Biology Investigatory File - CWS Crimson World School - 2024-2025 PDF

# Biology Investigatory File ## Session 2024~2025 **STD-XII-A** ## Submitted to: Pooja Ma'am ## Submitted by: Kaushiki Bhattacharya # Certificate of Achievement This certificate is proudly presented to Kaushiki Bhattacharya for successfully completing Biology Investigatory File under the guidan...

# Biology Investigatory File ## Session 2024~2025 **STD-XII-A** ## Submitted to: Pooja Ma'am ## Submitted by: Kaushiki Bhattacharya # Certificate of Achievement This certificate is proudly presented to Kaushiki Bhattacharya for successfully completing Biology Investigatory File under the guidance of Mrs. Pooja Sharma (Subject Teacher) during the year 2024-2025. # Acknowledgement "I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to: Principal Ma'am, Mrs. (Ritu Tandon), for this golden opportunity. To make an Investigatory File along with that Mrs. (Pooja Ma'am), my subject teacher, For Your Valuable Points" # Index - Introduction - Reproductive Health - Population Explosion and Birth Control - Contraceptive Methods - Natural method - Physical/barrier method - Intra Uterine method - Oral Contraceptive - Injection/Implants - Surgical Methods - Medical termination of Pregnancy - Sexually transmitted Disease - Infertility - In Vitro Fertilisation - Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer - Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection - Artificial Insemination - Bibliography - Conclusion # Reproductive Health It is the state of physical, emotional, behavioural, and social fitness for leading a reproductive life. According to WHO: A total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e., physical, emotional, behavioural, and social. ## Problems and Strategies India was among the 1st countries to initiate actions and plans to attain total reproductive health as a social goal. These programs are called 'FAMILY PLANNING' - initiated in 1951. Improved programs covering reproduction-related areas are in operation - Reproductive and Child Health Care Programs (RCH). Create awareness about various reproduction aspects and provide facilities and support to build a reproductively healthy society ## How Has the Government Taken Measures? - Creating awareness among people involving family members, close relations, and friends with the help of audio-visuals and print media - Providing proper information about sex, reproductive organs, adolescence and related changes, safe and hygienic sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), AIDS, etc. in schools and societies. - Educating people about birth control options, care of pregnant women, post-natal care of mother and child, the importance of breastfeeding, and equal importance to both male and female children which help in making a socially conscious healthy society. - Creating Awareness about uncontrolled population growth and social evils - help to build a socially responsible healthy society. - Statutory ban on Amniocentesis which was used illegally to check the sex of foeticide. - Researches on reproduction-related areas, supported by gov. and non - governmental agencies to improve/find new methods upon the existing ones. Saheli (Contraceptive) - Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) # Population Explosion and Birth Control - The increase in size and growth of the human population is called population explosion. - India's population was 350 million at independence and now is 2nd most populated country with 1.39 billion people as of May 2020 i.e.17.7% of total world population - There is an Alarming growth rate causing scarcity of basic requirements (food, shelter and clothing). ## Reasons for The High Population Explosion Are: 1. Decline in death rate. 2. Longer life span. 3. Decline in maternal mortality rate (MMR). 4. Decline in infant mortality rate (IMR). 5. Some religious beliefs against birth control. 6. Lack of reproductive health knowledge. ## Steps To Overcome Population Explosion: 1. Motivating families about contraceptive methods to prevent unwanted pregnancies 2. Creating awareness through media, posters/bills-Hum Do Hamare Do (we two, our two) 3. Encouraging young, urban, and working couples to adopt the 'one-child norm' 4. Statutory raising of marriageable age, female- 18, male- 21. 5. Giving incentives to couples with small families. # Contraception Prevention of fertilization of ovum during sexual intercourse is called contraception. An ideal contraceptive should be user-friendly, available, effective, and reversible with no or least side effects. It aims to control birth by using contraceptives. The different types of contraceptives are: 1. Natural/Traditional method 2. Barrier method 3. Intrauterine device (IUD) 4. Oral contraceptives 5. Injection and implants 6. Surgical method ## 1. Natural Methods - Avoid chances of ovum and sperms meeting - **a) Periodic abstinence** - In this method, the couple avoids coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected. -**b) Withdrawal or coitus interruptus**: In this method, the male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation to avoid insemination. - **c) Lactational amenorrhea**: ovulation is absent during intense lactation following parturition. Hence the chance of fertilization is absent. It is effective for 6 months, with no side effects and high chances of failure are there. ## 2. Physical Contraceptive Or Barrier Methods - Prevents contact of sperm and ovum through the barrier. It is available both for males and females. - **a) Condoms**: - Barriers made of thin rubber/latex sheath, self inserted and disposable. - Covers penis in male and vagina and cervix in female. - It is used so that semen does not enter the female reproductive tract. - It also prevents AIDS and STDs. - **b) Diaphragm, cervical Caps, and vaults**: - Reusable rubber/latex barrier used to cover the cervix to block entry of sperm through the cervix. - Spermicidal cream, jellies, and foams are also used with these barriers. ## 3. Intra-Uterine Devices (IUDs) - These devices are used only by females and are inserted by doctors/nurses into the uterus through the vagina. They are available as: - **a) Non-medicated IUDs**: - e.g. Lippes loop: Phagocytosis of sperm - **b) Copper releasing IUDs (CUT, Cu7, Multiload 375 )**: - Cu ion released suppress motility and fertilizing capacity of sperm. - Increase phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus. - **c) Hormone-releasing IUDs (Progestasert LNG-20)**: - They make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and cervix hostile to the sperm. Ideal for females to delay pregnancy. It is widely accepted in India. ## 4. Oral Contraceptives - Oral administration of small doses of progesterone or progesterone- estrogen combination. - Tablets and pills are taken by females daily for 21 days to inhibit ovulation and implantation and alters the quality of cervical mucus to prevent the entry of sperm. - They have fewer side effects. Eg.. Saheli - nonsteroidal preparation, once a week. ## 5. Injections Or Implants - Progesterone or its combination with estrogen is used as an injection/implant under the skin of a female. Its action is similar to pills and is effective for long periods. - Progesterone or its combination with estrogen or IUDs - within 72 hours of coitus are effective as emergency contraceptives to avoid possible pregnancy due to rape or unprotected intercourse. ## 6. Surgical Methods / Sterilization Method - Prevention of future pregnancy by blocking gamete transport. Sterilization in males is called - vasectomy and females - 'tubectomy'. They are highly effective, but reversibility is very poor. # Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) - Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy is called MTP or induced abortion. - 45 to 50 million MTPS/year-world. - Decreases population - not meant for that purpose. - Accept/legalize is debated due to emotional, ethical, religious and social issues. - Government of India legalized - 1971, with strict restrictions to check indiscriminate and illegal female foeticide. - MTP - rid of unwanted pregnancy due to unprotected intercourse, failure of contraceptive, rapes, pregnancy which may be fatal to mother or fetus. - This method is safe within the 1st trimester (12 weeks), 2nd trimester abortions are riskier. - Illegal - unqualified quacks, unsafe and fatal - avoided by counseling. - Misuse of amniocentesis, followed by MTP - avoided. ## The MTP Act Allows For Termination of Pregnancy Up To 20 Weeks of Pregnancy. In case termination of pregnancy is immediately necessary to save the life of the woman, this limit does not apply (Section 5 of the MTP Act). # Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) - Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse are called Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)/ Venereal diseases (VD)/Reproductive tract infections (RTI). For example - Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Genital herpes, Chlamydiosis, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis B, and HIV. {Except hepatitis B, genital herpes, and HIV infections, others are curable.}. - Mode of transmission - Hepatitis - B and HIV. - Reasons for transmission: - Unprotected Sex - Pregnancy - Blood transfusion - Needle Reuse ## Symptoms: 1. Itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swelling in the genital region. 2. STDs remain asymptomatic in females and remain undetected for a long. 3. In the later stage, it may lead to pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), abortion, stillbirth, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, or even cancer reproductive tract. ## Preventions: 1. Avoiding sex with unknown partners or multiple partners. 2. Always using condoms during coitus. 3. In case of doubt, consult a doctor for early detection. 4. Getting complete treatment for diagnosed disease. # Infertility 1. The couple unable to produce children despite unprotected sex is due to Infertility. Problems of infertility may be in males or females. 2. Reason: - physical, congenital, diseases, drugs, immunological, or psychological. 3. Females are blamed often in India. 4. Specialized Health care units like Infertility clinics - diagnose, corrective treatments to have a child. 5. When treatments are not enough, the couple is assisted with techniques called assisted reproductive technologies (ART). ## Reasons for Infertility: - Ovulation Disorders - Sperm Count - Uterine fibroids and Endometrial polyps - Varicocele - Infections - Hormonal Imbalance - Genetic infertility - Immunological infertility - Anovulatory cycles - Inability of sperm to penetrate ovum - Volume and mobility of sperm - Age - Ovulatory difficulties - Menstrual irregularities - Cervical factors ## Methods to Control Infertility 1. IVF-ET (In Vitro Fertilization - Embryo Transfer) - Test tube baby fertilization takes place outside and embryo is transferred. - Female is induced to produce multiple egg/ova. - The egg is then collected from the wife/donor. - Sperm is collected from husband/donor. - Incubated in medium - fertilization and form zygote. - It is then transferred to the uterus of wife, implants and pregnancy continues. **Two types:-** **a) ZIFT (Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer)** - Embryo with 8 blastomeres transferred to the fallopian tube. **b) IUT (Intra - Uterine Transfer)** - Embryo transferred at 32 celled stages to the uterus. 2. GIFT (Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer) - Ovum collected from donor and transferred to a female who cannot produce one but provide a suitable environment for fertilization. - Washed sperms and ova are transferred to the ampulla of the fallopian tube with the help of laparoscope. - Useful when fimbriae fail to capture ova and when females have sperm antibodies in their cervical secretion. 3. ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection) - Sperm is directly injected into the ovum in a culture medium. Zygote or Embryo - transferred to fallopian tube or uterus. - It is useful in cases where the male partner is unable to inseminate the female or has very low sperm counts (oligospermia). 4. Artificial insemination (AI) - Semen of male partner/donor is collected, concentrated and introduced into vagina or uterus of female - intrauterine insemination (IUI). ## Significance: - Boon to infertile mother. - Men with Oligospermia (low sperm count). - Embryos can be frozen and used for future. ## Drawbacks: 1. These techniques are not possible for females with damaged uterine walls. 2. Require high precision, specialized professional and expensive instrumentation and so available in few centers and available to few people only. 3. Raised several ethical, emotional, religious and moral issues in the society. 4. Improved reproductive healthy society - increased medically assisted deliveries, better postnatal care, decreased maternally and infant mortality rate, small families, better detection and cure of STD - increased facilities for sex-related problems. # Conclusion Sexual and Reproductive Health Awareness Day is celebrated every year on Feb 12. We should feel free to talk about sexual health with parents, family, and friends. Because we need to be aware of all these things to avoid any problem in future, we should be aware of STDs. Girls always find it difficult to talk with their parents and friends about menstruation but instead, they should feel free to talk about these topics, the first awareness about reproductive health should be provided in school. After completing this project, I get to know about many new techniques developed to avoid STDs and have babies. I feel grateful to complete this project. I wish that I could increase awareness among young teens about the reproductive health with the help of my research and investigation done for this project. # Bibliography - NCERT CLASS 12TH BIOLOGY BOOK - WEBSITES: - - www.bankofbiology.com - www.learncbse.in - www.mycbseguide.com - www.vidhyakul.com