in Composition The role of value in composition is pivotal, influencing how an artwork is perceived and experienced. Value not only establishes the visual hierarchy but also contributes to the overall balance, rhythm, and unity of a piece. Understanding how to manipulate value is essential for artists aiming to create impactful compositions that resonate with viewers. #### Balance Balance in composition refers to the distribution of visual weight within a piece. Value plays a critical role in achieving this balance. A composition that features a large dark area can be balanced by a smaller light area, ensuring that no single part overwhelms the rest. For instance, a large dark tree on one side of a landscape can be countered by a bright sky or a light-colored building on the other side. This interplay of light and dark not only maintains equilibrium but also guides the viewer's eye across the artwork, creating a cohesive viewing experience. #### Rhythm Rhythm in art is akin to rhythm in music; it involves the flow and movement created by the arrangement of elements. Value contributes to rhythm through repeated patterns of light and dark that can lead the viewer's gaze through the composition. For example, an artist may use a series of progressively lighter values to create a sense of movement toward a focal point, establishing a dynamic flow that invites exploration. The variations in value can create visual beats, allowing the viewer to experience the artwork in a rhythmic manner. #### Unity Unity refers to the harmony achieved when various elements in a composition work together to create a cohesive whole. Value is integral to this concept, as consistent value patterns can unify disparate elements. An artist can employ a limited value palette to ensure that all components of the artwork feel connected. This can be seen in works where the same range of values is used throughout, fostering a sense of coherence. Additionally, the strategic placement of values can lead to a clear focal point, ensuring that all elements support the central theme and message of the work. #### Value and Light The relationship between value and light is a cornerstone of visual perception in art. Light is not merely a source of illumination; it shapes our understanding of form and space by creating a spectrum of values that define objects. When we consider how light interacts with surfaces, we notice that varying intensities create highlights and shadows, which are essential for rendering convincing forms. In any given setting, the type of light source—be it natural sunlight, artificial lighting, or ambient light-can dramatically alter how we perceive an object's value. For instance, direct sunlight can create sharp contrasts, producing bright highlights that emphasize the surface texture and deep shadows that suggest volume. Conversely, diffused light, such as that found on an overcast day, tends to soften shadows and highlights, resulting in a more uniform value distribution. This understanding allows artists to manipulate light in their work, enhancing the illusion of three-dimensionality and realism. ### 3.1 Principles of art/design Composition The principles of art and design are fundamental concepts that guide artists and designers in the creation of visually compelling and harmonious works. These principles include balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, and unity. Each principle serves a unique purpose and contributes to the overall effectiveness of a piece, whether it is in painting, sculpture, graphic design, or architecture. #### Balance Balance refers to the distribution of visual weight within a composition. It can be symmetrical, where elements are evenly distributed, or asymmetrical, where balance is achieved through contrasting elements. This principle is crucial for creating a sense of stability and structure in a piece. #### Contrast Contrast involves the juxtaposition of differing elements to highlight differences and create visual interest. This can be achieved through color, texture, shape, or scale. Effective use of contrast can draw attention to focal points and enhance the overall dynamism of a work. #### Emphasis Emphasis directs the viewer's attention to a specific area or element, often through the use of size, color, or placement. By establishing a focal point, artists can guide the viewer's experience and narrative within the artwork. #### Movement Movement refers to the way the eye travels through a composition, often influenced by lines, shapes, and forms. It creates a sense of action or flow, engaging the viewer and leading them through the visual journey. #### Pattern and Rhythm Pattern and rhythm contribute to the visual texture and repetition within a work. Patterns create a sense of order, while rhythm establishes a tempo that can evoke emotions and enhance the visual experience. #### Unity Lastly, unity is the principle that brings all elements together, creating a cohesive and harmonious piece. It ensures that despite the individual characteristics of each element, they work together to form a complete whole. Understanding and applying these principles is essential for artists and designers aiming to create effective and impactful works across various mediums. #### Unity The principle that ensures all elements of a composition work together cohesively. It can be achieved through the use of color schemes, shapes, or thematic consistency. A well-unified piece creates a sense of harmony, making the artwork feel complete and intentional. - Variety - Repetition #### Rhythm Is refers to the repetition of visual elements to create a sense of organized movement. This can be seen in patterns or sequences that draw the eye across the artwork, much like music creates a flow of sound. #### Balance (equilibrium) Balance refers to the distribution of visual weight in a composition. It can be symmetrical, where elements are evenly distributed around a central axis, or asymmetrical, where different elements are arranged to create a sense of equilibrium. For example, a painting that features a large dark object on one side balanced by several smaller light objects on the other side demonstrates asymmetrical balance, creating visual interest. - Harmony #### Harmony Harmony in art, particularly in drawing, refers to the pleasing arrangement and interaction of various elements within a composition. This concept is pivotal in creating visually appealing artwork, as it ensures that all components work together seamlessly, delivering a cohesive message or feeling. Harmony can be achieved through several factors, including colors, shapes, and lines, each contributing uniquely to the overall effect of the piece. Colors play a crucial role in establishing harmony. When artists select a color palette, they often consider complementary or analogous colors, which enhance visual unity. For instance, using shades of blue and green can evoke a tranquil atmosphere, while contrasting warm and cool colors can create dynamic tension, drawing the viewer's eye across the artwork. The balance of colors not only captures attention but also communicates emotions and themes effectively. Shapes and forms are equally important in achieving harmony. Artists can create a sense of balance and unity by repeating certain shapes or integrating geometric and organic forms. For instance, a circular motif may harmonize with flowing lines, creating a sense of movement and continuity. The careful arrangement of shapes can guide the viewer's gaze and establish a rhythm within the composition. Lines also contribute to harmony by directing attention and creating structure. The use of varying line weights, styles, and directions can enhance the visual flow of a drawing. For example, gentle curves can evoke softness, while sharp angles might introduce tension. By thoughtfully combining lines with shapes and colors, artists can create a harmonious interplay that enhances the overall aesthetic quality of their work. #### The Elements of Harmony To achieve harmony in drawing, several key elements come into play: balance, contrast, repetition, and unity. Each of these elements contributes to the overall aesthetic and emotional impact of a drawing, ensuring that all components interact effectively. - **Balance** refers to the distribution of visual weight within a composition. It can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. In symmetrical balance, elements are mirrored on either side of a central axis, creating a sense of stability. For instance, a drawing of a tree may have its branches evenly spread to the left and right. Asymmetrical balance, on the other hand, involves different elements that still achieve a sense of equilibrium, such as placing a large object on one side and smaller objects on the other to maintain visual interest. This balance helps to guide the viewer's eye across the drawing and creates a feeling of harmony. - **Contrast** involves the juxtaposition of differing elements to create visual interest. It can be achieved through color, tone, and texture. High contrast, such as dark lines against a light background, can draw attention to specific areas of the drawing, while low contrast creates a more subtle effect. For example, a drawing that combines rough textures with smooth surfaces can evoke a dynamic interplay, enhancing the overall engagement of the viewer. - **Repetition** is the consistent use of shapes, colors, or lines throughout a drawing. This element reinforces patterns and themes, establishing a rhythm that contributes to harmony. For instance, repeating a particular shape or color can create cohesion within a piece, making it feel more unified. A drawing of a forest might use repeated leaf shapes to unify the composition, creating a sense of continuity. - **Unity** is the overarching principle that ties all these elements together. It ensures that all parts of the drawing work as a cohesive whole rather than as disjointed elements. Unity can be achieved by using a consistent color palette or theme, ensuring that all components support the central idea of the artwork. For example, a drawing that focuses on the theme of community might portray various figures interacting harmoniously, emphasizing their interconnectedness. By understanding these elements of harmony-balance, contrast, repetition, and unity-artists can create drawings that resonate deeply with viewers, inviting them to experience the artwork as a harmonious whole.