Science Lecture Notes PDF

Scientific Knowledge: Empirical Objective Quantifiable (tangible/ measured) Predictable & testable Highly Controlled Conditions Reproducible Clearly Defined Terminology Self-correcting What can science not do? Answer questions o...

Scientific Knowledge: Empirical Objective Quantifiable (tangible/ measured) Predictable & testable Highly Controlled Conditions Reproducible Clearly Defined Terminology Self-correcting What can science not do? Answer questions of ethics Solve political problems Explain something that cannot be directly observed through the senses or tested (faith) Art, Philosophy, literature, ethics, religion, are other ways people seek answers to questions. Process of science: The purpose of science is to better understand the natural world Scientific Methods include: -Observations & questions -Hypothesis development & prediction -Testing and gathering data -Evaluating results -Reporting results Testing a hypothesis Controlled Experiments -Independent variable: manipulated -Controlled variable: Constant -Dependent variable: the result -Confounding variable: interfere Predictions: If- Independent variable Then –dependent variable Because- Hypothesis Data: Ordinal or Quantitative (height, weight, scores) Nominal or Qualitative (texture, colors, sounds) Theory vs. Law: -Theory- explanations, supported by empirical evidence Germ theory Cell theory Gene theory Theory of evolution by natural selection -Law- describe natural phenomena Thermodynamic Gravity Lecture 2  Cells Tissues Organs Organisms Populations Communities ATP- Molecule that all living things produce -When a living thing stops producing ATP, it is dead. Characteristics of Living Things: Heterotrophic: Takes from other living things (Hummingbirds) Autotrophic: Gives to other living things (Flower) Homeostasis: Maintaining an environment to survive (internal wellbeing) Response to Stimuli: (sweating) Reproducing and Growing Evolving Diversity of Life (Domains) Eubacteria: true bacteria Archaebacteria: ancient bacteria (^^ Prokaryotic) Eukarya: true nucleus Diversity of life (Kingdoms) Bacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Animalia ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- System of classification is called taxonomy Kingdoms- groups that reflect evolutionary closeness Phylum Class Order Family Genus- Binomial Nomenclature species (lower case) Lecture 3: Facts about Fat: Cells last about 8 years Several different types in the body All extra calories are stored as fat Lipids (store energy) & Sterols (assist with development) 9 calories/ gram Lipids Unit Molecule = Fatty Acid (nonpolar) Function Structure: cell membranes (made of phospholipids, fatty acid chains & phosphate molecules) Cell membrane: this is the boundary for the cell Function energy: Glycerides (glycerol +fatty acid chains, there are three types, mon-, di-, triglycerides)  Hydrogenated plant fats (trans fat) are not healthy Sterol Unit Molecule = cholesterol Sex hormones Glucocorticoids (reduce inflation) Saturated Fats: Solid at room temperatures Stored as fat in the body Unsaturated Fats: Liquid at room temperatures Less likely to be stored as body fat Hydrogenation: Is the artificial addition of hydrogen atoms to an unsaturated fat Proteins are versatile building blocks 4 calories per gram Unit Molecule = a single amino acid (20 different types) Amino Acid covalent bonds are called peptide bonds Essential dietary component Many types of proteins Complex shapes determine function Denature- change the shape of the protein Enzymes: essential to all metabolic reactions end is –ase named by what they catalyze. Chemical catalysts Nucleic Acids store information on how to function the body Caloric value varies Unit molecule= nucleotide 1, function: energy (chemical bond) Types: ATP ADP DNA- RNA- Protien Lecture 4: Cellular Metabolism: All life is subject to the1st and 2nd laws of Thermodynamics. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed To stay alive (organized), living things must take energy from their environment. Entropy- organized to disorganized stage ^ energy motion- Kinetic ^stored energy- potential Energy comes from food; food is a form is potential (chemical energy) ATP can be used and recycled hundreds of thousands of times, energy released from the breakdown of food, energy to do work Glucose: large amounts of energy Cellular activities require smaller amounts Large amounts waste energy (heat) 1 glucose yields 36-38 ATP’s