Molecular Biology (MPRM 0107) PDF - National University Exam

Molecular Biology (MPRM0107) Year 2 Students (MD1) Spring Semester 3 Credit hours (2 credit hours lectures and 1 credit hour tutorial) Course Coordinator: Dr. Souad Al-Okla  1. Course Code: 2. Course Title: 3. Course Credits...

Molecular Biology (MPRM0107) Year 2 Students (MD1) Spring Semester 3 Credit hours (2 credit hours lectures and 1 credit hour tutorial) Course Coordinator: Dr. Souad Al-Okla  1. Course Code: 2. Course Title: 3. Course Credits 4. Course Duration (In Weeks): MPRM0107 Molecular 3 Credit hours 17 This course Biologyprovides details on molecular processes within the cell focusing on the 5. Goal structure, function of nucleic acids, its regulation and introduces molecular biology techniques This course discusses the nucleic acid structure, function, replication, damage, repair, and control of gene expression. Various molecular and biochemical techniques for isolating, 6. Course Description replicating, and analyzing nucleic acid sequences will be discussed along with their applications in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of human diseases 7. Course Director/Coordinator Dr. Souad Al-Okla/ Course director/ Associate professor in Immunology and Molecular and Faculty involved in the Biology delivery At the end of this course, students will be able to: (use appropriate Domin Levels verbs from the list provided to develop SMART outcomes) * K * C1 CLO 1 : Describe the structural levels of nucleic acids and genome S organization A K * C1 CLO 2 : Describe the different types of DNA mutation, causes, consequences and the role of DNA-repair systems S 8. Course Learing Outcomes A (CLOs) with their Domains and K * C2 Levels CLO 3 : Explain the molecular events and enzymes involved in the DNA S replication A K * C2 CLO 4 : Discuss the flow of genetic information and its regulation in S relation to cell behavior A K * C2 CLO 5 : Describe the molecular techniques and their applications in the S diagnosis, prognosis and management of human diseases A  Assessment Plan Summative Assessment Details (All the graded assessments) Formative Assessment Details (All ungraded assessments) Name of exams Type of exam Details of exam MCQs individually and then feedback and discussion Scenario cases MCQ of the concept Team Based-Learning MCQs individually and then in group, feedback and MCQ (TBL) discussion of the concept Molecular Biology (MPRM 0107)-Assessments Quiz 1: Thursday, 20/02/2025 In Course Exams: Thursday, 13/03/2025 Quiz 2: Tuesday, 22/04/2025 Final Exams: Thursday, 15/05/2025  The structure of DNA Session Learning Outcomes (SLO) SLO# 1 : Recognize the contributions of Chargaff, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, Watson and Crick that led to uncovering the structure of DNA. SLO# 2 : Describe the biochemical structure of ribonucleotides that compose DNA. SLO# 3 : Explain the DNA structure (number of strands, polarity (5’-3’), complementary strands and their anti-parallel nature).  orrm'Ie genius basis.at iva Flow of Genetic Information together n byhydrogen withthymine eninea pairs bonds ngtwohydrogen cytosine c uanine o pairswith bonds ngthreehydrogen encodes esebasepairs eticinformation Transcripted Translated DNAcan pass by information replication  Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) DNA, the substance of inheritance – Is the most celebrated molecule of our time. Hereditary information – It is encoded in the chemical language of DNA and reproduced in all the cells of your body. – It is the DNA program that directs the development of many different types of traits. so  Early in the 20th century – The identification of the molecules of inheritance loomed as a major challenge to biologists. The role of DNA in heredity – Was first worked out by studying bacteria and the viruses that infect them. bacteriophage Bffria balleria  DNA Is the Genetic Material Frederick Griffith experiment Streptococcus pneumoniae Bacteria of the Bacteria of the HIperature “S” (smooth) strain “R” (rough) strain EXPERIMENT Living S Living R Heat-killed Mixture of heat-killed S cells (control) cells (control) cells (control) S cells and living R cells Pohnogen Ifanogen damaged am8 coot will become like Rcells RESULTS Mouse dies Mouse healthy Mouse healthy Mouse dies CONCLUSION Living S cells which is pathogen are found in blood sample.  Frederick Griffith experiment Conclusion: the living R bacteria had been transformed into pathogenic S bacteria by heritable substance from the dead S Figure 5-3 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010) cells.  Transformation of living R bacteria to living S bacteria pathogenic the phenomenon of transformation ions swim is a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of externa DNA by a cel Figure 5-4 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)  cells ᵈ Lead's p8 degradation tion iii.im Palatable aparable  DNA Is the Genetic Material Viruses that infect bacteria, bacteriophages Phage head Tail Tail fiber bacteria DNA 100 nm Bacterial cell  Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase experiment matinee iiithe bacteria DNA DNA is the genetic material of a phage known as T2  DNA Is the Genetic Material Erwin Chargaff analyzed the base composition of DNA from a number of different organisms In 1947, Chargaff reported that DNA composition varies from one species to the next DNA a more credible candidate for the genetic material  The rule of Erwin Chargaff: In all organisms - The number of adenines was approximately equal to the number of thymines (T%=A%). The number of guanines was approximately equal to the number of cytosines (G%=C%). - The relative amount of guanine, cytosine, adenine and thymine bases varies from one species to another. The basis for these rules remained unexplained until the discovery of the double helix.  Prior to the 1950s, it was already known that DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. Sugar-phosphate Nitrogenous backbone bases 5’ end O– CH3 O P CH2 H O O O 1 O– 4 H N N H H H H 3 2 O H Thymine (T) gi O O P O CH2 H N H 2,58 O N O– H H N H H H N N H H Adenine (A) O H H O P O CH2 H N H O O– H H N N H H H O Cytosine (C) O 5 O P O CH2 H N O 1 O O– 4 H H N Phosphate H H N 3 OH 2 H N H DNA nucleotide Sugar (deoxyribose) N H H Figure 16.5 3’ end Guanine (G) Each polynucleotide Consists of monomers called nucleotides sugar nitrogenousbase Nucleoside Nitrogenous base O 5’C O P O CH2 O O Phosphate group 3’C Pentose sugar Nucleotide Structure Nucleotide monomers Polynucleotides are synthesized when adjacent nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds called phosphodiester linkages. γ β α Sugar-phosphate backbone Nitrogenous 5 end bases O– CH3 5 O CH2 H O P O O 1 O– 4 N N H H backbone of sugar-phosphate units, H H H 3 2 O H Thymine (T) O with appendages consisting of the H H O P O– O CH2 H O H N N N H nitrogenous bases. H H N N H H Adenine (A) O H H O P O– O CH2 H O H H N The two free ends of the polymer are N N H H H H Cytosine (C) Odistinct (5’ end and 3’ end). O 5 O P O CH2 H N O 1 O O– 4 H N H Phosphate H H N 2 H 3 N H OH Sugar (deoxyribose) N H H 3’ end Guanine (G)  DNA Is the Genetic Material A Double Helix - Watson and Crick, Nature, April 25, 1953 1 Biologist 1 Physics and Ph.D. Student Nobel Prize Watson: a Biologyst Crick: a physicist  - Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin using a technique called X-ray crystallography to study molecular structure of DNA. Rosalind Franklin – Produced a picture of the DNA molecule using this technique Rosalind Franklin Franklin’s X-ray diffraction Photograph of DNA  2In Watson and Crick deduced that DNA was a double helix G C A T T A 1 nm G C C G 3.4 nm A T C G T A T A A T A T G C A T 0.34 nm Figure 16.7a, c (DNA structure  bonds Franklin had concluded: 2 hydrogen - The DNA is composed of two antiparallel sugar-phosphate backbones, with the nitrogenous bases paired in the molecule’s interior 3hydrophds - The nitrogenous bases are paired in specific combinations: adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine  Watson and Crick reasoned that there must be additional specificity of pairing dictated by the structure of the bases Each base pair forms a different number of hydrogen bonds Adenine and thymine form two bonds cytosine and guanine form three bonds H N N H O CH3 N N H N Sugar N N O Sugar Adenine Thymine (A) (T) H N O H N N N H N Sugar N N N H O Sugar H FigureGuanine Cytosine  Adenine Gaunine Purine + Purine: too wide Thymine cytosine Uracil Pyrimidine + pyrimidine: too narrow Purine + pyrimidine: width Consistent with X-ray data  H N N H O CH3 adenine would form two hydrogen bonds only with N N H N thymine Sugar N N O Sugar Adenine (A) Thymine (T) H N O H N N N H N and guanine would form Sugar N N three hydrogen bonds only N H O Sugar with cytosine. H Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Cellular DNA molecules have two polynucleotides strands that ar complementary, connect with hydrogen bonds and Then spira around an imaginary axis to form a double helix o o  the conformation of the DNA double helix. Figure 5-7 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)  Summary DNA is made of four nucleotides building blocks. Phosphodiester (B) The nucleotides are covalently linked together (A) Each nucleotide is composed of a sugar– into polynucleotide chains. phosphate covalently linked to a base. (C) A DNA molecule is composed of two (D) the DNA is wound into a double helix. DNA strands.