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BIOLOGY 1 ASB0204 Topic 5: Plant and Animal Tissues Biology Unit Centre of Foundation Studies in Science Universiti Putra Malaysia Universiti Putra Malaysia  This lecture note is adapted based on the book by...

BIOLOGY 1 ASB0204 Topic 5: Plant and Animal Tissues Biology Unit Centre of Foundation Studies in Science Universiti Putra Malaysia Universiti Putra Malaysia  This lecture note is adapted based on the book by Solomon, Martin, Martin & Berg Ebook:https://account.cengage.com/login Chapter 33 (33.1)& 39 (39.1)01 Chapter BIOLOGY Fourteenth Edition Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Outline 5.1 Cells and Tissues of Flowering Plants 5.2 Types of Animals Tissues Learning outcomes By the end of this lecture, you will be able to: 1. Describe the types of plant and animal tissues (C2) 2. Differentiate types of plant and animal tissues (C3)  Subtopic 5.1 : Cells and Tissues of Flowering Plants As plant embryo begins to develop – the first cell are called meristem cells ❑meristematic cells – undifferentiated cells, able to divide indefinitely and give rise to many types of differentiated cells Apical meristems of stems and roots increase the length of these tissues  Meristem cells present at the tips or apices of the young plant : apical meristem of shoot and apical meristem of root. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/395613148494365071/  Apical meristems produce three types of meristem, which produce three specialized tissues; Epidermal, Ground and Vascular Tissues  Further reading: The three Tissue Systems in plant body Table 33-1 Plant Tissue System: Dermal Tissue Further reading: page 718-720 Forms the outer protective covering of a plant. In herbaceous plants, the dermal tissue system is the epidermis. Woody plants initially produce an epidermis, periderms replaces epidermis with the outer bark Epidermis Plant Tissue System: Dermal Tissue Further reading: Table 33-4 Modifications of epidermis; ❑ Some are covered with waxy cuticle ❑ Root epidermal cells have root hairs – increase surface area for water absorption ❑ Stem, leaves and reproductive organs have trichomes (protect the plants from too much sun and moisture loss, protect plant from herbivore by produce toxic substances, remove excess salts in salty environment, increase reflection of light to cool tissue in desert plants) ❑ Lower leaf surface contains stomata for gas exchange trichomes stomata cuticle root hairs Plant Tissue System: Dermal Tissue In older woody plants, the epidermis of the stem is replaced by periderm (cork) during secondary growth of plants. ❑ major component contains cork cells. ❑ new cork cell is made by cork cambium. ❑ periderm (nonliving) – protect the plants, resists fungal infection, bacteria and animal attacks. http://bot1320.nicerweb.com/Locked/me dia/ch10/growth-secondary.html Plant Tissue System: Dermal Tissue Further reading: page 460-461 As the new cork cells mature – slightly increase in girth, walls become encrusted with suberin (lipid), they are waterproof and chemically inert. ❑ Protect the plant cells to resist fungal, bacteria and animal attacks. https://www.quora.com/What-is-periderm Plant Tissue System: Dermal Tissue https://slideplayer.com/slide/4207850/ Lenticel – overproduces cork by cork cambium in the certain areas of stem surface (causing ridges and cracks). ❑ site of gas exchange between interior of a stem and the air. Summary of Dermal Tissue System: Please read Table 33-4 (page 719) Plant Tissue System: Ground Tissue Further reading: page 711-716 Ground tissue forms bulk of a flowering plants Cells between dermal and vascular tissues Functions: provides support and storage of materials in plants https://sbi3uiplantkingdom.weebly.com/week-12/three-major-types-of- plant-tissues Ground tissue composed of ; parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/226/226F09_5.html Plant Tissue System: Ground Tissue Parenchyma Least specialized and most abundant cells; found in all organs of plant. ❑ contain chloroplast and carries on photosynthesis. ❑ contain colorless plastid to store product of photosynthesis. Can divide and give rise to more specialized cells. ❑ e.g root develop from stem cutting placed in water. Contain chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis and large vacuole to store water, starch and oils. Parenchyma cells https://oplas.co.tz/question/what-is-a-parenchyma-cells/ http://eima86.tripod.com/id4.html Plant Tissue System: Ground Tissue Collenchyma have thicker primary walls. form bundles underneath epidermis: elongated cells. https://www.simply.science/images/content/biology/plant_ contain no chloroplast and present form_and_function/growth_and_development/conceptma p/Collenchyma.html in any part of plants that is still growing. main function: provide flexible support to young plant parts. https://quizlet.com/388111434/lilac-leaf-diagram/ Plant Tissue System: Ground Tissue Sclerenchyma Have thick secondary walls impregnated with lignin Nonliving at maturity: they die after they differentiate Scattered throughout parenchyma cells; (e.g give guava their gritty texture) Main functions: ❑ support mature regions of the plants ❑ support vascular tissue Cross section of sclerenchyma ❑ important component of wood fibers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tissue Summary of Ground Tissue System: Please read Table 33-2 (page 714-715) Plant Tissue System: Vascular Tissue Further reading: page 716-718 Two types of vascular tissues; xylem and phloem ❑ Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to the leaves ❑ Phloem transports sucrose and organic compounds from the leaves to the root In root, vascular tissue located in the vascular cylinder; in stem vascular tissue located in the vascular bundles; in leaves in found in the leaf veins Image credit; OpenStaxBiology Plant Tissue System: Vascular Tissue Xylem Water and minerals conducting system, made of dead cells with lignified walls Roots – found in vascular cylinder; stem – in vascular bundles; leaves in leaf veins Types of conducting cells: Tracheid ❑ long and tapered ends ❑ water moves across pits in the end walls and side walls Vessel elements ❑ larger with perforation plates in their end walls ❑ form a continuous vessel for http://bio1151b.nicerweb.net/Locked/media/ch35/plantcells_xyl em.html water and mineral transport Xylem Structures Plant Tissue System: Vascular Tissue Phloem Transport sucrose and other organic compound from the leaves to the roots. Conducting cells of phloem : sieve tube members and companion cells. Sieve tube members ❑ Arranged end to end to form sieve tube ❑ Each sieve-tube member has a companion cell that contain nucleus. Companion cells ❑ Closely connected to sieve tube members by plasmodesmata. ❑ Have nucleus – control and maintain the function https://www.google.com/search?q=phloem+ of both cells. sieve+tube+and+companion+cells&tbm=isch &ved=2ahUKEwjbsJ3h2orqAhUSDrcAHe6b Ca8Q2- cCegQIABAA&oq=phloem+sieve+tube+and Plant Tissue System: Vascular Tissue https://plantbiologych9.wordpress.com/transpo rt-in-the-phloem-of-plants/ Phloem https://study.com/academy/lesson/companion-cells-in-plants- function-lesson-quiz.html Each sieve tube member has companion cell which are connected by Sclerenchyma fibers – plasmodesmata. lend support to phloem. Summary of Vascular Tissue System: Please read Table 33-3 (page 717) Distribution of plant tissues in eudicot and monocot stem Eudicot Monocot https://diffzi.com/dicot-stem-vs-monocot-stem/ Distribution of plant tissues in eudicot and monocot roots Eudicot Monocot Dermal Ground vascular https://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/growth-and-reproduction/plant- development-i-tissue-differentiation-and-function/  Subtopic 5.2 : Types of Animal Tissue Tissues : collection of specialized cells of the similar or different type that perform a common function in the body Four types of of animal tissues Epithelial Nervous Connective Muscular Covers body surface, lines body Binds and support Moves the body Receives stimuli cavities and forms body parts and its parts and transmitted glands nerve impulses  Animal Tissue: Epithelial Tissue Further reading: page 822 - 823 General characteristics: ❑ tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer. ❑ cover surface and lines body cavities. ❑ has protective function and can be modified to carry out secretion, absorption, excretion and filtration. ❑ can be connected by one another by tight junction, adhesion junction, gap junctions. https://www.macmillanhighered.com/BrainHoney/Resource/6716/digital_first_content/tru nk/test/hillis2e/asset/img_ch29/c29_fig13.html  Animal Tissue: Epithelial Tissue Simple epithelia – a single layer of cells and classified based on cell types Three types of epithelial cell Cuboidal epithelium Squamous epithelium – cube-shaped cells – flattened cells Columnar epithelium – cell resembling columns Animal Tissue: Epithelial Tissue Stratified epithelia – more than a layers of cells https://www.sciencesource.com/archive/Stratifi Stratified epithelium ed-Squamous-Epithelium-SS2181266.html Glandular epithelia – Secretes a product ❑ gland can be a single epithelial or contain many cells ❑ exocrine glands : secrete products into ducts ❑ endocrine glands : secrete products internally and transported by bloodstream https://www.toppr.com/content/story/amp/type s-of-epithelial-tissues-32968/ Types of Epithelial Tissue in the Vertebrates Types of Epithelial Tissue in the Vertebrates Summary of Epithelial Tissues: Please read Table 39-1 (page 824-825) Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue Four tissue types of animal Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Covers body Binds and support surface, lines body Moves the body Receives stimuli body parts cavities and forms and its parts and transmitted glands nerve impulses Connective Tissues in Human Body  Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue Functions: ❑ Establishing a structural framework ❑ Transporting fluid and dissolved materials ❑ Protecting delicate organs ❑ Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissues ❑ Storing energy reserves ❑ Defending the body from microorganisms https://www.anatomynote.com/human-anatomy/cell-and-tissue/tissue-types-in-anatomy-world/  Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue Further reading: page 823 - 828 Most abundance, widespread and varies of tissue types in the body with the widest functions ❑ connect, support, bind, separate other tissues or organs ❑ connective tissue has 3 components; specialized cells, ground substance and protein fibers  Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue All types of connective tissues have three components: 1) Specialized cells Noncellular material, varies in textures (solid, fluid, semifluid) 2) Ground substance Collagen fibers : contain collagen , provide strength and flexibility 3) Protein fibers Reticular fibers : contain thin, highly branched collagen fibers Elastic fibers: elastin, not as strong as collagen, more elastic than collagen Ground substance + fibers = connective tissue matrix https://physiotherapymilan.it/paper/classification-of-connective-tissue-2544/  Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue Further reading:Table 39.2, page 826-827 Can be classified into three major categories: Fibrous Supportive Fluid Have cells called Provide structure, Fluid connective fibroblast shape, protection and tissues located in The cells is separated leverage for blood and lymph by one another by movements vessels jellylike matrix containing white Cartilage : Bloods: collagen fiber and ⮚ Hyaline cartilage ⮚ Red blood cells yellow elastic fibers ⮚ Elastic cartilage ⮚ Platelets ⮚ Fibrocartilage Lymph Loose fibrous Bones Lymph Adipose tissue Dense fibrous Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue >>Fibrous Loose Fibrous Location: beneath dermis of skin, digestive tract, respiratory and urinary tracts, between muscles and around blood vessels, nerves and around joints Functions: ❑ Form protective covering over internal organs ❑ Allow organ to expand ❑ Support epithelium and many internal organs https://www.pinterest.com/pin/176625616612632213/  Fibrous Connective Tissue: Areolar Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stem cell: divides to Adipose produce other types cell: of cells stores fat Collagen fiber: unbranched, strong but flexible Ground substance: fills Fibroblast: divides to spaces between produce other types cells and fibers of cells Reticular fiber: Elastic fiber: branched, thin, branched and and forms network stretchable White blood cell: engulfs pathogens or produces Blood vessel antibodies  Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue >> Fibrous Adipose Tissue Location: under skin, around kidney and eyeballs within abdomen and in breast Functions : ❑ Provides reserve food fuels ❑ Insulates against heat loss ❑ Supports and protects organs Structure : closely packed adipocytes (enlarged fibroblast that stores fat), have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplets adipocytes nucleus https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/chapter-21-unifying- concepts-of-animal-structure-and-function/deck/5810761 Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue >> Fibrous Dense Fibrous Strong connective tissue Composed of thick collagenous fibers that are pack together, a fine network of elastic fibers and few fibroblasts Two types of dense fibrous connective tissues: ❑ Tendons – connect muscle to bone ⮚ Less stretchy and contain fewer elastic fibers ❑ Ligaments – connect bone to bone at joints ⮚ More stretchy and contains more elastic fibers https://trello.com/c/VRq58y3F/64-no-18-dense- regular-connective-tissue-tendon-he  Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue >> Supportive Bone Cartilage rigid connective tissues Flexible connective tissues calcium salts deposited in structural protein matrix deposited in matrix ✔ Cartilage; cells (chondrocytes) lies in the small chambers called lacunae, separated by the matrix that is solid but flexible. 1. Hyaline cartilage ❑ Common types of cartilage ❑ Found in the nose, rings of respiratory passage, human fetal skeletal ❑ Widely dispersed in very fine collagen fibers ❑ The weakest type of cartilage Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue >> Supportive 2. Elastic cartilage ❑ Has more elastic than hyaline cartilage (more flexible) ❑ Found in outer ear, Eustachian tube and epiglottis ❑ Provides strength, elasticity and maintains shape of certain structure ❑ Chondrocytes are found in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the matrix https://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Text%20Sections/Cartilage.html Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue >> Supportive 3. Fibrocartilage ❑ Strongest kinds of cartilage ❑ Has matrix containing strong collagen fibers ❑ Found in the area that must withstand tension and pressure : pad between vertebrae, wedges in the knee joint https://www.pinterest.com/pin/414542340674969640/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/67715849394538 3016/ Difference between hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage and Elastic cartilage http://www.differencebetween.net/science/health/difference-between-hyaline-cartilage-and-elastic-cartilage/ Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue >> Supportive Bone Ground substance contains hard matrix of inorganic salts (mainly calcium salts) deposited around protein fibers ❑ calcium salts : give rigidity ❑ protein fibers : provide elasticity and strength Bone cells (osteocytes) – located in lacuna that the cells are responsible for maintaining the bone matrix Lacuna – arranged in concentric circles within osteon around tiny tubes (central canal/ Harvesian canal) https://antranik.org/cartilage-and-bones/ http://encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com/Bone.html Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue >> Fluid Blood Connective tissues that are embedded in a liquid matrix (plasma) Function: ❑ transport nutrients and oxygen to cells ❑ removes CO2 and wastes ❑ pH, ions and pH balance ❑ distributes heat Two types: Red blood cells (RBC): White blood cells (WBC): carry oxygen fight infection Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue >> Fluid Platelet Incomplete cells Fragments of large cells; present only in bone marrow When blood vessel is damaged – forms a plug that seal the vessels Assists the blood clotting process Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue >> Fluid Lymph A fluid connective tissue in lymphatic vessels ❑ Absorb interstitial fluid and return it into cardiovascular systems ❑ Have lacteal that absorb fat molecules from small intestine Lymph contains lymphocytes that remove foreign material from lymph vessels via lymph nodes Summary of Connective Tissue: Please read Table 39-2 (page 826-827) Animal Tissue: Muscular Tissue Four tissue types of animal Epithelial Connective Muscularr Nervous Covers body Binds and support surface, lines body Moves the body Receives stimuli body parts cavities and forms and its parts and transmits glands nerve impulses  Further reading: Animal Tissue: Muscular Tissue page 828-829 Composed of cells that are composed of muscle fibers Three types of muscles tissues: Animal Tissue: Nervous Tissue Four tissue types of animal Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Covers body Binds and Moves the body Receives stimuli surface, lines support body and its parts and transmits body cavities parts nerve impulses and forms glands Animal Tissue: Nervous Tissue Further reading: page 829 Contains nerve cells called neurons and neuroglia (supporting cells) https://iitway.com/mod/book/tool/print/index. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/42108663389 php?id=646&chapterid=2057 2987142/ Neurons has three parts : ❑ Dendrites: receives stimulus and conducts signals to the cell body ❑ Cell body has most of the cytoplasm and contain nucleus ❑ Axon : conducts nerves impulse away from the cell body and its cover by the myelin sheath  Animal Tissue: Nervous Tissue Neuroglia : make up half the volume of the brain Function: support and nourish neurons Several types of neuroglia found in the brain: microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes neuron neuroglia  Animal Tissue: Nervous Tissue Several types of neuroglia found in the brain: Microglia – support cell neurons and phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris Astrocytes – provide nutrient and produce hormone known as cell derived growth factor Oligodendrocytes – form myelin in the brain http://anatomycorner.com/main/2015/11/25/neuroglial- cells/ Summary Animal Tissues Four types of of animal tissues Epithelial Nervous Connective Muscular - Simple epithelia - Stratified epithelia - Fibrous -Skeletal muscle -Neuron - Glandular - Supportive -Smooth muscle -Neuroglia epithelia - Fluid -Cardiac muscle THANK YOU