Diversity In Living Organisms PDF

Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT CHAPTER- 6 : Diversity in Living Organisms Lecture – 15 & 16 DIVERSITYAND CLASSIFICATION There are more than 1.7 to 1.8 million species described and several more yet to be known during...

Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT CHAPTER- 6 : Diversity in Living Organisms Lecture – 15 & 16 DIVERSITYAND CLASSIFICATION There are more than 1.7 to 1.8 million species described and several more yet to be known during the 3.5 billion years of life on earth This large diversity noticed in living organisms is due to organic evolution. Taxonomy: It is the functional science which deals with identification, nomenclature and classification of different kinds of organisms all over the world. Classification: It is the placing of an organism or a group of organisms in categories according to a particular system and in conformity with a nomenclature system. Classification is the theory and practice of classifying organisms it is the systematic arrangement of organisms on the basis of their relatedness. Classification is the arrangement of organisms into sets or groups according to the similarities and dissimilarities present between them. Diversity means variety. Different places on the earth have their own typical kinds of living beings. This gives rise to the need of classification. So, "Diversity is the need of classification". Identification: Means determination of correct place of an organisms in previously established plan of classification. ADVANTAGES/SIGNIEICANCE OF CLASSIFICATION It establishes hierarchy of groups of organisms on the basis of their common features. It makes the systematic study easier. It is essential to understand the interrelationship amongst different groups of organisms. It serves as a base for the development of other biological sciences as well as different fields of applied biology like public health, environment etc. BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 133 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT TEXONOMIC HIERACHY It is the framework by which taxonomic groups are arranged in definite order from higher to lower categories. The hierarchial order of classifying organisms is : Kingdom ⟶ Phylum ⟶ Class ⟶ Order ⟶ Family ⟶ Genus ⟶ Species (i) Taxon : It refers to any rank or category in the hierarchial order of classification. e.g. Kingdom, phylum etc. They produce their own kind. It is the basic unit of classification. NOMENCLATURE It is the system of naming an individual. Nomenclature is done on the basis of a set of rules stated in the ICBN / ICZN i.e. International Code of Botanical / Zoological Nomenclature. (i) Binomial nomenclature: It is a system of naming the organisms in such a way that each of their names contain two components first is genus and the second one is species. e.g. Scientific name of human is Homo sapiens. Scientific name of crow is Corvus splendens Homo and Corvus are the genus while sapiens and splendens are the names of species. This system was introduced by Carolus Linnaeus in his book Systema Naturae, who is also called Father of Taxonomy. (ii) Certain convections are followed while writing the scientific names. The name of the genus begins with a capital letter. The name of the species begins with a small letter. When printed, the scientific name is given in italics. When written by hand, the genus name and the species name have to be underlined separately. SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION (i) Artificial system: It was based on some superficial similarities. i.e. only one or few characters were taken. E.g. On the basis of habitat and ability to fly. (ii) Natural system: It was based on natural affinity i.e. more than one natural characters were used. (iii)Phylogenetic system: It was based on evolutionary sequence as well as genetic relationship amongst the organisms. CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS (i) Two kingdom system: It was given by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758. Organisms were divided into Plant Kingdom and Animal Kingdom. Fungi, Bacteria and Euglena could not find an appropriate position. (ii) Three kingdom system: It was given by Earnst Haeckel. In this Kingdom Protista was also included along with plant kingdom and animal kingdom. (iii) Four kingdom system: It was given by Copeland. Kingdom Monera was also included in this system of classification. BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 134 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT (iv) Five kingdom system: It was given by Robert Whittaker. According to him organisms were divided into five kingdoms, on the following basis of: Complexity of structure Mode of nutrition Level of organization (A) Kingdom Monera : Unicellular, prokaryotic, microscopic, most ancient, can live in deep oceans, hot springs, deserts, high salt concentrations etc. They include bacteria, filamentous and photosynthetic blue green algae etc. Archaebachteria : They are found in extreme salty areas hot springs marshy areas. Bacteria : They were discovered by Anton Von Leeuwenhoek. They are prokaryotic unicellular and heterotrophic in mode of nutrition. The cell wall of bacteria is made up of peptide given or mucopeptide. They are classified in following types on the basis of their shapes. (a) Coccus (b) Bacillus (c) Spirillium (d) Vibrio Cyanobacteria or blue green algae : They are photosynthetic bacteria. They occur in the ocean soil and fresh water. They have capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds with the help of heterocyst E.g., Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Anabaena & Spirulina. (B) Kingdom Protista : Unicellular, colonial. eukaryotic. They include photosynthetic algae. decomposers (slime moulds) and protozoa (predators) etc. Chrysophytes of algae are also known as golden algae or Diatoms Dianoflagellates are also known as Pyrrophyta. (C) Kingdom Fungi : Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms, they are heterotrophic. parasitic or saprotrophic. (D) Kingdom Plantae : They are multicellular. eukaryotic, autotrophic (photosynthetic), some are heterotrophic & parasitic. They include photosynthetic algae, green plants etc. (E) Kingdom Animalia : Multicellular, eukaryotic. heterotrophic. Characters Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 135 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT Present Noncellulosic (without Present Cell wall (Polysaccharide Present in some Absent cellulose) (cellulose) + amino acid) (with chitin) Nuclear Absent Present Present Present Present membrane Body Multiceullar / Tissue / organ / Cellular Cellular Tissue / organ organization loose tissue organ system Autotrophic (chemosynthetic and Autotrophic Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Mode of photosynthetic) (Photosynthetic) Autotrophic (Saprophytic/ (Holozoic / nutrition and and (Photosynthetic) Parasitic) Saprophytic etc. Heterotrophic Heterotrophic (saprophytic / parasitic) ▪ Kingdom Plantae : It includes all eukaryotes containing chloroplast. Few members are parasitic (cuscuta). Some are insectivorous (pitcher plant). Life cycle having two phases : sporophyte (2n) and gametophyte (n). Gametophyte : It is haploid plant structure which produce gametes directly. Sporophyte : It is diploid (with two sets of chromosomes) plant structure which produces haploid spores through the process of meiosis. BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 136 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT Plant life cycle : Alteration of generation SUB KINGDOM CRYPTOGAMAE (Cryptos = hidden gamous = marriage) These are also called as lower plants flowerless or seedless plaints. Their reproductive organs are hidden till they reproduce. (i) Division Thallophyta Thallus Uudifferentiated plant body i.e., absence of root stem & leaves. Their is no vascular system. Reproductive organs are single celled and there is no embryo formation after fertilization Dominant gametophyte Three classes of Thallophyta are (A) Class Algae : Characters : These are aquatic or terrestrial, fresh water or marine, Autotrophic, photosynthetic containing various pigments like chlorophylls, carotenoids, xanthophylls etc. BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 137 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT Unicellular. colonial. filamentous, algal thallus is composed of true parenchyma. The unit of algal thallus structure is a cell. Reserve food is starch. Cell wall of cellulose. Algae grow in water or damp soil or as epiphytes E.g. Green algae (Ulothrix. Spirogyra), Brown algae (Sargassum. Ectocarpus). Red algae (Polysiphonia, Gelidium & Gracillaria) etc. Reproduction occurs by the following means. 1. Vegetative method by fragmentation 2. Asexual method by Zoospores 3. Sexual method Algae fix half of the total CO2 on earth through photosynthesis and dissolve O2 in the water so it is an important primary producer for aquatic animals. Many species like porphyra. laminaria and sargassum and 70 species of marine algae used as food. Few brown and red algae produce large amount of water holding substances called hydrocollides, e.g. Algin extracted from brown algae and carrageen from red algae used commercially. Agar extracted from Gelidium and Gracilaria are used to grow microbes in laboratory and for preparation of ice-creams and jellies. Some algae rich in proteins are used by the space travellers, e.g. Chlorella and Spirulina. On the basis of pigments algae are divided into 3 classes: Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae and Pheophyceae. Some common thallophytes (algae) BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 138 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT Lichens It is a symbiotic association of algae and fungi. Algae part is known as phycobiont which perform photosynthesis whereas fungal part is known as mycobiont which absorbs minerals and waters for its partner. They do not grow in polluted areas hence are also known as pollution indicator or bioindicators of pollution. Bryophytes It includes mosses and liverworts, found in the shady areas of hills. They are amphibious in habit because they live in soil but need water for reproduction. So, they are always found in damp and shady places. They have important role in plant succession on bare rocks and soil. Plant body is thallus attached to the substratum by unicellular or multicellular rhizoids. Some members are differentiated into rhizoid, stem and leaf like structures. Main plant body is gametophyte bearing multicellular female reproductive organ called archegonia which is flask shaped and globular male reproductive organ called antheridia. Antheridia release antherozoids which fuses with egg to form zygote. Zygote develops into sporophyte and dependent totally on gametophyte for the nutrition (parasitic sporophyte). Sporophyte is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule in which capsule produces the spores after meiosis. Spores released from the capsule and germinate to form a filamentous like structure called protonema by which again gametophyte will develop. Economic importance-it is used as a food for mammals, birds and other animals. Species of Sphagnum provide peat (form of coal) that has been used as fuel. They have the capacity to hold water so they are used in packing material in transport. Mosses and lichens decompose the rock making the substratum for the growth of the higher plants. Mosses forms a cover on the soil so they attract the rain and prevent soil erosion, e.g. Funaria, Polytrichum, Sphagnum. BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 139 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT Pteridophytes It includes horse-tail and ferns. They are used to form medicines, soil binder and as ornamental plants. These are the first terrestrial plants possess vascular system having xylem and phloem but xylem lacks the vessels and phloem lacks the companion cells and sieve tube. They are found in cool, damp and shady places. Sporophyte phase is dominant which possess stem, root and leaves. Sporophytes develop the sporangia at the ventral sides of the leaves. These leaves are known as sporophylls. In some species these sporophylls form a compact structure called as strobilus or cone as in Selaginella, Equisetum. BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 140 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT Spores formed in sporangia are haploid as they are produced after meiosis. Spores germinate to form gametophyte called prothallus which grows in cool and damp places because they need water for the reproduction. Gametophyte bears archegonia and antheridia. Fusion of male gamete with the egg present in the archegonium results in the formation of zygote which later on developes into sporophyte. Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Gymnosperms means naked seed, i.e., ovules are not enclosed by ovary wall. Gymnosperms are very limited in distribution. They are mainly found in cold regions. In India Gymnosperms are found on Himalayan mountains. Plants are medium sized, some are shrubs, and tallest tree is Sequoia. Roots are tap root and in some plants like Pinus, fungus association is their which are called Mycorrhiza. Gymnosperms are heterosporous. Microspores develop in microsporangia on microsporophylls which are completely arranged to form male strobilli or cones. Microspores are responsible to develop male gametophyte which is highly reduced called pollen grains. Megaspores develop into megasporangia on megasporophylls which are also arranged in cones. BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 141 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT The pollen produced by these plants is dispersed by wind, insect, etc. The zygote, or fertilized egg, develops into an embryo. The embryo and the food it uses to grow are covered by a protective seed coat. In the course of evolution, the gymnosperms appeared before the angiosperms. All conifers (evergreen plants) like pines, firs, cedars and redwoods are gymnosperms. Conifers are among the largest trees and constitute the major source of pulp and paper. Cycads (Cycas) are palm like gymnosperms, but unlike palms, they bear naked seeds on the scales of cones. Gymnosperms do not have flowers, e.g. Pinus, Cycas etc. Angiosperms In angiosperms flower is the reproductive structure. It is the dominant group on the earth which ranges from the microscopic plant Wolffia to tall trees like Eucalyptus over 100 m. It provides food, fodder, fuel, medicine and several other things for commercial use. Flower consists of stamen as male reproductive organs and pistil as female reproductive organs. BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 142 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT Flowers may be unisexual or bisexual. Pollination occurs by wind, water and animals. Endosperm is a new food storing structure which is generally triploid and is formed by fusion of three nuclei (triple fusion). According to the number of cotyledons in the seeds they are further divided into two classes- dicotyledons and monocotyledons. Characteristic Monocot Dicot Morphology Roots Fibrous roots Tap roots Venation Generally parallel venation Generally reticulate venation Flowers Trimerous flowers Pentamerous flowers Cotyledons in seeds One Two Anatomy No. of vascular Numerous Generally 2 - 6 bundles in stem Cambium Absent Present Palms, Bamboos, Grasses, Sugarcane, Grams, Peas, Beans, Sunflower, Examples Rice, Wheat and Corn Ipomoea and Rose BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 143 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT ❖ Kingdom Animalia They are heterotrophic, multicellular and lacking cell wall. They digest the food in an internal cavity and store food as glycogen. Their mode of nutrition is Holozoic and parasitic. They have definite growth pattern. ❖ Important Phyla of Kingdom Animalia 1 Porifera - Sponges (Leucosolenia, Sycon) 2 Coelenterata/Cnidaria - Hydra, Jellyfish etc. 3 Platyhelminthes - Flat worms (eg : Tape worm) 4 Nemathelminthes/Aschelminthes - Round worm (eg : Ascaris) 5 Annelida - Earthworm, Leech etc. 6 Arthropoda - Insects, Scorpion, Fly etc. 7 Mollusca - Snail, Pila, Octopus etc. 8 Echinodermata - Star fishes 9 Hemichordata - Balanoglossus 10 Chordata - Fish, Snake, Birds, Monkey etc. ❖ Basis of Classification (A) Cell type : All members of kingdom animalia possess eukaryotic cell i.e. membrane bound cell organelles and nucleus. (B) Level of organization (C) Symmetry Asymmetry: When any plane that passes through the centre, does not divide the body of animal into two equal halves e.g : most of sponges are asymmetrical. BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 144 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT Radial symmetry: When any plane passing through the central axis of the body divides the animal into two identical halves e.g : Coelenterates and Echinoderms (adult) Bilateral symmetry : When the body can be divided into identical left & right halves in only one plane. e.g: Platyhelminthes to Chordata. (D) Circulatory system : Formation of body cavities and blood vascular system. It transports the materials inside the body. It is of two types: a) Open circulatory system : In this types, blood comes out of blood vessels in spaces called sinuses. It found in arthropods, most of molluscs and leeches. b) Closed circulatory system : In this type, blood remains inside the blood vessels (arteries). It is found in most of annelids and all vertebrates. (E) Germ layers: The layers of gastrula from which all the body-organs are formed, are called germ-layers. Based on germ layers animals are of two types (A) Diploblastic animals: in sponges & coelenterates, gastrula is with two layers, outer ectoderm and inner endoderm, so are called diploblastic animals. (B) Triploblastic animals: From flatworms to mammals, gastrula larva is with three germ layers, outer ectoderm, middle mesoderm and inner endoderm. So these are called triploblastic animals. BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 145 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT (F) Coelom (Body cavity) : It is the space between body wall and gut wall. it helps in classification of animals. On the basis of nature of coelom animals are divided into the following categories: (a) Acoelomates: Among invertebrates upto flatworms, there is no coelom and they are called acoelomates. (b) Pseudocoelomates: In Aschelminthes (round worms e.g., Ascaris), coelom is present but is not lined by mesoderm layer and is called pseudocoel or false-coelom, so the roundworms are pseudocoelomates (c) Eucoelomates: From annelids to mammals. body cavity is lined by mesodermal peritoneal layers. It is called true - coelom, so these are called true coelomates or eucoelomates. (d) Haemocoelomates: In Arthropods and molluscs. true coelom is reduced & body cavity is a pseudocoel with blood and is called haemocoel and animals are called haemocoelomates. BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 146 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT (G) Body plan : Cell-aggregate type : e.g. Sponges. Blind Sac type : Animals in which digestive system is incomplete. It has only single opening to the outside of the body that serves as both mouth and anus. e.g. Coelenterata and Platyhelminthes Tube-within-tube type : Found in those animals having complete digestive tract i.e. with seperate openings: mouth and anus. e.g. Aschelminthes to Chordata. (H) Metameric segmentation Pseudometamerism : e.g. Tapeworms. Metamerism: In Annelids, Arthropods and Chordates. In these animals, the body is externally and internally divided into segments, with a serial repetition of atleast some organs, is called metameric segmentation. (I) Circulatory system Open type : In which the blood is pumped out of the heart and the cells and tissues are directly bathed in it. e.g. Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms, Hemichordates and some lower Chordates. BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 147 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT Closed type : In which the blood circulates through a series of vessels of varying diameters i.e. arteries. veins and blood capillaries. e.g. Annelids, some of Molluscs, Vertebrates etc. (J) Notochord : It is a mesodermally derived rod like structures formed on dorsal side during embryonic development in some animals. Non chordates : Animals without notochord. e.g. Porifera to Hemichordata. Chordates : Animals with notochord. Exercise – 1 1. On what basis are plant and animals put into different categories? 2. Will advance organisms be the Same as complex organisms? Why? 3. What is the difference between bryophytes and pteridophytes? 4. Why do we classify organisms. 5. In which Kingdom will you place an organism which is single-celled, photosynthetic and Eukaryotic? Exercise – 2 1. Land plants that lack vascular tissues are (A) Algae (B) Mosses (C) Ferns (D) Cycads 2. A parasitic sporophyte over gametophyte is found in (A) Liverworts (B) Ferns (C) Chlorella (D) Horse tails 3. Sporophyte of Funaria consists of (A) Capsule only (B) Seta and capsule (C) Foot and capsule (D) Foot, seta and capsule 4. Which of the following statements are correct? (A) Whittaker proposed the five kingdom system of classification. (B) Carl Woese divided Monera into archaebacteria and eubacteria. (C) Charles Darwin described the idea of evolution and wrote 'Origin of species'. (D) All of the above 5. Seedless vascular plants are (A) Liverworts (B) Mosses (C) Ferns (D) Cycads 6. Gymnosperms are characterised by (A) Large leaves (B) Ciliated sperms (C) Naked ovules (D) Scale leaves BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 148 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT 7. Bryophytes can be distinguished from pteridophytes as they (A) Are thalloid forms (B) Do not have conducting tissue (C) Contain chloroplast in their cells (D) Can live on land 8. Which one of the following animal possesses a water vascular system? (A) I (B) II (C) III (D) IV 9. Angiosperms have dominated the land flora primarily because of their (A) Property of producing large number of seeds (B) Nature of self pollination (C) Domestication by man (D) Power of adaptability in diverse habitat 10. Pseudocoelom is present in (A) Annelida (B) Platyhelminthes (C) Nematoda (D) Protozoa 11. The causative organism of elephantiasis belong to phylum (A) Arthropoda (B) Protozoa (C) Porifera (D) Nematoda 12. Which of the following is an egg-laying mammal? (A) Duck-billed platypus (B) Kangaroo (C) Whale (D) Pigeon 13. In the Latin name Salix nigra, the first name is the and second is the (A) genus, species (B) family, genus (C) common name, scientific name (D) species, genus 14. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the taxonomic hierarchy? (A) Division, Order, Family, Class (B) Division, Class, Order, Family (C) Family, Division, Order, Class (D) Class, Order, Family, Division 15. What is classification? (A) Grouping things together on the basis of the features they have in common (B) Grouping things together on the basis of how they respire (C) Grouping things together on the basis of how they feed (D) Grouping things together on the basis of how they survive BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 149 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT 16. Which is the most commonly used classification scheme? (A) Linnaeus five kingdom scheme (B) Whittaker five kingdom scheme (C) Darwin five kingdom scheme (D) Hooke five kingdom scheme 17. Which of these is not included in the Kingdom Fungi? (A) Plants with chloroplasts in their cells (B) Organisms with hyphae (C) Organisms which grow on tree trunks (D) Moulds 18. Which of the following are characteristics of both bacteria and fungi? (A) Cell wall, unicelluar and mitochondria (B) Cell wall, DNA and plasma membrane (C) Plasma membrane, multicellularity and Golgi apparatus (D) Nucleus, organelles and unicellularity 19. The excretory organ in molluscs is the (A) malphigian tubule (B) Organ of Bojanus (C) flame cells (D) protonephridia 20. The flowering plant group, which is the biggest in the plant kingdom is (A) Ferns (B) Angiosperms (C) Gymnosperms (D) Moss 21. Algae are similar to plants and were classified together because (A) they have true leaves, stems and roots (B) they make their own food through photosynthesis (C) they produce seeds (D) they do not prepare their own food by themselves 22. If two organisms are in the same phylum, they must also be in the same (A) class (B) species (C) family (D) kingdom 23. Which of the following kingdom contains 'extremophiles'? (A) Eubacteria (B) Archaebacteria (C) Fungi (D) Protista 24. Which of the following is not one of the five kingdoms of the Whittaker's classification system? (A) Animalia (B) Monera (C) Protista (D) Chordata 25. 'Systema Naturae' was written by (A) Darwin (B) Linnaeus (C) Aristotle (D) John Ray 26. The kingdom intermediate to kingdom Monera and multicellular organisms is (A) Fungi (B) Animalia (C) Plantae (D) Protista 27. Vascular cryptogams are (A) gymnosperms (B) fungi (C) bryophytes (D) pteridophytes BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 150 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT 28. Angiosperms differ from gymnosperms (A) in the type of secondary growth (B) in geographical distribution (C) in the nature and enclosure of ovule (D) in the dispersal of seeds 29. If a seed is defined as an ovule modified as a result of fertilization, one may expect to find seeds in (A) gymnosperms only (B) angiosperms only (C) all vascular plants (D) all phanerogams 30. In which of the following groups would you place a plant which produces spores and embryos but lacks seeds and vascular tissues? (A) Fungi (B) Pteridophytes (C)Bryophytes (D) Gymnosperms 31. Double fertilization takes place in (A) bryophytes (B) gymnosperms (C) angiosperms (D) pteridophytes 32. Acidometer phylum is (A) Nemathelminthes (B) Rotifera (C) Platyhelminthes (D) Annelida 33. Gymnosperms are characterized by (A) Winged seeds (B) Naked seeds (C) Multiple sperms (D) Mature sperms 34. Angiosperms have dominated the land flora primarily because of their (A) Domestication by man (B) Nature of self polfination (C) Power of adaptability in diverse habitat (D) Property of producing large number of seeds 35. Vessels are found in (A) All pteridophytes (B) All angiosperms (C) Some gymnosperms (D) Both B and C Female sex organ of bryophytes is called as: (A) Ovary (B) Oogonia (C) Antheridium (D) Archegonium 36. Pteridophytes differ from bryophytes in possessing (A) Seed (B) Spores (C) Archegonia (D) Vascular tissue 37. The bryophytes lack true : (A) Roots (B) Stems (C) Leaves (D) All of these 38. An alga, very rich in protein, is : (A) Nostoc (B) Ulothrix (C) Chlorella (D) Spirogyra BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 151 Foundation Basic Biology Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT 39. Algae are useful because they (A) Are large in number (B) Purify the atmosphere (C) Are easily available for the study of transpiration (D) Are used as the packing material in bridge construction Exercise – 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B A D D C C B A D C 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 D A A B A B A B B B 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 B D B D B D D C D C 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 C C B C D D D D D B BRANCHES AT- AUNDH | CAMP|FC ROAD|DECCAN|PAUD ROAD| PCMC |VIMAN NAGAR|WANOWRIE|PIMPLE SAUDAGAR| SATARA RD|SOLAPUR Page 152