Person Perception PDF

7A person perception Types of attribution Personal + Situational Personal (Attribution) Explanation of behaviour due to the characteristics of the person involved (Personal- Characteristics) Tri Component Model 3 components that contribute to formation behaviour Affective Behaviour Cognition (A...

7A person perception Types of attribution Personal + Situational Personal (Attribution) Explanation of behaviour due to the characteristics of the person involved (Personal- Characteristics) Tri Component Model 3 components that contribute to formation behaviour Affective Behaviour Cognition (ABC's) Mastered (20) You know these terms very well! Select these 20 Social cognititon How we judge others in social situations (Judge Judy- Judge- How she judges others in social situations) Cognitive bias Systematic error in thinking (Cognitive- Brian- Thinking) Person perception Processes used to form impressions of other people (Person- Process, Perception- Perceive other) Types of person perception Directly + Indirectly Directly (Person perception) Provided from the person we are juding Indirectly (Person perception) Through hearing about the person we are juding from another person or source Schema Our pre-existing mental ideas relating to a given concept ( Schema- Scam- Pre existing) Physical cues Physical characteristics and behaviours of people The Halo Effect Cognitive bias in which one impression of a person influences our belief about their qualities (Halo- the game- bailey plays- bad game- bad person) Body language Non-verbal communication, ex: physical behaviour and movement Social Categorisation Used to categorise people into groups based on their shared characteristics Saliency Detection Selecting a portion of sensory info for interpretation Attribution Evaluation made about the causes of behaviour Situational (Attribution) Explanation due to external factors of the person involved Affective (Tri-Component) Emotional feelings towards something Behavioural (Tri-Component) Observable actions that reflect our POV of something Cognitive (Tri-Component) Thoughts and beliefs about something Stereotype Generalized belief about a group of people Stigma A negative label regarding disaproval by others (Stigma- Sticker- Negative label) Attitude Is a persons positive or negative evaluation about something Attribution An evaluation made about the causes of behaviour Types of Attributions Personal + Situation Personal Attribution Explanations of a persons behaviour based on their characteristics Situational Attributions Explanations of a persons behaviour based on factors outside the person involved Internal Attribution Process of explaining the causes of an event or behavior based on factors within the person (Internal- In- Within a person) External Attribution When we determine the cause of a behaviour as resulting from situational factors (External-Outside-Situaional) Fundamental Attribution Error Tendency to overemphasise personal characteristics and ignore situational factors Just-World hypothesis Cognitive bias in which people believe the world is fair or just Cognitive Bias Systematic error in thinking, due to oversimplifying the information ( Cognition Cognitive Dissonance The discomfort that people experience when they have conflicting beliefs (Dissonance- Discomfort) Factors that affect the degree of cognitive dissonance * Type of belief * Value of belief * Level of Conflict Type of belief (Factors that affect the degree of cognitive dissonance) More personal beliefs lead to greater dissonance Value of belief (Factors that affect the degree of cognitive dissonance) Beliefs that people value more cause greater dissonance Level of Conflict (Factors that affect the degree of cognitive dissonance) A greater conflict between beliefs that causes greater disonance Cogntive Bias Ex: * Confirmation Bias * Halo effect * False consensus Bias * Self serving Bias * Actor- observer bias Actor-Observer Bias (Type of bias) Tendency to attribute our own behaviour to situational causes, attribute others behaviour to their internal factors (Actor-Observer- One acts, One observes, miss shot in basketball because of weather, someone else makes it their own skill) Anchoring Bias (Type of bias) Tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information that we learn when we make decisions (Anchor-Boat-First thing we see) Attentional bias (Type of bias) Tendency to pay attention to some things and ignore others (Attentional- School) Confirmation bias (Type of bias) Tendency to seek information that supports our existing belief (Confirmation- Info that confirms our belief) False-Consensus Bias (Type of bias) Tendency to overthink how much others share our opinions or beliefs Functional Fixedness (Type of bias) Tendency to regard objects as only having one function or as working in a specific way (Fixedness- Hammer- Uses to hammer and pull out nail) Misinformation Effect (Type of bias) Cognitive bias in which information that is received after an event interferes with a persons original memory of the event (Misinformation- Wrong information) Optimisim bias (Type of bias) Tendency to underestimate the chances of negative events happening and overestimate the chances of positive events happening (Optimisim- what is optimism) Self serving bias (Type of bias) Tendency to blame external factors when negative events happen to us and to give our own personality or skill credit when positive events happen to us (bad things happen not our fault, good things happen our own fault) The Dunning-Kruger effect (Type of bias) Cognitive bias in which people with low abilities in a specific area overestimate their abilities and performance Halo Effect (Type of bias) Our overall impression of something influences how we feel and think