Dr Eman Lec 1.pdf

DR/ Eman Shawky Lec. (1) Fundamental of computer science Fundamentals of IT and Operating System Part 1 Learning outcomes By the end of this session you will be able to identify: O What is a computer? O Special features of a computer. O How does a computer work? O Computer softwar...

DR/ Eman Shawky Lec. (1) Fundamental of computer science Fundamentals of IT and Operating System Part 1 Learning outcomes By the end of this session you will be able to identify: O What is a computer? O Special features of a computer. O How does a computer work? O Computer software. O Types of computers. O Computer hardware input & output devices. WHAT IS A COMPUTER? O A Computer is an electronic device that accepts Input (data and instructions), Processes it, and produces Output as required. SPECIAL FEATURES OF A COMPUTER O Speed – Computers perform tasks in less than a millionth of a second. O Accuracy – Computers perform tasks without any mistake.  O Attentiveness – Computers perform tasks and repeat them thousands of times without getting bored or tired unlike human beings. O Huge Storage – Computers facilitate storing huge amount of data/ information in highly compact devices. HOW DOES A COMPUTER WORK? O A computer system has various components that work together to accomplish a task. O It has two main components: Hardware and Software O Hardware  Consists of all the physical equipments that are tangible in a computer system.  These are the actual physical devices that perform the tasks.  Hardware includes Keyboard, Mouse, Screen, Microprocessor, Memory, Hard disk, etc. O Software is a Set of Instructions (Programs) that tells the computer what to do.  It directs and controls operations of the computer so that the desired task is done. Whatever you do on a computer, a particular Software is required for that purpose. O For example:  if you want to write a letter using computer, you need a Word Processing Software like MS Word 2016.  Similarly, Windows 10 Software is required to entirely control and manage the operations of the computer. TYPES OF COMPUTERS O Based on its speed and size, computer systems are usually classified into three types: Super Computers. Mainframe Computers. Microcomputers. SUPER COMPUTERS O A Supercomputer is a computer that has complex hardware configuration with high- level computational capacity. O It is useful when a huge amount of data needs to be processed in a short time. O It is mostly used for scientific and engineering purposes, such as weather forecasting, bio-medical research and large- scale chemical analysis in laboratories, etc. MAINFRAME COMPUTERS O A Mainframe computer is a large central computer with more memory, storage space, and processing power, but is generally less powerful than a supercomputer. O Mainframes are used by large organizations for large-scale jobs. O For example, insurance companies use mainframes to process information about millions of policyholders. O It is capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. MICROCOMPUTERS O The Microcomputer has a compact Hardware. It is small in size and the most commonly used type of computer. It is affordable and very useful for almost every business and individual for a variety of tasks. O Microcomputers are further categorized as below, based on the size of hardware: · Desktop Computer or Personal Computer (PC) · Laptops or Notebooks. · Tablets and Smartphones. Desk top computer  Laptop Tablets and Smartphone COMPUTER HARDWARE O the Computer Hardware is the actual physical equipment that performs dedicated tasks O A Typical Computer System Hardware Includes: · Input/ Output devices · The System Unit · Storage devices INPUT DEVICES : translate numbers, letters, and actions that we understand into a form that computers can process. Keyboard O It is an Input Device used to enter alphabets, numbers and special characters, as well as keys for specific functions. O It includes typing area, numeric keypad and function keys. O It can be cordless or built in. Mouse O A small hand-held pointing device which controls movement of a Cursor or Pointer on a display screen. O It allows users to control and direct computers, select on-screen options, etc. O A Mouse usually has two buttons, a scroll wheel and uses laser or a ball, to control the movement of the pointer. Scanner O Is used to scan information such as photographs and documents and translate it into a digital image.  Microphone O Is an audio input device that converts sound signals into a form that can be processed by a computer. O A mic is commonly used with computers to record audio or communicate over the Internet. O Further, it can also be used to direct & control computers (to some extent) using a voice recognition System. O It also enables us to enter text into computers by directly speaking into it, which is termed as ‘Speech-to-text. OUTPUT DEVICES  Output devices are used by the computer system to give us the output.  They receive data from a computer and produce output through monitors, speakers, printers, etc.  For example, a printer produces information in the form of a hard copy printout.  Another example of an output device is a computer monitor, which displays an image that is stored in a computer. Monitor  A Monitor is similar to a TV screen. It converts the information processed by the computer into visual images and displays it to the user. The output of a Monitor is referred to as a soft copy. Printer  A printer enables you to take the information processed by the computer on to paper.  Printer output is called a hard copy Speakers/Headphones  Speakers or Headphones are the audio output devices, that play sound output from a computer.  For example, playing an audio file, text-to- speech, system notifications, etc.  Input / Output devices Input Output Translate actions that we understand Receive data from a into a form that computers can computer and produce process. output. Scanner scans information such as Printer enables you to take photographs and documents and the information processed translates it into a digital image. by the computer on to paper. Microphone record audio and enables Speakers audio play sound us to enter text into computers by output from a computer. directly speaking into it, which is For example, playing an termed as ‘Speech-to-text’. audio file, text-to-speech