The Indian Constitution PDF

## The Indian Constitution ### Constitution * **Constitution of India** - Set of written rules accepted by all people living within a country. * Partly rigid, partly flexible ### Democratic * All countries have a constitution * Open to all - Source/means of production ### Extras * **Com...

## The Indian Constitution ### Constitution * **Constitution of India** - Set of written rules accepted by all people living within a country. * Partly rigid, partly flexible ### Democratic * All countries have a constitution * Open to all - Source/means of production ### Extras * **Communist** - Source/means of production - Government * **Oligarchic** - Government by few - ex: China, Russia * **Monarchic** - Government by few - ex: Korea * **Totalitarian** - Total control over lives of people ### Demand for a Constituent Assembly * **Officially demanded by** * Congress, 1935 * By Nehru, 1936 (Congress Session, Lucknow) * **MN Roy (Founder of CPA party)** * Demand for Constituent Assembly - 1934 * **August offer 1940** * Demand for Constituent Assembly accepted. * Rejected later by * Congress * Muslim League * **Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946** * Vice Roy: Linlithgow * Congress League to have a seperate nation * Muslim League to have a separate nation * Pakistan demand * **AV Alexandar, Stafford Cripps, Pathic Lawrence (Head) (Chair)** * **Individual Satyagraha against it** * Acharya Vinoba Bhave * **Nehru** * Cripps Mission, 1942 * By Stafford Cripps * Dominion status, 299 * Reject - Quit India Movement ### Provisions of the Cabinet Mission Plan - Total Seats - 389 | **Category** | **Seats** | **Details** | |---|---|---| | British India | 296 | | | Provinces/ Princely States | 93 | Nominated | - Elections - July - Aug, 1946 | **Category** | **Seats** | **Details** | |---|---|---| | Governers Province (11) | 292 | Elected | | Chief comm. provinces | 4 | | | Congress (INC) | 208 | Majority | | Muslim League | 73 | | | Independent | 15 | | | | 299 | After boycott of ML remaining seats | - Indirectly Elected * Communities - 3 * (Division) - Sikh, General * 10 Lakh - 1 Seat - Meeting and Drafting of C.A * 1st meeting - 9 Dec 1946 (211 Members) - 13 Dec 1946 - Objective Resolution moved by Nehru - 22nd Jan 1947 - Objective Resolution adopted by C.A * Committees * Major (8) * Minor (13) - Drafting Committee setup on 24th Aug 1947 * Total Members - 7 | **Members** | **Details** | |---|---| | Chairman | Bhim Rao Ambedkar (Modern manuh) | | Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar | | | N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar | | | Muhammed Saadulah | | | B.L. Mittar (replaced by N. Madhav Rau) | | | D.P. Khaitan (replaced by T.T. Krishnamachari) | | | K.M. Munshi | | - Total sessions - 11/ 165 days - Total time - 2 yrs 11 months 17/18 days (Constitution made) - Imp Drafts * 1st draft - 9-23rd Dec * 10th draft - 6-7 Oct * 11th draft - 14-26 Nov 1949 * Final draft - by B.R. Ambedkar - 4th Nov 1949 (From Bengal constituency) * Presented before public - Adopted - 26 Nov 1949 - Constitution Day - Enforced - 26 Jan 1950 ### Key Constituent Assembly Provision - **Provisions** - Citizenship - Elections - Provisional parliament ### Functions Of The Constituent Assembly - Law-making body * Head: G.V. Mavalanakar (First speaker of Lok Sabha) * C.A - Constitution Maker * President: Rajendra Prasad * Tempo. President: Sachchidananda Sinha - **Other functions** * C.A Functioned as Parliament of India * Adopted National Flag - 22nd July 1947 * National Anthem * National Song - 24 Jan 1950 * Commonwealth ratification - May 1949 * Last sitting of C.A - 24 Jan 1950 * 1st President of India ( on this day) - Rajendra Prasad - Important Female Members of CA * Raj Kumari Amritkaur (1st health Minister) * Sucheta Kriplani (1st Female CM of UP) * Sarojini Naidu (Governor of Rajyapal UP) - Handwritten Constitution (Calligraphy) * Prem Binari Narain Raizada (English) * Vasant Kumar Vaidya ### Details About The Indian Constitution - Constitution decorated by: * Nand Lal Bose * Beohar Ram Manohar Sinha - Language of the Constitution - English and Hindi - Symbol - Elephant - First country to make a constitution: USA (4th July 1948) - Nehru (Chairman) and eight other Congress leaders draft a constitution for India - 1978 - **Extras** - Nehru report - 13 points by Jinnah ### Committees in The Constituent Assembly | **Committee** | **Chairman** | **Details** | |---|---|---| | Union Power Committee | Jawaharlal Nehru | | | Rules of Procedure Committee | Dr. Rajendra Prasad | | | Provincial Constitution Committee | Sardar Patel | | | Steering Committee | Sardar Patel | | | Drafting Committee | Dr. B.R. Ambedkar | | | Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities, and Tribal and Excluded Areas | Sardar Patel | | | Union Constitution Committee | Jawaharlal Nehru | | | States Committee | Jawaharlal Nehru | | | Committee on the functions of the constituent assembly | G.V. Mavalankar | | | Ad-hoc Committee on Citizenship | S. Varadachari | | | Press Gallery Committee | Usha Nath Sen | | | Credentials Committee | Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar | | | Order of business Committee | Dr. K.M. Munshi | | | Finance and Staff Committee | Dr. Rajendra Prasad | | | Committee on Chief Commissioner provinces | B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya | | | House Committee | B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya | | | Ad-hoc Committee on the Supreme Court | S. Varadachari | | | Expert Committee on the Financial Provisions | Nalini Ranjan Sakar | | ### More Details of the Indian Constitution - Linguistic Provinces comm. S.K. Dhar - Ad hoc Comm. (Flag) - Rajendra Prasad - Capitalist State - Industralists - Plutocratic - GOV. by rich people - Mixed Economy - India - Democracy * For the people * By the people * Of the people - Ceremony that marks the end of Republic Day Celebration * Beating Retreat Ceremony - Independence Day * PM: Hoist Indian Flag in Red fort - Republic Day * President: Flag unfurling in Kartavya Path - UK - Unwritten Constitution ### Comparison of Written and Unwritten Constitutions | **Written Constitutions** | **Unwritten Constitutions** | |---|---| | Compiled and structured in system form by few members | Not structured | | Ex: India | Ex: UK | | Formally Constituted | Not formally constituted | | Not easy to amend | Easy to amend | ### Key Facts - More than one level of government in the Indian constitution - Radicalism - Change in someone's general pattern of thinking - Ex: Naxalism, NE insurgency - Key Feature of Indian Constitution - Quasi Federal - Federalism (KC Whear) - Division of power between centre and state - **Federal Feature** * Gives power to the state. - **Unitary feature** - Takes away bit of power from the state. ### Indian Constitution Features - Bicameralism * LS * RS * 1A6/ IPG/ IFOS - Unitary Feature - Judiciary - Integrated - **Unitary Feature** * Dept. of personal and training * Controlled by Centre * Art. 312 - Unitary system of Government possesses strong state - India has a parliamentary system of government * Essential features taken from UK * Executive accountable to legislature. ### Forms of Government * **Parliamentary** * India, UK * **Presidential** * USA