Medicinal Plants Lecture 3 PDF

Medicinal Plants Lecture 3 By: Dr. Fatma Alzahra Preparation of Drugs from Plants to Pharmaceuticals A. Cleaning Underground organs are freed from soil by shaking, brushing and washing B. Drying of Crude Plants Plants may be used fresh or dried. Objectives of Drying of Plants 1. T...

Medicinal Plants Lecture 3 By: Dr. Fatma Alzahra Preparation of Drugs from Plants to Pharmaceuticals A. Cleaning Underground organs are freed from soil by shaking, brushing and washing B. Drying of Crude Plants Plants may be used fresh or dried. Objectives of Drying of Plants 1. To decrease the size and weight of the plant, this facilitates packing, transport and storage. 2. To aid their preservation (prevent the growth of 3. microorganisms). 4. To facilitate the powdering of the plant. 5. To stop enzymatic action which may destroy active 6. constituents. 7. Concentration of the active constituents.  Drying Methods 1. Sun drying: when the plant is not adversely affected by the excessive heat from the direct sunlight. Should be turned Depends on over occasionally. the weather. 2. Shade drying: when sunlight causes undesirable effect in the plant (discoloration). 3. Oven drying: shorter time so less exposure to heat and less chances for chemical More rapid alteration. Temperature can be controlled. but more 4. Freeze drying: for sensitive herbs. This expensive topic will be further discussed during the practical session. Sun Drying Shade Drying Trays made of tinned wire netting. Papers spread on wooden framework in case of fruits from which seeds will be collected. Oven Drying Hot Air Circulation Drying Oven for Herb Hot air circulating oven is also called tray dryer, it is for heating the pharmaceutical, chemical, food and agricultural products. This machine is kind of hot air circulation drying oven machine, it is widely used in food industry, pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry, and other industries. Heating source: electricity or steam Heating temperature: 30-140ºC (use steam); 30-300ºC (use electricity). Trays with holes or without holes. Freeze Dryer  Questions 1 What are the objectives of Drying of Plants? 2......…….. drying is used when the plant is not adversely affected by excessiveheat from direct sunlight. 3………………….. drying: when sunlight causes undesirable plant effects(discoloration). 4………………. Drying has a shorter time so less exposure to heat and less chances for chemical alteration. Temperature can be controlled. 5 …………………………. drying is used for sensitive herbs. 6. ………. and ……………. drying are more rapid but more expensive. 7. ……. and ……… drying depends on the weather. 8. ………………… is also called atray dryer, it is for heating pharmaceutical, chemical, food and agricultural products. Changes in drugs during Drying: Changes in drugs during Drying: ❑Size and weight (80-90% is reduced). ❑Shape and appearance. Black pepper shows polygonal reticulations. ❑Texture (brittle,…….etc.) ❑Colour e.g. tea and vanilla. ❑Odour e.g. vanilla ❑Active Constituents (glucovanillin to vanillin). green Vanilla dried Vanilla (glucovanillin, odourless) (vanillin, aromatic odour) ❑Taste e.g. Gentian (becomes sweeter due to the separation of gentiotriose sugar).  C-Packing of Drugs Objectives of packing: To reduce space for protection easy transport easy storage  Packing forms depend on the nature of active constituents Cardiac glycosides of Digitalis and volatile oil- containing drugs: packed in amber-colored tightly sealed tins or bottles Cheap plants: e.g.Hyoscyamus which are unaffected by conditions are kept in sacks.  Adulteration of herbal drugs ❑ Could be intentional or accidental. Occur frequently to expensive and rare herbs Sophistication Substitution Admixture (True Adulteration) Intentional / knowing Unintentional / unknowing / Unintentional / unknowing / accidental accidental Adulterated ginger : Completely different herbal Collecting karkadeh leaves in Ginger + starch + curcuma material addition to flowers (wrong (color) + capsicum (taste) part) Clove stalk ---- Clove buds Collecting colchicum at early autumn (wrong time) Contain Genuine + Contain No Genuine contain Genuine + diluents material at all other material Clove stalk Clove buds  Questions 1 What are the changes that occur during drying of plants? 2 Give reasons for each of the following: Drying of green Vanilla. Drying of Gentian. Hyoscyamus iskept in sacks 3. What are the objectives of packing? 4. Cardiac glycosides of Digitalis and volatile oil-containing drugs are packed in …………………………… 5. Compare between different types of adulterations.  V-Factors affecting plant growth and production of drugs I-External factors: a.Environmental factors e.g. water, light, temperature, altitude, etc. b. Soil and its content. II-Internal factors: Growth regulators: Hormones.  Soil includes the following elements:  A. Main elements (macronutrients)  [very important and essential to the plant, excess do not kill the  plant]  e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK)  simple fertilizers have one of them, complete fertilizers have all of them B. Microelements: essential in low concentrations, excess is  harmful to the plant. e.g. Cu, Zn, Fe C. Active elements are required in small amounts, excess is not harmful. e.g. calcium, magnesium, sulphur D. Inactive elements needed by a number of plants e.g. sodium,  aluminium, silicon and I2 B-Internal factors affecting growth (Hormones) Hormones are chemical substances produced by certain tissues that control growth and metabolism of the living organism. It is secreted in little amounts and responsible for: 1. Cell division. 2. Cell differentiation. 3. Cell growth. 4. Development 5. Damage healing. 6. Dormancy. 7. Bud growth. 8. Aging. 9. Defence These include: I. Growth stimulators (1))Auxins. (2)Gibberellins. (3)Cytokinines. II. Inhibitors: (1)Abscisic acid. (2)Ethylene oxide  Questions 1 Enumerate factors affecting plant growth and production of drugs 2 Define each of the following terms (give an example) A. Main elements (macronutrients) B. Microelements C. Active elements D. Inactive elements E. Hormones 3. Growth stimulators such as ………, …………. and ……………… 4. Growth inhibitors such as ……………… and ……….. 5. What are the roles of hormones in plants?  e.g.Primary metabolites Starch, lipids, protein - Essential for living of the plant -Used for growth and energy for viable processes. - present in all plant cells Water light supply - Important for basic human nutrition Photosynthesis Secondary metabolites Biosynthesis e.g. Aroma, colorants, Amino acids, -Not essential for the living of the Sugars, plant, however, important for Soil Fatty acids adaption to the environment. e.g. nutrients -Attraction of insects, and birds for seed dispersal and pollination. -Defending against bacteria, fungi, and animals Most medicines belong to this group - not present in all plant cells - Important for healthy human nutrition or important as a medicine