HLTH 339 Final Exam PDF

HLTH 339 FINAL EXAM Critical Race Theory (CRT) 1. Contribution to Understanding Race Relations: Highlights the role of systemic racism in perpetuating inequalities. Examines how racism is embedded in legal systems, policies, and institutions. 2. Key Concepts/Ideas: Racism a...

HLTH 339 FINAL EXAM Critical Race Theory (CRT) 1. Contribution to Understanding Race Relations: Highlights the role of systemic racism in perpetuating inequalities. Examines how racism is embedded in legal systems, policies, and institutions. 2. Key Concepts/Ideas: Racism as ordinary: Racism is a normal and ingrained part of society. Interest convergence: Racial equity is advanced only when it aligns with the interests of the dominant group. Social construction of race: Race is a societal, not biological, construct. Intersectionality: Considers overlapping identities and their impact on oppression. 3. Observation of Key beliefs in Institutions (Examples): Disproportionate incarceration rates of people of color. Racial disparities in housing and education policies. 4. Public Health Research Applications: Investigates health disparities rooted in systemic racism. Informs studies on environmental justice, maternal health disparities, etc. 5. Healthcare Delivery Applications: Advocates for culturally competent care. Addresses implicit bias in medical decision-making. 6. Structural Racism: Systems and policies that produce and maintain racial inequities. Examples: Redlining, unequal school funding, discriminatory healthcare practices. Intersectionality Theory 1. What is Intersectionality Theory? Framework for understanding how overlapping identities (e.g., race, gender, socioeconomic status) contribute to unique experiences of oppression or privilege. 2. Application in Public Health and Health Behavior Change: Understanding Health Disparities: Intersectionality helps public health professionals understand why certain populations experience higher health risks or poorer health outcomes. For example, a Black woman from a low-income background may face different health challenges than a white woman of the same income level, due to the compounding effects of racism, sexism, and poverty. By considering these intersecting factors, interventions can be more tailored and effective. Designing Targeted Interventions: Health behavior interventions can be more effective when they account for the various layers of identity. For instance, an intervention designed to increase physical activity might be adapted differently for a group of young, LGBTQ+ individuals in an urban area compared to an older, rural, immigrant population. These groups may have different access to resources, social norms, or experiences that affect their ability to adopt healthy behavior 3. Real-Life Applications: Black women’s higher maternal mortality rates due to compounded racial and gender biases. LGBTQ+ youth facing unique mental health challenges. 4. Use of Intersectional Lens in Health Professions: Promotes inclusive policies and practices. Encourages healthcare providers to consider patients’ diverse identities in treatment plans. Critical Disability Theory (CDT) A theory that examines disability as a cultural, historical, relative, social, and political phenomenon (Hall, M. C., 2019) This theory is centered around disability and focuses on challenging ableism in society Critical Disability Theory (CDT) Is a Public Policy Level, based on critiquing and seeking to inform laws, regulations, and structures that is against ableism, and oppressed disabled people 1. How does CDT view disability differently than older models? CDT doesn’t see disability as just a medical problem (like the medical model) or only about barriers in society (like the social model). Instead, it focuses on how power and culture treat disability as "less than." Disability is part of human diversity, not something to "fix." 2. What are the main ideas of CDT? Power and Oppression: Disability is tied to unfair systems that create inequality. Intersectionality: Disability connects with other parts of identity, like race, gender, and class. Agency and Voice: Disabled people should be the ones shaping decisions about their lives. Social and Cultural View: Disability is shaped by society, not just biology. Justice and Change: Pushes for big changes to make things fair for everyone. 3. How does CDT change policies? Fair Policies: CDT calls for rules that fight ableism (discrimination against disabled people). Accessibility: Encourages things like buildings and technology that work for everyone. Human Rights: Treats disability as a basic human rights issue. Fixing Laws: Reviews old laws to make them more inclusive and fair. 4. How can CDT improve public health and healthcare? Fair Healthcare: Makes sure disabled people are treated equally and respectfully. Better Design: Helps healthcare systems include disabled people when planning services. Community Involvement: Gives disabled people a voice in public health decisions. Breaking Barriers: Reduces obstacles like poverty and discrimination. Ethical Care: Focuses on what disabled people want, not just on "fixing" them. 5. What makes CDT special? Big Picture Thinking: Combines ideas from different fields like sociology and law. Focus on Disabled Voices: Values what disabled people have to say about their lives. Seeks Fairness: Pushes for fairness, not just small fixes. Global Focus: Looks at how disability is treated in different cultures and systems. Real Change: Aims to rebuild systems to treat disabled people fairly. Community Readiness Model (CRM) Community Readiness Model is on the COMMUNITY LEVEL Community Readiness Model (CRM) Summary What it does: Helps communities figure out their problems and how to solve them. Works for: Any kind of community issue. Why it’s useful: o Communities decide what’s important and plan their own solutions. o Encourages teamwork between people and organizations. 1. Stages of Community Readiness: No Awareness: Issue is not recognized by the community. Denial/Resistance: Some awareness, but resistance to addressing it.  Vague Awareness: Awareness exists but lacks motivation to act. Preplanning: Recognizes the need for action and starts planning. Preparation: Takes concrete steps toward action. Initiation: Implements programs. Stabilization: Sustains efforts. Confirmation/Expansion: Expands and strengthens initiatives. Professionalization: High level of community ownership and ongoing evaluation. 2. Importance of Assessing Community Readiness: Ensures interventions match the community's stage. Increases likelihood of program success. 3. Real-Life Examples: Addressing opioid use in a community by assessing readiness and tailoring interventions. Social Capital Theory 1. What is Social Capital? The networks, norms, and trust that facilitate cooperation within or among groups. 2. Types of Social Capital: Bonding: Strong ties within close-knit groups (e.g., family, close friends). Bridging: Connections between diverse groups (e.g., community coalitions). Linking: Relationships between individuals and institutions (e.g., accessing healthcare services). 3. Key Constructs: Networks: Connections among people. Reciprocity and trust: Mutual exchange and confidence in others. Social norms: Shared expectations and values. 4. Utilization in Public Health (Examples): Bonding: Peer support groups for chronic illness.  Bridging: Community partnerships to reduce food insecurity. Linking: Programs connecting underserved populations to health resources. Neighborhood Support Networks: In tight-knit communities, neighbors often provide informal social support, such as looking after children, sharing food, or helping with home repairs. This sense of mutual trust and reciprocity strengthens the community’s social fabric. For example, in many suburban areas or rural towns, neighbors may come together to help during times of crisis (e.g., after a natural disaster or during illness), which illustrates the role of social capital in maintaining a resilient community. 5. Impact on Health Over Life Course: Social connections provide emotional support, reduce stress, and improve overall well-being. Weathering Hypothesis 1. Cumulative Disadvantage: The accumulation of social, economic, and health disadvantages over time. Leads to earlier onset of chronic illnesses in marginalized groups. 2. Allostatic Overload: Chronic stress response that wears down the body over time, increasing risk for diseases. 3. Real-Life Examples: Higher rates of hypertension and diabetes in Black communities due to prolonged exposure to stressors like racism and poverty. 4. Public Health Interventions: Focus on reducing stressors through policies addressing social determinants of health (e.g., affordable housing, anti-discrimination laws). Diffusion of Innovations Definition: Explains how new ideas, practices, or technologies spread through populations over time. Example: Adoption of telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic, initially by early adopters and later by the majority. Computers are an example of the theory. From 1990 on, a majority of educated professionals began to adopt this new technology and found the first productive uses for it. They were able to show the benefits of computers, and then other consumers started to adopt them.