Solar Energy Systems PDF

Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science MECE3260U-Introduction to Energy Systems Solar Energy Systems Dr. Ibrahim Dincer Professor of Mechanical Engineering OUTLINE  Introduction  Solar Radiation  Solar Energy Applica...

Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science MECE3260U-Introduction to Energy Systems Solar Energy Systems Dr. Ibrahim Dincer Professor of Mechanical Engineering OUTLINE  Introduction  Solar Radiation  Solar Energy Applications  Various Solar Energy Systems  Solar PV and PV/T systems  Energy and Exergy Aspects  Case Studies  Closing Remarks 2 3 4 5 Cumulative Annual PV Installations by Countries (2001-2024) in GW Image: Wood Mackenzie 6 Top 50 Countries in Solar Energy Utilization https://solarpower.guide/solar-energy- insights/countries-solar-power- consumption 7 WORLD’S LARGEST SOLAR POWER PLANTS The 'world's largest solar-panel power plant' is now up and running in Arizona. The 'world's largest solar-panel power plant' is now up and running in Arizona 8 WORLD’S LARGEST SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS 9  Solar to EV 1.Vehicle-to-grid or V2G - EV exports energy to support the electricity grid. 2.Vehicle-to-home or V2H - EV energy is used to power a home or business. 3.Vehicle-to-load or V2L - EV can be used to power appliances or charge other EVs https://www.cleanenergyreviews.info/blog/bidirectional-ev-charging-v2g-v2h-v2l 10  ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR RADIATION The total solar energy incident on the unit area of a horizontal surface on the ground: GD: direct solar radiation Gd: diffuse solar radiation θ: angle of incidence of direct solar radiation The radiation emission from the atmosphere to the earth’s surface: Tsky: the effective sky temperature ranges from about 230 K for cold, clear-sky conditions to about 285 K for warm, cloudy-sky conditions. The sky radiation absorbed by a surface: Source: Cengel’s Heat The net radiation heat transfer rate Transfer Book to a surface exposed to solar and atmospheric radiation: 11  Solar Data Measurements A pyrheliometer A pyranometer for global solar (NREL). irradiance measurements (NREL). Pyrheliometer: Used for instantaneous measurement of direct solar irradiance from 300-4000 nm at normal incidence, is capable of very high accuracy and has very high stability. When used with colored glass broad band pass filter we get spectral distribution of direct solar irradiance Pyranometer: (Used for both direct and diffuse radiation) When sunlight falls on a pyranometer, the thermopile sensor produces a proportional response typically in 30 s or less: the more sunlight, the hotter the sensor gets and the greater the electric current it generates. This is then correlated linearly to radiation intensity. Note that the electrical signal from the pyranometer varies with the cosine of the angle between the sun's rays and the vertical. http://pvcdrom.pveducation.org/SUNLIGHT/RADDATA.HTM 12  Pyranometer Pyrheliometer  Measuring direct normal irradiance (DNI) W/m²  Measuring both direct and diffusive radiation (global horizontal irradiance) W/m² 13  A Comprehensive Picture Source System Service 14  DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION ELECTRICAL THERMAL BIOCHEMICAL PHOTONIC ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY LOW HIGH TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE PHOTO- TRANSMITETD BIOCHEMICAL LIGHTING TO GRID PRECESSES PROCESS MECHANICAL CHEMICAL WATER HEATING ENERGY ENERGY HEATING DIRECTLY HYDROGEN CONSUMED STEAM WATER SYNTHETIC SPACE GENERATION PUMPING FUELS STORED AS HEATING SUGARRS ELECTRICAL CHAREG OR OTHER WAYS DIRECT MATERIALS PROCESS HYDROGEN ALCOHOLS COOKING DRIVING DRYING WATER ELECTROLYSIS FIXSCHER- CONVERSION TROPSCH ASSISTED TO ELECTRICAL DRYING CHEMICAL ENERGY PROCESSES REACTIONS ALCOHOLS AMMONIA Conversion paths of direct solar radiation (Dincer and Zamfirescu, 2011). 15  SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS NON- CONCENTRATING CONCENTRATING EVACUATED COMPOUND FLAT PLATE PARABOLIC TUBE PARABOLIC SOLAR TOWER PARABOLIC DISH COLLECTORS THROUGH COLLECTORS (CPC) C=1 C=1 C=1-15 C=20-60 C=100-500 C=100-2000 T=60-80oC T=60-120oC T=100-250oC T=100-400oC T=400-800oC T=400-1500oC η=40-50% η=50-60% η=10-50% η=50-75% η=60-80% η=70-90% Solar thermal collectors (Dincer and Zamfirescu, 2011). 16 Solar Heat Engine Sun Desorber Grid connected system Power Out ~ Resorber Components: Hot 1) Solar collector Heating Water Solar concentrator Solar receiver 2) Expander Heat engine system for solar power generation and heating purposes (Dincer 3) Resorber and Zamfirescu 2012). 4) Ammonia-water pump 5) Electrical generator 6) Solar tracking system 7) Inverter 8) Warm water storage 17  Boiler Substation (optional) HTF Heater Solar Superheater Steam Turbine (optional) Solar Field ~ Condenser Low Pressure Preheater Deaerator Steam Generator Solar Expansion Solar Preheater Vessel Reheater Thermal Energy Storage (optional) Schematic of a hybrid solar trough power plant 18 Why expansion vessel (tank)? For water When water is heated, its volume expands (so called: thermal expansion) and increases the pressure in the tank. The water in a standard 80-gallon solar storage tank may expand by as much as Excess water flows from the hot water tank to 2.5 gallons as it is heated, and this the expansion tank thermal expansion will cause a https://redcapnow.com/help-guides/does-my-water- heater-need-an-expansion-tank significant increase in the pressure in the plumbing system unless the extra fluid volume is accommodated. It protects closed water heating systems from excessive pressure. https://exeter-solar.com/solar-thermal/ 19  Water heater system with flat plate solar collectors Pc=condenser pressure Pe=evaporator pressure Solar absorption refrigeration system operating with R22-DMETEG [Dincer et al. (1996)]. 20 Some Literature Systems Dincer and Temiz, 2024: Dincer and Erdemir, 2023 https://www.wiley.com/en- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53437-9 ca/Introduction+to+Energy+Systems-p-9781119825784 21  Photovoltaic Systems PV system PV/T system Potential Applications: Space Applications Stand Alone Systems Grid Connected PV Systems Hydrogen Production Others Source: Google Images How a PV Cell works: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PROhNDen3nk 22  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7884474 Solar Radiation V-Trough Concentrator PV Panel A satellite using PV panels and V-trough concentrators Source: Joshi et al, (2009), Renew Sustain Energy Rev doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.01.009 Source: Google Images 23 Photovoltaic Panel DC Water Pump http://pamasenergy.weebly.com/solar-water-pumping-system.html Well Agricultural Crop Agricultural PV water pumping: a standalone system Source: Joshi et al, (2009), Renew Sustain Energy Rev doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.01.009 24 https://solarfuelsengineering.com/introduction/ H2O H2 PV Panel O2 Electrolyzer A PV-electrolyzer hydrogen production system Source: Joshi et al, (2009), Renew Sustain Energy Rev doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.01.009 25  Transparent PV Panels https://www.homedepot.com/c/ab/types-of-solar- panels/9ba683603be9fa5395fab901e8e5190c Roof top mounted transparent PV panels for electricity generation Source: Joshi et al, (2009), Renew Sustain Energy Rev doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.01.009 26  Greenhouse gets Ontario’s largest rooftop solar https://magazine.appro.org/news/ontario-news/3130-greenhouse-gets-ontarios-largest- Transparent PV Panels rooftop-solar-.html DC Fan Greenhouse Crop A typical greenhouse with a transparent PV panel mounted on the roof Source: Joshi et al, (2009), Renew Sustain Energy Rev doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.01.009 27  Solar Water Heater, PV-T Hybrid collectors, Gas / Oil Boilers - TES Group Limited TESZEUS PV-T Photovoltaic Thermal Hybrid Solar Collector Water Inlet Storage Tank Flat Plate Collector Flat Plate Collector Hot Water DC Pump Outlet Water Inlet PV Panel Solar Still Hybrid PV solar water heater Source: Joshi et al, (2009), Renew Sustain Energy Rev doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.01.009 Flat Plate Collector Flat Plate Collector Distilled DC Pump Water Outlet A hybrid PV-solar collector active solar still PV Panel 28  Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) System Applications PV/T Air Collector PV/T Water Collector Others DC Fans Wooden Support PV Panels Frame + - Battery Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) Air Collector Source: Joshi et al, (2009), Renew Sustain Energy Rev doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.01.009 29  DC Fan Air Out Greenhouse Dryer Crop PV/T Air Collector Air In A PV/T air heater coupled with a greenhouse dryer Source: Joshi et al, (2009), Renew Sustain Energy Rev doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.01.009 30  Energy and Exergy Aspects Actual power: 𝐸𝐸̇ 𝒆𝒆 = Pm = Vm Im = FF Voc Isc Vm I m where FF = Voc I sc varying from 0.5 to 0.82 I Point of maximum power Isc Im Vm Voc V I-V characteristics of real and ideal PV cells under different illumination levels (Messenger and Ventre, 2005). 31  Energy and Exergy Efficiencies of PV and PV/T Systems 𝐸𝐸̇ 𝒆𝒆 𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚 Energy Efficiency for PV: ηen,PV = = 𝑄𝑄̇ 𝒔𝒔 ST A 𝐸𝐸̇ 𝒆𝒆 𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚 Exergy Efficiency for PV: ηex,PV = = ̇ 𝑄𝑄 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 𝒔𝒔 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 ̇ 𝑄𝑄𝒔𝒔 𝐸𝐸̇ 𝒆𝒆 + Q̇ out Energy Efficiency for PV/T: ηen,PV⁄T = 𝑄𝑄̇ 𝒔𝒔 ̇ 𝑄𝑄𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝐸𝐸̇ 𝒆𝒆 + 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 Exergy Efficiency for PV/T: ηex,PV⁄T = ̇ 𝑄𝑄𝒔𝒔 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 T0 T0 T0 ̇ 𝑄𝑄𝒔𝒔 = 1 − where 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 ̇ 𝑄𝑄𝒔𝒔 = 1 − ST A and ̇ 𝑄𝑄𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 = 1− 𝑄𝑄̇ 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 Ts Ts Tb 32  25 20 Photovoltaic/Thermal Photovoltaic Exergy Efficiency (%) 15 10 5 0 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Time (hour) The exergy efficiency of PV/T system is higher than PV system as former uses thermal energy in addition to electrical energy 33 34 Case Studies Al Sulaiman et al., 2011: Demir and Dincer, 2021: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2011.06.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114585 35 Temiz and Dincer, 2021: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114760 Further reading on CBC: https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/what-on-earth-floating-solar-canada-1.6548305 36  Closing Remarks  Renewables are necessary for energy transition  Solar energy: potential source of energy  Environmentally benign and sustainable  Diverse applications  Two key advantages: flexibility and decentralization 37