The Body Systems PDF

The Body Systems By: Mr. Orzel Jefferson O. Yana Digestion and Nutrition Presented by Mr. Orzel Jefferson O. Yana The Digestive System Digestive Tract Digestive Glands Types of Digestive System Monogastric Digestive System Avian Digestive System Ruminant Digestive System Pseudo...

The Body Systems By: Mr. Orzel Jefferson O. Yana Digestion and Nutrition Presented by Mr. Orzel Jefferson O. Yana The Digestive System Digestive Tract Digestive Glands Types of Digestive System Monogastric Digestive System Avian Digestive System Ruminant Digestive System Pseudo-Ruminant Digestive System 2 types of Digestion Chemical Physical/Mechanical COMPONENTS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT Think of your favorite food: Mouth / Oral Cavity  Lips – fleshy folds around the margin of the mouth  Tongue – muscular organ used for mixing, tasting, and swallowing the food  Gums – connective tissues that form sockets that cushion and protect the teeth.  Teeth – made of enamel and dentin for mechanical breakdown Mouth / Oral Cavity  Hard and Soft Palates – separates it from the Nasal Cavity  Uvula – covers NC during swallowing  Palatine Tonsils – OC defense  Salivary Glands – secretes saliva for lubrication and moisten food TRIVIA TIME!!!!! You can’t breathe if you open your mouth and stick your tongues out. HEHEHEHEHEHE.. That was a joke. Hello, Doggies Teeth Pharynx  Common passageway of air and food  Epiglottis covers the trachea to prevent food entering the respiratory tract Esophagus  25-cm long, thin, and muscular tube that connects the pharynx and stomach  Peristalsis, the undulating contraction of the esophageal muscles that moves the food bolus to the stomach  Stomach  Gastric Juice of pH 1 for destruction 85% of the bacteria.  Bolus gets turned into a thick, acidic soup called chyme. Small Intestine  3 regions:  Duodenum – shortest and widest, mixing bowl of secretions of intestinal hormones like secretin, cholecystokinin, and hydrolytic enzymes from the liver, pancreas, and SI.  Jejunum – most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption takes place  Ileum – last and longest region, absorption of nutrients and water occur. TRIVIA TIME!!!!! (legit na ito, FR FR) The taste of your puke can identify where your food already went through… Large Intestine  Reabsorption of water and preparation of waste excretion by solid stool  Undigested food mixes with natural bacterial colony gets broken down thus releasing other nutrients and vitamins like K, B1, B2, B6, B12, and biotin and getting absorbed by the intestinal walls. Rectum and Anus  Anus – terminal opening of the digestive tract  2 muscles: involuntary Internal Sphincter Muscles and voluntary External Sphincter Muscles  Digestive Waste and Gases from bacterial fermentation is released *Insert I’m coming out music here* What’s your ulam, pare? ISAW LENGUA PATE KARE-KARE WETPAX CHORIZO PAPAITAN BIRD’S NEST SOUP CIVET COFFEE KETCHUP  Other Organs and Glands of the Digestive System Salivary Glands  Secretes saliva  Lubricates food  Salivary amylase digests starch into maltose  Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies – natural antibodies that cleanses the mouth that protects it from microbes  Gastric Glands  Produce mucous, hydrochloric acid, and hydrolytic enzymes forming the gastric juice  Mucous secretion protects the lining of the stomach from being eroded by the acidity  Hydrolytic enzyme pepsinogen is activated into a pepsin that breakdown proteins into polypeptides and proteoses.  Acidity also kills bacteria  Pancreas  2 functions: Digestion and Endocrine  Digestion: Digests Proteins and Sugar (release secretin hormone due to presence of food and release pancreatic juice via duct to duodenum)  Endocrine: Releases Hormones (islets of Langerhans)  Liver  Four lobes: Right, middle, left, and caudate  Secretes bile to emulsify fats  Stores glucose in the form of glycogen  Stores vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12  Stores minerals like Iron for RBC production  Detoxifies blood by filtering harmful substances  Gallbladder Hollow organ for temporary storage of bile Stimulated by the hormone cholecystokinin to release bile when lipids are found in the chyme in the duodenum COMMON DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS AND HOW TO MANAGE THEM GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) or Reflux PEPTIC ULCER GALLSTONES HEMORRHOIDS Amphibian, Reptile, and Bird Oral Cavity Fish Digestive System Amphibian Digestive System Reptile Digestive System Bird Digestive System  Respiratory System. By: Mr. Orzel Jefferson O. Yana Cells at Work Respiratory System Breathing Gas Conditioning Respiration Respiration – exchange of gases Pulmonary Ventilation / Breathing Movement of air in and out of the lungs Respiration in Animals Through the Plasma Membrane Through the Body or Skin Through the Tracheal System Through the Gills Through the Lungs Types of Respiration External = lungs and blood Internal = blood and cells Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide Upper Respiratory Tract Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Sinuses Nostrils – breathing and smelling Provides opening or airway for respiration Moistens and warms air due to the mucus secretion of the cell lining in the nasal cavity Filters passing air using the cilia Contains olfactory receptors for smelling  Produces mucus that moistens the inside of the nose. Mucus Sinuses layer also protects the nose from air pollutants, microorganisms, dust, and dirt. Maxillary – under the eyes Frontal – above the eyes Ethmoid – between the eyes Sphenoid – behind the eyes Pharynx Funnel shaped passage way for both food and air. Larynx / Voice Box Connects the pharynx and trachea Made up cartilage. Thyroid Cartilage – shield-shaped cartilage that forms the laryngeal prominence. Voice and Sound Production Epiglottis – small flap that covers the trachea during food and water intake. Lower Respiratory Tract Kaya pa??? Trachea / Windpipe Hollow tube with thin, membranous wall and stacked with 16-20 cartilages. Vital role in passive air passageway Bronchial Tree Consists of the larger bronchi and smaller bronchioles. Primary Bronchi Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi Lungs Large, spongy organs where gas exchange occurs. Pleurae (singular: Pleura) Outer: Parietal Inner: Visceral Pleural Cavity: between the Pleurae Serves as protective cushion of the lungs. Keeps the lungs airtight and away from each other Alveoli Microscopic air sacs Multiple alveoli in one duct Where respiratory meets circulatory Physiology of Breathing ❑ Inspiration: Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles contract pulling up the rib cage Air Pressure in the lungs decreases Air moves in from the external environment into the lungs ❑ Expiration: Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles relax pulling down the rib cage Air Pressure in the lungs increases Air moves out from the lungs  External and Internal Respiration. Oxygen + Hemoglobin(protein) = Oxyhemoglobin  Some Common Respiratory Diseases Asthma Chronic respiratory condition Consistent inflammation of the tract and swelling of the airways Difficulty in breathing Lung spasms with wheezing and shortness of breath Caused by allergens Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases Leading causes of death in the Philippines General term that includes several respiratory disorders Causes breathlessness or the inability to exhale normally Develops through time without symptoms Caused by smoking, and other environmental factors like pollution and genetic predisposition Bronchitis Categorized into acute or chronic Acute = viral infection Chronic = form of COPD, characterized by chronic cough Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the lungs in the bronchial passage Causes swelling that blocks the airways Emphysema COPD caused by smoking Alveoli becomes severely dehydrated and can no longer repair themselves Difficulty in exhaling air Progressive disease Lung Cancer Tumor development in any part of the lungs Mutations in the DNA produces irregular cells that becomes tumors Caused by smoking, aging, and inhaling asbestos fibers or radon gas. Chronic coughing, voice change, harsh breathing sounds, coughing blood, and many more Pneumonia Infection of the alveoli Caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi that can be life threatening May cause fever, cough, shortness of breath, and chills Care of the Respiratory System Don't Smoke Minimize Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution Prevent Infection Get Regular Check-ups Exercise Thank You!  Human Excretory System Presented by Mr. Orzel Jefferson O. Yana  Excretion Elimination of waste products Organs that remove waste = Excretory Organs 5 Excretory Organs o Skin o Lungs o Large Intestine o Liver o Kidneys  SKIN Sweat glands release sweat to lower down body temperature Sweat contains 99% water, salts, excess oils, urea, and other substances Sweat exits through skin pores  LUNGS Main respiratory organs for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, the process of respiration Releases Carbon dioxide by exhalation Utilizes alveoli (or air sac cells) to remove carbon dioxide from the blood Large Intestine Undigested food from the D.T. is temporarily stored. Feces = solid waste product of D.T.  Liver Clears the body from toxic substances Metabolizes and detoxifies the body Ex: Ammonia – produced or taken in the body becomes urea to be excreted  Kidneys Main excretory organs Fist-sized, bean-shaped, reddish-brown organs Filter blood from wastes like urea, salts, and excess water Discharges excretion as urine The Urinary System  Ureter – tubular muscular structures, transport urine from kidneys to bladder Organs of the Urinary Bladder – muscular sac for temporary storage Urinary System before discharge Urethra – discharges liquid waste, urethra in males runs through the penis while in females is found above the vaginal opening Nephron Microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney Three metabolic functions of a kidney: Glomerular Filtration Tubular Reabsorption Tubular Secretion  Two main parts: RENAL CORPUSCLES Made up of the Bowman’s capsule which contains the glomerulus Glomerulus, a network of capillaries that serves as a filter to remove waste materials from the blood. RENAL TUBULES Consists of proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, and collecting ducts Glomerular Filtration: Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery and to the capillaries As it enters the capillaries, it changes blood pressure due to the sudden decrease of diameter of the blood vessels causes glomerular blood filtration. Components of the blood are separated, and water, blood cells, and plasma proteins are retained  Excess water, glucose, area, salt, enzymes, hormones, and other minerals are filtered out of the blood and moved to the proximal convoluted tubes. Filtrate passes through the loop of Henle and the renal tubules, water and other minerals are reabsorbed into the blood by the peritubular capillaries. Sodium ions are actively secreted and chloride passively flowing in the distal convoluted tubules.  In the collecting ducts, the filtrate is hypertonic, with 1% water, urea, and excess salts. Discharged from the urinary system as urine.  Reproduction  Reproduction – process by which an organism produces its own kind to ensure that its species lives on  When an organism stops reproducing their species will gradually diminish until they cease to exist  Two main ways: sexual and asexual  Sexual Reproduction  Gametes – male and female sex cells of the plants  Zygote – formed after the male and female sex cells meet Reproductions in Animals and Other Organisms  Sexual reproduction – sperm fuses with egg during fertilization  Offspring contains unique set of genetic materials formed from the combination of genes of both parents SYNGAMY CONJUGATION Monoecious (Hermaphrodite) Dioecious  Only 1 Parent is needed. Asexual The offspring is genetically Reproduction identical to the parent. Develops without Meiosis or Fertilization Binary Fission Budding Fragmentation Regeneration Male Reproductive System External Genitalia Gonads Reproductive Ducts Reproductive Glands Male External Genitalia  Penis - copulatory organ which is a long muscular shaft and with bulb- shaped called the glans Scrotum - pouch which hangs behind the penis and it suspended from the pubis contains and supports the testes. Circumcision a tradition that removes a foreskin of the penis during erection , the sinuses within the erectile tissue of the penis is filled up with blood Avian Penis? Hemipenes of Lizards and Snakes Male Gonad  Seminiferous tubules - several microscope coiled tubules. Formation of sperm cells or spermatogenesis takes place here interstitial cells of Leydig - scattered in between the seminiferous tubular tissues. These cells produce the male hormones like testosterone and androgen. Male Reproductive Ducts and Glands Male Reproductive Ducts Epididymis - mass of coiled tubes copying the posterior aspect of the testes Vas deferens - also called sperm duct or ductus deferens is a continuation of the epididymis which moves up into the pelvic cavity. This duct lies within the spermatic cord which also contains blood vessels nerves and lymphatic vessels. Urethra - tubelike organ which extends from the tip of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis. Transports and discharges both urine from the urinary bladder and semen which contains the sperm. Male Reproductive Glands Seminal vesicles - dilated sac like structures attached to the ends of the vas deferens and attached to one side of the urinary bladder. These glands secrete a thick, sticky, yellowish, nutrient-containing fluid that contains fructose. About 70% of the seamen is the secretion of the seminal vesicles. The tube of each Seminal vesicle ends in a straight, narrow duct which joins the vast deferens to form a one-inch ejaculatory duct. Prostate gland - conical structure lying below the urinary bladder. It surrounds the ejaculatory ducts and is the first inch of the male urethra. Produces a thin, milky, alkaline fluid which helps in maintaining the viability of the sperms. Bulbourethral glands or Cowper's glands - two glands each almost about the size of a pea. Located on the side of the urethra just below the prostate gland. Secrets a lubricating mucus , a clear , slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra. This portion of the seminal fluid serves to lubricate the urethra and to neutralize any acidity that may occur along the length of the male urethra. Female Reproductive System External Genitalia Gonads Female External Genitalia Vulva - collective term that refers to the external female reproductive organs which includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral opening, vaginal opening, vestibule, and hymen. Mons pubis - firm, cushion like elevation of fat or adipose tissue over the symphysis pubis and is covered with pubic hair Labia majora - 2 rounded folds of adipose tissues with overlying skin. Extends from the Mons pubis downward and backward to the encircle the vestibule Labia minora - also folds of skin lying in between the labia majora Vestibule - cleft between the labia minora Clitoris – pea-shape projection of erectile tissues, nerves, and blood vessels found above the vestibule which is also above the vagina. Hymen - very thin mucous membrane which is provided with several capillaries separating the vagina on the inside and the vestibule on the outside Urethral opening - small orifice below the clitoris and immediately above the vagina opening where the urine is discharge. Internal Reproductive Organs  Vagina - also known as birth canal , fibro-muscular tubular canal. This organ is highly dilatable and is always lubricated by the secretion of mucous. This is where the place where semen from the male penis is deposited into the female's body during ejaculation Uterus – pear-shape, three-walled muscular organ which is suspended in the upper portion of the pelvic cavity. The body of the uterus or womb provides mechanical protection, nutrition, and waste discharge for the developing embryo until the fetal stage Cervix - neck of the uterus Ovaries - two oval-shaped small organs to produce the ovum and the secretion of the female hormones' estrogen and progesterone. Vestibular glands or Bartholin's glands - found on either side of the vagina opening that secretes mucous which lubricates the vestibule and the vagina during sexual intercourse Mammary glands - located in the breast along adipose tissues. These glands secrete milk for the nourishment of the newborn child. Hormones like progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin also controls the preparation of the mammary glands for possible conception and secretion of milk until the birth of the child.  Various Uterus of Various Animals Nervous System Nervous System Controls the activities of the different organ systems Basic unit of nervous system is called a Neuron or Nerve Cell Nerve cells send signals called Nerve Impulse for communication  Nerve Impulse Electrochemical signal activated by a stimulus and in transmitted from one neuron to another until it reaches a tissue or organ that will send a proper response Flow of ions through the membranes of neurons, particularly nerve fibers As fast as the speed of electricity Nerve Bundle of nerve fibers or axons that transmit nerve impulses Either be nonmedullated (unmyelinated) or medullated (myelinated) Myelin Sheath Adipose or fatty covering of a nerve Constrictions, called Nodes of Ranvier, at intervals along the nerve Increasing speed of transmission a hundred-fold Neuronal Circuits Divisions of the Nervous System  Meninges Protects and nourishes the brain 3 layers The Brain Areas of the Brain Components of the Areas of the Brain Functions Forebrain Cerebrum Responsible for sensory integration, memory, reasoning, use of language, control of emotional behavior, initiation of movement Thalamus Relay center for sensory impulses from surface receptors to cerebral cortex, for crude awareness of sensation Hypothalamus Regulates body temperature, feeding activities, concentration, and volume of extracellular fluid, autonomic nervous responses, and endocrine functions Midbrain Coordinates tracking movements of the eyes, also associated with hearing functions and helps regulate sleep Hindbrain Cerebellum Integration center for promoting smooth, coordinated voluntary movements, receive impulses from proprioceptors and touch receptors, hearing center and motor cortex control and refined movements Pons Bridgelike structure serving as relay center from the medulla oblongata to the midbrain and the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus Medulla Oblongata Center for regulating cardiovascular functions, maintenance and control of breathing and coordinating, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing reflexes Lobes of the brain frontal lobe continuous areas for initiating movements, controls movements of the head and eye muscles coordinated with visual sensations, involved also in speech and language comprehension, control of emotional behavior and mental processing parietal lobe receives inputs for touch, pressure, temperature, and kinesthesia or sense of position, and movements of body parts temporal lobe area for auditory input occipital lobe involved in visual sensory information Peripheral Nervous System Endocrine System Endocrine System Controls and Regulate body processes. Not necessarily a system but a collective term for different glands. These glands secrete hormones that carry messages throughout the body. Nervous and Endocrine Systems 2 main communication pathways Nervous – electrochemical signals for fast response Endocrine – slow but long lasting responses from chemicals “hormones” carried by blood  Hormones are VERY SPECIFIC!  Hypothalamus Endocrine Gland Hormone Target Organ Functions Hypothalamus Thyrotropin releasing hormone Anterior Pituitary Gland Stimulates the release of thyroid- (TRH) stimulating hormone Gonadotropin releasing hormone Stimulates the release of (GnRH) luteinizing hormone and follicle- stimulating hormone Corticotropin releasing hormone Stimulates the release of (CRH) adenocorticotropic hormone Growth hormone-releasing Stimulates release of growth hormone hormone Growth hormone-inhibiting Inhibits the release of growth hormone or somatostatin hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and insulin NeuroEndocrine Control Follicle Phase begins on the first day of menstrual cycle Development of follicles to mature state Estrogen - secreted by the ovary for the gradual thickening of the inner uterine lining, the endometrium Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) produced by the anterior pituitary gland. To get a follicle or primary oocyte ready for ovulation.  large amounts of luteinizing hormone is secreted by the pituitary Ovulatory Phase gland cause the release of the ovum or egg from the ovary happens within 24 hours after the increase in the levels of hormone short this face occurs in the middle stage of the menstrual cycle Luteal Phase after the ovum is released, the follicle closes and becomes a corpus luteum secrets increasing amount of progesterone If not fertilized, the progesterone And estrogen levels will decrease the thickened lining of the uterus separates menstruation will follow  Circulatory System By: Mr. Orzel Jefferson O. Yana Circulatory System Transport of materials to the cells, tissues, and organs Transport nutrients, gases, minerals, enzymes hormones, and water. Removal of wastes Three Components Blood Heart Blood Vessels BLOOD Circulating fluid tissue 55% plasma (viscous liquid) 7% protein 1% inorganic salts And some other organic substances (digested food, gases, waste, enzymes, and hormones) 45% blood cells Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes Blood and its functions Transport materials Protects by blood clotting that prevents excessive bleeding and loss of blood Regulates the pH, electrolyte composition, and even the body temperature Erythrocytes aka Red Blood Cells Most abundant Formed in the red bone marrow Biconcave shape No nucleus, unable to repair themselves Lifespan of 100-120 days Mature red blood cells contains hemoglobin Carries oxygen throughout the body Leukocytes aka White Blood Cells Larger than RBCs, but fewer Produced in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes Have nucleus Protects the body from infectious organisms Differ depending on the characteristics and specific function Two main types: Granulocytes Agranulocytes  Granulocytes WBCs with granular cytoplasm Neutrophils – destroy bacteria through phagocytosis Eosinophils – fight allergic reactions and parasitic infections Basophils – regulate inflammations  Agranulocytes WBCs without granular cytoplasm Lymphocytes – produce proteins called antibodies which act against foreign substances Monocytes – largest leukocytes, transforms into macrophages when activated  Thrombocytes aka Blood Platelets Not cells, but fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes in the bone marrow Blood clotting  Blood Clotting 1. The blood protein thromboplastin is formed from a certain enzyme released by injured or dying cells and destroyed blood platelets. 2. The blood protein prothrombin becomes thrombin in the presence of thromboplastin and calcium ions 3. blood protein fibrinogen will be converted into fibrin in the presence of thrombin. This fibrin forms a network in which the red blood cells and plasma get entangled. The resulting jellylike mass is the clot. Blood Vessels Conducting tubes that carry blood from the heart to the different parts of the body, and vice versa. 3 kinds of blood vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins  Heart Pear-shaped highly muscular organ for blood circulation Found in the thoracic cavity, covered by a membrane called pericardium Anatomy of the Heart  Covered by muscular walls, epicardium(outer), myocardium(middle), and endocardium(inner) All made up of cardiac muscles Made up of 4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles Atria – receives blood from the different parts of the body R. Atrium – receives deoxygenated blood from the all parts of the body through the superior and inferior vena cava. L. Atrium – receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein Ventricles – pump blood throughout the body R. Ventricle – pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through pulmonary artery L. Ventricle – pumps oxygenated blood to all the parts of the body through the aorta Septum Fibromuscular wall made up of collagen, fibers, and muscles. Separates the left and right chambers of the heart. Separates deoxygenated bloom from oxygenated blood. Interatrial Septum (separates the L and R Atria) Interventricular Septum (separates the L and R Ventricles) Heart Valves ❑ Atrioventricular Valves (between atrium and ventricle) Bicuspid/Mitral Valve – L. Atrium and L. Ventricle Tricuspid Valve – R. Atrium and R. Ventricle ❑ Semilunar Valves (between ventricles and major blood vessels) Pulmonary Valve – R. Ventricle and Pulmonary Artery Aortic Valve – L. Ventricle and Aorta  Major Blood Vessels Superior Vena Cava – deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body Inferior Vena Cava – deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body Aorta – oxygenated blood to all the parts of the body Pulmonary Artery – deoxygenated blood to the lungs Pulmonary Vein – oxygenated blood from the lungs Coronary Artery – supplies oxygenated blood to the heart Coronary Vein – collects deoxygenated blood from the heart Heartbeat Average of 70 times per minute Faster in Children and during strenuous activities Caused by rhythmic contraction of the cardiac muscles 1. R. Atrium contracts, followed by L. Atrium for blood to travel to ventricles. Atria relaxes letting blood to enter and valves closed. 2. L. and R. ventricles both contracting allowing blood to pass onto the arteries. Relaxation of ventricles follow. 3. Short pause of period and cycle repeats. Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation Common Diseases of the Circulatory System Common Diseases of the Circulatory System Common Diseases of the Circulatory System Common Diseases of the Circulatory System Common Diseases of the Circulatory System Common Diseases of the Circulatory System Common Diseases of the Circulatory System