Digestive System Introduction PDF

# Introduction to Digestive System (Assessment & Diagnostic test) ## Lec. Wefaqq. M. Hadi & Dr. Ahmed. M. Jassim ## Adult Nursing Department (2^nd Stage) ## 2024-2025 # What is the Digestive System? - **Digestive system** is a network of organs that help you digest and absorb nutrition...

# Introduction to Digestive System (Assessment & Diagnostic test) ## Lec. Wefaqq. M. Hadi & Dr. Ahmed. M. Jassim ## Adult Nursing Department (2^nd Stage) ## 2024-2025 # What is the Digestive System? - **Digestive system** is a network of organs that help you digest and absorb nutrition from your food. It includes your **gastrointestinal (GI) tract** and your **biliary system.** - The **GI tract** is a 23- to 26-foot-long pathway that extends from the **mouth** through the **esophagus**, **stomach**, and **intestines** to the **anus**. # Digestive System Composed of: - **Gastrointestinal (GI) tract** include: - **Mouth** - **Esophagus** - **Stomach** - **Small Intestine** - **Large Intestine** - **Anus** - **Biliary system** includes: - **Liver** - **Gallbladder** - **Pancreas** - **Bile Ducts** **The digestive system** is illustrated by a human figure with its different organs and functions, represented by different parts. **Digestion** and **absorption** are the two main functions of the digestive system. The digestive system starts with the **oral cavity** (mouth). The **sublingual gland** and **submandibular gland** play important roles in this process. **The esophagus** connects the mouth to the **stomach**. After passing the **diaphragm** - muscles that separate the chest from the belly - the food reaches the **stomach** where it is stored to be digested. The **spleen**, **transverse colon**, **small intestine**, **descending colon**, **sigmoid colon**, **rectum**, and **anus** are all part of the digestive system and are illustrated in this image. The function of the digestive system is: - Break down **fat** into **fatty acids** - Break down **protein** into **amino acid** - Break down **carbohydrate** into **sugar** (CHO) # Stomach Anatomy - **Esophagus** - **Cardia** - **Longitudinal muscle layer** - **Circular muscle layer** - **Oblique muscle layer** - **Overlying mucosa** - **Lesser curvature** (medial surface) - **Pyloric region** - **Anterior surface** - **Fundus** - **Body** - **Left gastroepiploic vessels** - **Greater curvature** (lateral surface) - **Rugae** - **Pyloric canal** - **Pyloric antrum** # Small and Large Intestine - **Liver** - **Gallbladder** - **Pylorus** - **Duodenum** - **Right colic flexure** - **Duodeno-jejunal junction** - **Ascending colon** - **Ileocecal junction** - **Ileum** - **Cecum** - **Appendix** - **Stomach** - **Pancreas** - **Left colic flexure** - **Transverse colon** - **Jejunum** - **Descending colon** - **Sigmoid colon** - **Rectum** - **Anal canal** # The colon - **Ascending colon** - **Cecum** - **Transverse colon** - **Descending colon** - **Sigmoid colon** - **Rectum** - **Anus** # Pancreas, Gallbladder, and Liver - **Duodenum** - **Stomach** - **Cystic duct** - **Duodenum** - **Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter** - **Duodenal papilla** - **Gallbladder** - **Right and left hepatic ducts from liver** - **Common hepatic duct** - **Bile duct and sphincter** - **Accessory pancreatic duct** - **Pancreas** - **Jejunum** - **Main pancreatic duct and sphincter** - **Pancreas enzymes**: - **Lipase** - breaks down lipid - **Protease** - breaks down protein - **Amylase** - breaks down CHO # Digestive System - **Mouth**: Salivary enzymes begin carbohydrate digestion and break up food particles. - **Esophagus**: A process named peristalsis pushes the food down your esophagus into your stomach. - **Stomach**: Secretes gastric juice. Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria. Enzymes break down proteins. - **Liver**: The liver provides bile that helps break up fat into smaller bits. Processes the digested food from blood before it gets sent to various places in our body to be used. - **Pancreas**: Provides additional enzymes to help digest all sorts of food. - **Gallbladder**: Stores bile. When you eat, your gallbladder squeezes bile through the bile ducts into your small intestine. - **Small Intestine**: Food is mixed with bile from liver and juices from pancreas to be sent back to your liver for more processing. Digests fat, proteins and carbohydrates. - **Large Intestine**: The colon absorbs water and electrolites. Contains beneficial bacteria that break down remaining nutrients and make vitamin K - **Anus**: Controls the expulsion of unused material such as feces. # Clinical Manifestations (GIT) - **Pain** : unpleasant sensory and emotional experience resulting from actual or potential tissue damage. A major symptom of GI disease. - **Indigestion** : Upper abdominal discomfort or distress associated with eating (commonly called indigestion) is the most common symptom of patients with GI dysfunction. - **Intestinal Gas**: The accumulation of gas in the GI tract may result in: - **Belching** (the expulsion of gas from the stomach through the mouth) - **Flatulence** (the expulsion of gas from the rectum). It is through belching that swallowed air is expelled quickly when it reaches the stomach. (Usually, gases in the small intestine pass into the colon). - **Nausea and Vomiting**: Vomiting is usually preceded by nausea, which can be triggered by odors, activity, or food intake. The emesis, or vomitus, may vary in color and content. - It may contain undigested food particles or **blood (hematemesis)**. - If blood has been retained in the stomach, it takes on a **coffee-ground** appearance because of the action of the digestive enzymes. - **Diarrhea**: abnormal increase in the frequency and liquidity of the stool or in daily stool weight or volume. - Diarrhea is sometimes associated with abdominal pain or cramping and nausea or vomiting. - **Constipation**: decrease in the frequency of stool, or stools that are hard, dry, and of smaller volume than normal. - May be associated with anal discomfort and rectal bleeding. # Abdominal Regions - **Right Upper Quadrant**: Liver, Right Kidney, Colon, Pancreas, Gallbladder - **Left Upper Quadrant**: Liver, Spleen, Left Kidney, Stomach, Colon, Pancreas - **Right Lower Quadrant**: Colon, Small Intestine, Major artery and vein to the right leg, Ureter, Appendix - **Left Lower Quadrant**: Colon, Small Intestine, Major artery and vein to the left leg, Ureter - **Midline Area**: Aorta, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Bladder, Spine # Conditions Associated with Abdominal Pain - **Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)** : Gallstones, Hepatitis, Liver abscess, Cholecystitis, Cholangitis, Stomach ulcer, Pancreatitis, Costochondritis, **Renal colic**, Renal calculi, Pyelonephritis, Constipation, Colitis/IBS, UTI, Crohn's disease/UC, **Appendicitis**, Crohn's disease/UC, Ovarian cyst, Ovarian torsion, Ectopic pregnancy, Hernia, **Renal colic**, PID - **Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)**: Hepatitis, Spleen abscess, Acute splenomegaly, Spleen rupture, Costochondritis, **Mesenteric ischemia**, Ruptured AAA, SBO, Constipation, Umbilical hernia, Gastroenteritis, Early appendicitis, **Renal colic**, Renal calculi, Pyelonephritis, Constipation, Colitis/IBS, UTI, Crohn's disease/UC - **Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)**: **Appendicitis**, Crohn's disease/UC, Ovarian cyst, Ovarian torsion, Ectopic pregnancy, Hernia, **Renal colic**, PID - **Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)**: **Diverticulitis**, Colitis, Crohn's disease/UC, Constipation, Ovarian cyst, Ovarian torsion, Ectopic pregnancy, Hernia, **Renal colic** - **Epigastric**: Esophagitis/GERD, Myocardial infarction, Gastritis, Peptic ulcer, Perforated ulcer, Duodenal ulcer, **Pancreatitis** - **Umbilical**: **Constipation** - **Pelvic/Suprapubic**: **Urinary retention**, Cystitis, PID/STI, Endometriosis, Menstrual cramping, Miscarriage, Fibroids, **Constipation** # Common sites of referred abdominal pain - **Liver**: Biliary colic - Cholecystitis, pancreatitis, duodenal ulcer - **Heart**: Pancreatitis - **Renal**: Renal colic - **Small Intestine**: Small intestine pain, Ureteral colic - **Appendicitis**: Appendicitis - **Colon**: Colon pain - **Cholecystitis**: Cholecystitis - **Pancreatitis**: Pancreatitis, renal colic - **Rectal**: Rectal lesions # Diagnostic Tests For Gastrointestinal Disorders 1. **Clinical Examination** 2. **Blood Tests** 3. **Stool Analysis** 4. **Endoscopic Procedures ** 5. **Barium Swallow** 6. **CT Colonography & Virtual Colonoscopy** 7. **MRI Scan** 8. **Ultrasound** 9. **Renal Function Test** 10. **Manometry** 11. **pH Monitoring** 12. **Breath Tests** # Gastritis - (inflammation of the gastric or stomach mucosa) is a common GI problem. # Clinical Manifestations - Abdominal discomfort - Headache - Nausea - Anorexia - Vomiting - Hiccupping # Nursing Diagnoses - Acute pain related to irritated stomach mucosa - Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements, related to inadequate intake of nutrients - Deficient knowledge about dietary management and disease process. # Thank You! <br/> <br/>