Digestion Module Final PDF

FINAL DIGESTION MODULE ___by Zaid… GENERAL HYGIENE 1) Products recommended as separate categories of therapeutic and preventive nutrition: ***Milk, fermented milk products, vitamin preparations ***Vegetables, fruits, vitamins ***Fish dishes, fish oil...

FINAL DIGESTION MODULE ___by Zaid… GENERAL HYGIENE 1) Products recommended as separate categories of therapeutic and preventive nutrition: ***Milk, fermented milk products, vitamin preparations ***Vegetables, fruits, vitamins ***Fish dishes, fish oil ***Vegetables, fruits ***Biologically active additives 2) Ration 4a is used for: ***For those working with phosphorus and its compounds ***For those working in the production of chromium and chromium-containing compounds ***For those working with derivatives of aniline, toluidine ***For those working with ionizing radiation ***For those working with inorganic and organic lead compounds 3) Medical control over the organization of nutrition includes: *** Assessment of nutritional value, hygienic and epidemiological safety *** Hygienic and epidemiological safety of nutrition *** Caloric content, energy value of nutrition *** Organoleptic properties, quantity of food *** Quality, epidemiological safety of food 4)Ration 2a is used for: *** For those working in the production of chromium and chromium-containing compounds *** For those working with phosphorus and its compounds *** For those working with derivatives of aniline, toluidine *** For those working with ionizing radiation *** For those working with inorganic and organic lead compounds. 5)Which diet is characterized by enrichment with vitamins of group C, E, B, glutamic acid and replenishment of the body with the amount of detoxifying products of plant origin: *** Ration 4b *** Ration 4a *** Ration 4 *** Ration 4v *** Ration 4g 6)Defrosting allows: *** To prevent the growth of microbes, not to reduce the quality of food *** To prevent the growth of microbes *** Do not reduce the quality of food *** To process products mechanically and thermally *** To destroy microbes by cold and heat treatment of products 7) Rejecting the food product is: *** Checking organoleptic parameters and food quality *** Storing a sample of food in the refrigerator for 48 hours *** Fortification of products with vitamin C *** Checking the health of the employees of the food department *** Checking the dishes and the food department by employees of the institutions of the sanitary and epidemiological service. 8) To disinfect dishes during quarantine in the hospital, it is necessary: *** To soak the dishes in disinfectant solutions for 1 hour, rinse with hot water and dry *** To soak the dishes in disinfectant solutions for 30 minutes, rinse with hot water and dry *** To soak the dishes in disinfectant solutions for 10 minutes, rinse with hot water and dry *** To disinfect the room with quartz lamps during the drying of dishes *** To soak the dishes in a solution of baking soda or acetic acid for 1 hour, rinse with hot water and dry 9) The following persons are not allowed to work in the food department: *** Persons living together with patients with scarlet fever and diphtheria *** Persons with a negative result for bacilli *** Persons who have passed the sanitary minimum test *** Patients who have recovered from hepatitis A *** Persons with congenital heart defects 10) What belongs to organized groups with provided daily ration: *** Places of inpatient treatment *** Places of outpatient treatment *** Hotels *** Restaurants *** Canteens 11) The purpose of therapeutic and preventive nutrition: *** Prevention of occupational pathology by alimentary way *** Compilation of differentiated diet therapy aimed at the clinic of the disease *** Compilation of diet therapy for the pathogenesis and clinic of the disease *** Compilation of diet therapy that takes into account the dynamics and clinic of the disease *** Free meals for workers in production, providing the deficiency of biologically active substances 12) The purpose of sanitary and epidemiological examination of food products: *** Determination of nutritional value, harmlessness of the product to human health *** Implementation of current sanitary control *** Implementation of preventive sanitary control *** Determination of nutritional value, organoleptic parameters of the product *** Laboratory examination of food samples for microbial contamination 13) Food products, the nutritional value and quality of which do not meet hygienic requirements, and are accompanied by false information about their characteristics: *** Falsificated products *** Surrogate products *** Food substitutes *** Products contaminated with microbes *** Chemically toxic products 14)Nutritional status is: *** Health indicators formed under the influence of human nutrition *** Data on human nutrition regimen *** Components of the human nutrition menu *** Information on nutrition with conditionally suitable products *** Human health group at birth 15) Recommended dietary ration for diabetes: *** Ration 9 *** Ration 3 *** Ration 6 *** Ration 12 *** Ration 15 16) Why is the use of fish meat soup not recommended for diseases of the digestive system? *** The secretion of digestive glands increases due to the high activity of extractive substances *** The secretion of digestive glands decreases due to the smaller amount of extractive substances *** It cannot replenish the daily energy consumption *** The mineral composition cannot replenish the daily requirement *** Due to the low content of nitrogen extractive substances 17) Not used in dietary nutrition: *** Duck meat *** Chicken meat *** Turkey meat *** Fish meat *** Beef 18) Easily digestible foods: *** Milk *** Meat *** Bread *** Egg *** Beans 19)How many rations are used in therapeutic and preventive nutrition? *** 8 rations *** 10 rations *** 3 rations *** 4 rations *** 6 rations 20) Causal factors of physical bombing of canned food: *** heating or freezing of canned food *** violation of the tightness of cans *** insufficient filling of cans with products (composition) *** development of residual microflora *** influence of the acidic environment of the product on the walls of cans 21) The basic rules of the layout of the premises of the food unit: *** Consecution of the technological process *** Thermal treatment of food products *** Storage of food in the refrigerator *** Presence of storage facilities *** Compliance with cooking technology 22)The purpose of using food additives in food production: *** improvement of the consistency of the product *** concealment of technological defects *** marketing ploy *** concealment signs of product spoilage *** prevention of food poisoning 23) The temperature regime of the refrigerator for storing food in food units: *** From +2 to +8 °C *** From +2 to -2 °C *** From +2 to 0 °C *** From +2 to +4 °C *** From +2 to +6 °C 24)The required storage time for samples of ready meals in the refrigerator of the food unit: *** 48 hours *** 6 hours *** 12 hours *** 24 hours *** 72 hours 25) The documents, the presence of which is mandatory in food unit, include everything except: *** The journal of registration of somatic diseases of employees. *** The journal of the rejecting the ready and raw meals; *** Personal medical checkup certificates of employees; *** Journal of registration of the results of medical examination of employees; *** Journal of registration of products fortification with vitamin C 26) The temperature of the water used for washing dishes in food units should be: *** +40 + 65 °C *** +30 + 45 °C *** +40 + 55 °C *** +50 + 60 °C *** +50 + 68 °C 27)How do the methods of milk's thermal handling (pasteurization and boiling) affect the biological value of its proteins? ***Thermolabile albumin is destroyed (by boiling) ***Thermolabile casein is destroyed (by boiling) ***Does not affect the biological value of milk fractions ***Thermolabile gamma globulin is destroyed ***Completely destroyed all protein fractions of milk 28)For what purpose is the adulteration of milk with sodium bicarbonate used? ***for acid neutralization ***to increase the specific weight of milk ***to increase the mass of milk ***for masking when diluting milk with water ***to improve the organoleptic properties after adding water 29) Give a hygienic assessment of 1st grade wheat flour: odor and taste are specific, humidity is 17%, gluten content is 35%, metal impurities are 5 mg/kg, fusarium infection is 1%, there are no barn pests. ***Flour has a high humidity, and an increased content of gluten impurities. ***Flour meets the requirements of Interstate Standards in all respects ***Flour doesn't meet hygienic requirements in all indicators, except for organoleptic ones ***Flour has a high gluten content ***Flour is affected by fusarium 30) Specify the main sign of dilution of milk with water: ***reducing the specific gravity of milk ***the blue color of the milk ***reducing of fat content ***appearance of an orange-red color after the addition of rosolic acid ***reducing the level of dry residue 31) Give a hygienic assessment to beef meat of the 1st category. When adding 3 drops of 5% aqueous solution of copper sulfate to the filtrate of an aqueous infusion of meat, a slight turbidity appears (Andrievsky's sample). ***evaluation of the results of the sample is difficult, since the broth must be used for the sample, not the filtrate. ***meat is fresh and ripe ***the appearance of a slight turbidity indicates the process of shallow protein breakdown (meat is fit for eating) ***turbidity of the filtrate indicates the doubtful freshness of the meat ***meat is stale, since copper sulphate is an indicator of the processes of deep decomposition of meat 32) It does not apply to the principles of dietary nutrition: ***eating carbohydrate-rich foods to ensure high energy value of the diet ***matching nutrition to the needs and capabilities of a sick body ***the most gentle mechanical, chemical and thermal composition in relation to the affected organ ***increasing the adaptive capabilities of the body with the help of fasting and contrast days ***changing the diet in accordance with the peculiarities of the functional state of organs and systems 33) Functions of nutrition include: ***catalytic function ***humoral function ***regulating function ***contractile function ***protective function 34) Who makes the menu of therapeutic diets? ***nutritionist ***gastroenterologist ***general practitioner ***sanitary doctor ***enterprises doctor 35) The mechanism of alimentary prevention of occupational pathology in workers in unfavorable production conditions includes everything except: ***ensuring favorable organoleptic characteristics of food ***increasing the barrier function of the body ***acceleration of the metabolism of poisons and their excretion from the body ***compensation for increased consumption of biologically active substances ***increase of general resistance and improvement of the functional state of organs and systems most exposed to harmful factors 36) Constant daily monitoring of the implementation of sanitary norms and rules for catering in organized groups is carried out by: ***doctors and nurses of the general healthcare system working in hospitals, children's clinics, schools and kindergartens, enterprises. ***sanitary and epidemiological service that carry out scheduled or, in certain situations, unscheduled inspections ***doctors of the general healthcare system working in hospitals, children's clinics and enterprises ***nutritionist ***employees of the catering department, which implements the nutrition of an organized group 37) The importance of sanitary and hygienic examination of food products: ***determination of the nutritional value of food products and their harmlessness to public health ***familiarization with regulatory documents ***identification of food production facilities ***assessment of nutritional value of food ***determining the amount of food intake 38 Types of sanitary control in the food industry: ***daily, precautionary ***scheduled, unscheduled ***valid, invalid ***high-quality, low-quality ***limited, unlimited 39 Who carries out sampling for laboratory tests? ***sanitary doctor or an assistant ***epidemiologist ***therapist ***nutritionist ***chief medical officer 40) A document issued regarding the quality of food: ***conclusion ***application ***statement ***explanation ***there is no correct answer 41) What are the ways for using falsified food depending on the defect? ***all answers are correct ***sending to animal feed ***denaturation ***destruction ***using for technical purposes 42) At what diagnosis is diet No. 9 prescribed? ***Diabetes mellitus ***Constipation ***Gastric and duodenal ulcer ***Urolithiasis ***Diseases of the nervous system 43) Vitamins that are found in significant amounts in fatty fish, especially in fish liver fat? ***A and D ***B12 and C ***Ca and E ***K and Mg ***PP and B2 44) Ration 5 is used for: ***for those working with organophosphate pesticides ***for those working in the production of chromium and chromium-containing compounds ***for those working with aniline and toluidine derivatives ***for those working with ionizing radiation ***for working with inorganic and organic lead compounds 45) Ration 1 is used for: ***for those working with ionizing radiation ***for those working with organophosphate pesticides ***for those working with aniline and toluidine derivatives ***for those working with UV-radiation ***for working with inorganic and organic lead compounds 46) Diet No. 11 is recommended for: ***tuberculosis ***acute and chronic gastritis ***gastrointestinal diseases ***kidney diseases with stones ***acute infectious diseases 47) Diet recommended for gastric and duodenal ulcers: ***diet №1 ***diet №2 ***diet №3 ***diet №4 ***diet №5 48) Diet recommended for diseases of the cardiovascular system: ***diet №10 ***diet №11 ***diet №12 ***diet №13 ***diet №14 49) Ration 3 is used for: ***for working with inorganic and organic lead compounds ***for those working with organophosphate pesticides ***for those working with aniline and toluidine derivatives ***for those working with non-ionizing radiation ***for those working with ionizing radiation 50) The frequency of planned determination of the chemical composition and energy value of the menu of dishes in organized institutions, conducted by sanitary-epidemiological service ***monthly ***once every 2 months ***once every 3 months ***once every 4 months ***once every 5 months ANATOMY 1. Fetal development of the digestive system begins: 4-5th week 3-4th week 5-6th week 2-3rd week 1-2 weeks 2. The small intestine is a derivative of the following intestine: of the middle intestine or The midgut of the foregut of the last intestine  hind intestine of the peripheral intestine 3. The large intestine is a derivative of the following intestine: hind intestine or hind gut of the foregut of the peripheral intestine of the middle intestine of the last intestine 4. The source of development of the digestive system:  endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm endoderm, ectoderm mesenchymal tissue, mesoderm endoderm, mesenchymal mesoderm, ectoderm 5. The source of development of bowels: lateral plate of mesoderm medial and lateral plates of mesoderm the middle section of the first intestine the anterior part of the first intestine the posterior part of the first intestine 6. The posterior part of the oral cavity is a derivative of the foregut and endoderm of the last intestine hind intestine of the middle intestine of the peripheral intestine 7. Endothermal primary intestine is divided into front, middle, back middle, edge, last front, back, last end, front, edge back, initial, front 8. The structure of the abdominal wall: mucous, mucous, muscular(unilateral muscle fibers),cheesy ///tunica MUCOSA>internal oblique,middle circular,externallongitudinal round, horizontal, longitudinal oblique, circular, horizontal horizontal, diagonal, longitudinal circular, horizontal, oblique  12. Structure of the wall of the small intestine: mucous membrane, mucous membrane, muscular membrane, gelatinous membrane///mucous,submucosa.muscularis,submucosa mucous membrane, connective membrane, muscular membrane, gelatinousmembrane connective tissue, mucous membrane, muscular membrane, gelatinousmembrane mucous membrane, horizontal mucous membrane, muscular membrane,mucous membrane mucous membrane, mucous membrane, transverse- striated muscular membrane, mucous membrane 13. Functions of the mucous layer of the intestinal wall: absorption, secretion expand, narrow digestion, absorption move, secret absorb, move 14. Glands are divided according to the nature of the secretion: cheesy,serous ,mixed or mucous o slimy, mixed complex, cellular, syrupy tubular, mixed, complex mucous, cellular, syrupy mixed, tubular, cellular 15. The structure of the muscular layer of the esohagus: longitudinal, circular///outer long,inner circular horizontal, oblique oblique, circular longitudinal, horizontal  round, oblique 16. Fibers of the muscular layer of the pharynx: longitudinal (expanders), round (narrows)////inner circular,outer long oblique (expanders), round (narrows) circular (expanders), oblique (narrows) round (expanders), horizontal (narrows) horizontal (expanders), longitudinal (narrows) 17. Stomach types according to shape: horn-shaped, hook-shaped, sock-shaped elongated stocking-shaped, hook-shaped, oval oval, horn-shaped, hook-shaped, round, hook-shaped, horn-shaped oblique-shaped, oval-shaped, horn-shaped 18. Folds located in the mucous layer of the large intestine: longitudinal, horizontal ///or semilunar,transverse, or haustra round, oblique horizontal, oblique longitudinal, round circular, horizontal 19. Function of the small intestine: nutrients are absorbed excretes incompletely digested products blood cells appear produces an enzyme  bile acids 20. Venous bleeding from the abdomen: vv.gastricae dextra et sinistra, vv.gastrica breves, vv.gastroepiploicae dextra etsinistra, v.lienalis,v.portae v.cava inferior, vv.gastricae dextra et sinistra, v.portae, v.azygos, v.hemiazygos v.portae, v.cava inferior, v.azygos, v.hemiazygos, v.gastroepiploica dextra v.cava inferior, vv.gastricae breves, v.gastrica dextra, v.gastroepiploica dextra v.azygos, v.gastrica dextra, v.gastroepiploica dextra v.lienalis, 21. Ways of lymph flow from the abdomen: through the small and large brachial nodes, the pyloric and cardiac nodes, thegastric lymph node flows into the thoracic lymph node flows into the thoracic lymph node through the upper ileal nodes and lumbarnodes flows into the right cord through the upper ileal nodes, lumbar nodes lesser brachial nodes drains into the right tubercle with the right and leftpyloric nodes through the greater brachial nodes drains into the cisterna chilli through the iliac, lumbar, minor and majorbrachial nodes, pyloric and caridial nodes 22. Autonomic sympathetic innervation of the abdomen: nn. splanchnici major et minor postganglionic fibers in the radial plexus(n.intermedia lateralis Th 6-9, Th10-Th11) supra-abdominal and sub-abdominal sympathetic plexuses of the abdominal cavity n.splanchnicus major n.Th10-Th11 postganglionic fibers supra-abdominal sympathetic plexus sub-abdominal sympathetic plexus  23. From the lesser curvature of the abdomen, lymph flows to the following lymphnodes: lnn.gastrici sinistri et dextri lnn.pancreaticolienalis, pyloric lnn. hepatici, pyloric lnn.gastrici dextri, lienalis lnn. mesenterici superiores, pancreaticilienalis 24. Lymph flows from the small intestine: ileum (near small intestine, center), through the ileocecal nodes to thelymphatic thoracic duct or into the mesentery, peri-intestinal Nodes, nodi juxtaintestinales, nodi superiores centrales->nodi lumbales Intermedii>truncus lumbales->ductus thoracicus to the lymphatic thoracic duct through the iliac, lumbar, and abdominal nodes to the intestine through peripheral, middle, central ileal nodes through the upper iliac node to the lymphatic thoracic duct through the lumbar, abdominal and intestinal nodes to the lymphatic thoracicduct and the intestinal tract 25. Lymph flows from the large intestine:or colon through the cecum-intestinal, iliac-ring, ileal-ring, lower-ileal nodes to the intestinal tract and the lymphatic thoracic duct or into the upper rectum, Sigmoid and colonic (right, middle and left) nodes. Further Lymph flows into the superior mesentericnodes, and then into Peri-aortic and peri-caval lymph nodes. to the intestine through cecal-intestinal, iliac-circular, ileal-circular nodes to the lymphatic thoracic duct through cecum and upper ileal nodes to the intestine through the caecal and upper ileal nodes through the iliac, lumbar, abdominal and cecum nodescisterna chili 26. Venous bleeding from the temporal gland:)(pancreas) vv.pancreaticoduodenales superior et inferior , vv.pancreatici, v.lienalis,v.portae v.portae, vv.gastroepiploicae dextra et sinistra, v.mesenterica superior vv. mesenterica superior et inferior, v. lienalis, vv. intestinales vv.gastricae breves, v.gastroepiploica sinistra, v.cava inferior v.pancreaticoduodenalis superior, v.gastrica dextra, v.mesenterica superior 27. Drainage of venous blood from the descending and sigmoid sections of the large intestine: through the inferior iliac vein to the portal vein or v. Colica sinistra,vv. Sigmoidea, v. rectalis Superior->v. mesenterica inferior-> v. portae right and left intestinal veins through the splenic vein to the inferior vena cava to the gastric veins to the superior iliac vein through the right intestinal veins to the superior iliac veins 28. Blood supply of the pancreas: a.pancreaticoduodenalis superior et inferior, rr.pancreatici a.gastrica sinistra et dextra, rr.pancreatici a.lienalis a.pancreaticoduodenalis superior a.mesenterica inferior, rr.pancreatici a.renalis, a.pancreaticoduodenalis superior 29. The tail of the pancreas touches: with divorce///with spleen with the liver with a floating part of the stomach with the left kidney  with sigmoid colon  30. A foreign body of the esophagus was detected in the patient at the level of the 4th thoracic vertebra by X-ray examination. The foreign body is located in which narrowingof the esophagus: helmet bifurcation Cardiac or in the bronchial gluttony Greenery 31. In which part of the intestine should the fibrogastroscope be inserted to examine thepapilla duodeni major: pars descendens pars superior pars horizontalis pars ascendens flexura duodenojejunalis 32. The patient accidentally drank acetic acid. The most affected layer of the esophagus: slimy///mucous memebrane muscular Serous Elastic membrane muscular and serous 33. In the patient, a light compressed from the right side, an inflamed intestine in theiliac fossa is detected, it is covered with intestines from all sides, but there is no sputum. What part of the intestine should the doctor immediately think about? appendix, because it is intraperitoneal located in the right iliac fossa, there isno margin descending colon, because it is located intraperitoneally and reaches the levelof the left iliac fossa transverse colon, because it crosses the abdominal cavity from right to left and passes into the descending colon sigmoid colon, because it is located in the left iliac fossa, is intraperitoneal rectum, because it is located in the small pelvic cavity, behind it are theoccipital lobe and the appendix 34. Colon cancer is often located in the region of the rectum and sigmoid colon andoften metastasizes to the liver. Ways of metastasis? superior rectal vein-inferior border – gate///through vena portae,lymphatic vessels or penetrating into the serosa Inferior intestinal vein - internal iliac-inferior cavity middle rectal vein-internal iliac cavity superior rectal vein-inferior margin inferior cavity inferior colonic vein-internal iliac-portal vein 35. 36 years old woman below was hospitalized for stomach ulcer disease. In X-ray examination, the ulcer is localized in a large loop, approximately 4 cm from the pyloric sphincter. The ulcer was perforated and complicated with intra-abdominal bleeding. Inthis case, which artery is damaged and why? right gastroesophageal reflux, because it passes in a large loop, approximately4 cm from the pyloric sphincter left stomach, because it passes in a large loop, approximately 4 cm from thepyloric sphincter left gastroesophageal reflux, because it passes in a large loop, approximately 4 cm from the pyloric sphincter right stomach, because it passes in a large loop, approximately 4 cm from the pyloric sphincter short stomach, because it passes in a large loop, about 4 cm from the pyloric sphincter  36. The patient was diagnosed with a tumor of the head of the pancr flow of some organsof the abdominal cavity was detected. Which the tumor? portal vein renal vein left gastric vein lower cavity right gastric vein 37. The patient has a knife wound in the X-th intercostal space on the right Midaxillaryline. Which digestive organ Systems may be damaged and why: Liver, because it is located on the right side under the diaphragm, its lowerborder is along the midaxillary line to the X-th intercostal space spleen, because it is located on the right side under the diaphragm, its lowerborder is along the middle axillary line to the X-th intercostal space stomach, because it is located on the right side under the diaphragm, its lowerborder is along the middle axillary line to the X-th intercostal space sigmoid colon, because it is located on the right side under the diaphragm, itslower border is along the midaxillary line to the X-th intercostal space pancreas, because it is located on the right side under the diaphragm, itslower border is along the middle axillary line to the XXth intercostal space 38. Stomach blood supply: aa. gastricae sinistra et dextra, aa. gastroepiploicae sinistra et dextra, aa.gastricae breves a. mesenterica superior, a. gastrica dextra a. hepatica propria, a. cystica, a. pancreaticoduodenalis inferior aa. pancreticoduodenales superior anterior et posterior rr.pancreatici, a. gastrepiploica, aa. gastricae breves  39. During surgery for cholecystectomy using a ligature instead of one bladder Artery, avessel was drawn in, the ligation of which led to necrosis of the right Lobes of the liver. Name the vessel that was mistakenly ligated with the bladder /cyctic Artery: the right branch of the private hepatic artery common hepatic artery stomach - 12th intestinal artery the left branch of the private hepatic artery right gastric artery 40. Autonomic sympathetic innervation of the pancreas: nerves of the abdominal plexus>>> splanchic nerves T5-T12 nerves of the abdominal and sub-abdominal plexus. nerves of aorta, esophagus and abdominal plexus; nerves of thoracic and lumbar nodes of sympathetic beat; nerves of the lumbar and occipital plexuses of the sympathetic cord. 41. At an appointment in a clinic with an adult dolichomorphic man Body type in anupright body position X-ray method revealed a typical for this Body type, stomach shape. Specify this form: sock-shaped / / / / f o r m S t o c k i n g pyramid shaped horn shaped hook-shaped is in the form of a header 42. During rectoskia (examination of the mucous membrane of the rectum), should the proctologist remember that there are two folds of the rectum in the sagittal plane? Showthis bend: upper - flexura sacralis, lower - flexura perinealis pelvic - flexura pelvis, lower - flexura perinealis upper - flexura fornicis, middle - flexura medius anterior - flexura urinaria, lower - flexura rectalis upper - flexura fornicis, lateral - flexura peritonealis 43. Symptoms of the external structure of the large intestine: longitudinal muscle bands, scapulae, sarcoid growths fleas, scabies, sarcoid growths shrinkage, circular folds, spheroid growths longitudinal muscle bands, folds, longitudinal folds ileum, muscle bands, wrap 44. During gastric surgery, the surgeon needed Ligate the arteries located along thelesser curvature. Which Arteries anastomose along the lesser curvature of the stomach? left and right stomach < variant >left and right stomach or A. gastrica Sinistra et dextra upper and lower ileum upper ileum and spleen lower ileum and spleen right and left margin 45. The patient's conjunctiva is inflamed. Which salivary glands make it difficult tosecrete saliva? wanted and liked outspoken and talkative cool and nice palate and palate dew and tongue or From the submandibular and Sublingual  46. During the examination of the intestinal mucosa, a concentrated lymph node was detected. A concentrated lymph node is characteristic of which intestine? ileum twelve countries vertical sigma-shaped blind 47. Main elements of liver gate: common hepatic vein, portal vein, hepatic artery or or vena portae, art hepatica, n.Vagus, ganglion plexus coeliacus, ductus hepaticus (common Hepaticduct), lymphatic vessels superior vena cava, portal vein, hepatic artery specific artery of the liver, common artery of the liver, hepatic duct common artery of the liver, inferior vena cava common hepatic artery, common hepatic duct, inferior vena cava 48. Venous blood flows from the liver: to the inferior vena cava OR in vv hepaticae->vena portae into the portal vein to the superior vena cava to common iliac veins to external iliac veins 49. Sections of the rectum: pars supraampularis, ampula recti, canalis Analis octagonal, squinty top, bottom  skepticism, confusion  upper, tiered 50. Indicate the feature of the pharyngeal wall: Presence of fascia pharyngobasilaris Presence of plicae transverse Absence of tunica muscularis absence of lymphoid tissue presence of recessus piriformis 51. It is known that when a newborn baby is first breastfed, milk flows from the nose.What is the name of this problem and explain the reason for its development ? Cleft palate (palatum fissum) or wolf's beak (faux lupina), nonunion of thepalatal plasties of the maxillary processes Rabbit lip (labium leporinum), non-union of the middle nasal process with themaxillary processes Large mouth (macrostoma), bilateral non-union of maxillary and mandibularprocesses Small mouth (microstoma)), bilateral early fusion of maxillary and mandibularprocesses Rabbit lips (labium leporinum) and large mouth (macrostoma) 52. The submandibular duct (ductus submandibularis) is opened: The nucleus opens into a small hole near the tongue The core is at the level of the first small molar The core opens into a small opening on the edge of the tongue in a mushroom-like nipple The core opens into a large hole on the surface of the mucous layer along thecontiguous fold To the entrance of the mouth at the level of the second upper large molar 53. Topography of the salivary gland: is located in the lower jaw muscle, directly under the mucous layer of thebottom of the oral CAVITY located in the lower jaw triangle, the gland is covered from the outside by thesuperficial leaflet of the neck tentacle Located in the fossa of Jacart, the gland is attached to the musculature andthe musculature that originates from it. is located in the carotid triangle, its vein touches the gland from the side withthe facial artery is located along the muscles that make up the floor of the mouth and the sphincter muscle 54. Define the abdominal cavity: the gap between the parietal and visceral intestines is a section of the abdomen, bounded by the parietal viscera 55. The left ileal cavity is formed: from above - horizontal border ileum, from left - descending border andsigmoid ileum, from right - small intestine ileum from above - duodenum, from right - appendix, from left and below - descending colon from above - transverse border ileum, from the right side -ascending border intestine, from left and below - small intestine ileum from above - transverse border ileum, from the right - ascending borderintestine, from below - sigmoid colon from above - transverse colon ileum, from right - descending colon, left andbelow ascending colon 56. Show the department where Aran is located: opening connecting the oral cavity and the pharynx opening connecting the oral cavity and the pharynx opening connecting the oral cavity and the esophagus opening connecting the oral cavity and the oral cavity opening connecting the mouth and esophagus 57. Due to gallstone disease, it was necessary to examine the common bile duct during the operation of the patient. Given the topography of the common bile duct, answer the following question. Explain the composition and syntopy of the common bile duct. lig. The hepatoduodenal includes, from right to left, common bile duct, portalvein, and proper hepatic artery. lig. hepatogastricum contains, from right to left, the portal vein, common bileduct, and common hepatic artery lig. hepatorenalis contains, from right to left, the portal vein, the common bileduct, and the common hepatic artery lig. hepatoduodenale contains, from right to left, the portal vein, the commonhepatic duct and the proper hepatic artery lig. hepatogastricum contains, from right to left, the hepatic artery, portal vein,and common bile duct 58. Dentes permanent formula and exchange period: +2123; 6-7 years old 1223; 2-3 years 2312; 4-5 years old 1322; 12-13 years old 2231; 16-17 years old 59. The following organs are located mesoperitoneally: colon ascendens et descendens ventriculus, colon ascendens, ceacum liver, colon descendens, pancreas ventricle, jejunum, ileum ventriculus, pars horizontalis duodeni  60. Name the organs located retroperitoneally (behind the intestines): pancreas, kidney, aorta, glandula suprarenalis ventriculus, pars horizontalis duodeni, hepar pancreas, ren, colon ascendens, ceacum ren, aorta, ventriculus, liver, pancreas glandula suprarenalis, pars horizontalis duodeni, liver Histology 1. What type of tissue lines most of the В. Pulp cavity. gastrointestinal tract-... С. Dentin. А. Simple columnar epithelium. D. Dental pulp. В. Simple squamous epithelium. E. Cementum С. Simple cuboidal epithelium. 7. What surrounds the pulp cavity-... D. Stratified squamous epithelium. А. Pulp cavity. E. Transitional epithelium В. Enamel. 2.What is the innermost layer of the GI tract С. Dentin. called-... D. Dental pulp. А. Sub mucosa. E. Cementum В. Mucosa. С. Muscularis externa. D. Serosa. 8. What is another term for the intestinal glands- E. Adventitia... 3. What is the lymphatic capillary within a villus А. Plicae circulares. of the small intestine called-... В. Lacteal. А. Plicae circulares. С. Crypts of Lieberkuhn. В. Crypts of Lieberkuhn. D. Striated border. С. Lacteal. E. Villi D. Striated border. 9. What are the folds of the stomach called-... E. Villi А. Gastric glands. 4. What covers the tooth that is embedded within В. Ruffled border. the jaw-... С. Taeniae coli. А. Dental pulp. D. Rugae. В. Pulp cavity. E. Gastric pits С. Dentin. 10. What are microvilli called that are seen in the D. Cementum. small intestine-... E. Enamel А. Villi В. Lacteal. 5. What is within the pulp cavity-... С. Crypts of Lieberkuhn. А. Enamel D. Plicae circulares. В. Pulp cavity. E. Striated border. С. Dentin. D. Cementum. 11. Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract E. Dental pulp. contains the gut associated lymphatic 6. What covers the visible portion of a tooth -... tissue-... А. Enamel. А. Mucosa. В.Submucosa. D.Muscularis externa. С. Muscularis externa. E. Serosa. D.Muscularis mucosae. 17. What are the finger like projections of E. Serosa mucosa that are seen in the small intestine-... 12. What are the modifications of the muscularis А. Plicae circulares. externa that is seen on the large intestine-... В. Lacteal. А. Crypts of Lieberkuhn. С.Crypts of Lieberkuhn. В. Teniae coli. D. Villi. С. Plicae circulares. E.Striated border D.Striated border. 18. Diarrhea may result if which of the following E. Villi organs fails to carry out its role in absorbing 13. Where are Brunner's glands located-... water from the feces-... А. Stomach. А. Cecum. В.Esophagus. В. Anal canal. С. Small intestine. С. Сolon. D.Large D.Jejunum. E.Rectum E. Duodenum 14. What is the primary cell of the intestinal 19. Certain antibiotic therapies slow the epithelium of the large intestine-... replacement of the cells lining the small intestin. А. Paneth cells. This may cause the loss of what tissue type-... В.Goblet cell. А. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar С. Parietal cells. epithelium. D. Columnar absorptive cell. В. Simple columnar epithelium. E Chief cells С.Simple cuboidal epithelium. D.Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia. 15 Which region are goblet cells most numerous- E. Stratified squamous, nonkeratinized... epithelium А. Anus 20. The teniae coli of the large intestine В. Esophagus. represent an organ-specific specialization of С. Stomach. which layer of the intestinal tract wall-... D. Small intestine. А. Muscularis externa. E. Large intestine. В.Epithelium. 16. Where is mesothelium found-... С.Lamina propria. А. Adventitia D.Muscularis mucosa. В. Mucosa. E. Serosa С. Sub mucosa. 21.A 22-year-old female student consulted a А. Papillae fungiformes. physician about fever up to 38oC, weakness, sore В. Papillae vallatae. throat. Objectively: there is white coating of the С. Papillae foliatae. tongu What histological structures of the tongue D. Papillae filiformes. are involved in the formation of this coating-... E. Papillae conicae А. Epithelium of the filiform papillae. В. Epithelium of the foliate papillae. 23.In which of the following structures of the С. Epithelium of the fungiform papillae oral cavity would taste buds be localized in the D. Epithelium of the circumvallate papillae. highest concentration-... E. Connective-tissue base of all the lingual А. Gingiva. papillae В. Fungiform papillae. С. Vallate papillae. 22.While examining the oral cavity a D. Filiform papillae. stomatologist revealed inflammation of E. Ventral surface of the tongue papillae on the border of the median and posterior third of the back of tongu. What 24. Which type of papillae on the tongue is the papillae are inflamed-... most abundant-... А. Foliate papillae. D. Serosa. В. Circumvallate papillae. E. Mucosa. С. Fungiform papillae. D. Filiform papillae. 31. organ has a mucosa lined by E. All of the above nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium-... 25.Where is masticatory mucosa found-... A. Esophagus. А. Cheek B.Stomach. В. Tongue underside. C. Small intestine. С. Soft palate. D. Large intestine. D. Lips. E. Rectum E. Hard palate. 32.Glands of the esophagus lying in the submucosa: 26. Which layer consists of only a single layer A. pyloric of epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue-... B. own (compound tubuloalveolar) А. Mucosa. C. cricoid В. Sub mucosa. D. fundic С. Muscularis externa. E. cardiac D. Serosa. E. Adventitia 33.The mucous membrane of the nasal pharynx is covered with: 27.Which type of papillae on the tongue does A. stratified ciliated epithelium NOT contain taste buds-... B. stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium А. Circumvallate papillae. C. stratified squamous non-keratinizing В. Filiform papillae. epithelium С. Fungiform papillae. D. transitional epithelium D. Foliate papillae. E. single-layer prismatic epithelium E. All of the above 34.With atrophy of the mucous membrane of the 28. Which layer contains the muscularis tongue, taste sensitivity is impaired, which is mucosa- likely due to damage to the following structures А. Muscularis externa. of the tongue: В. Sub mucosa. A. stratified epithelium С. Mucosa. B. filiform papillae D. Serosa. E. Adventitia C. connective tissue D. taste buds 29. The salivary glands contain star-shaped cells. E. blood supply to tissue The cells with their processes cover the terminal sections and small excretory ducts of the glands. The processes contain a contractile 35. The adventitia of the alimentary canal develops apparatus. By contracting, the processes help from: remove secretions. Determine what kind of A. Mesoderm cells these are? B. Dermatome A. mesenchymal C. Splanchnotoma B.nervous D. Endoderm C. epithelial E. Mesenchymes D. myoepithelial E. connective tissue 36. The basis of the language is: A. striated muscle tissue 30.Which layer contains the lining B. smooth muscle tissue epithelium-... C. dense connective tissue A. Adventitia D. muscle-tendon plexus B.Sub mucosa. E. smooth and striated muscle tissue C. Muscularis externa. 37. In the esophagus, the cardiac glands are located 39. What layers at the upper and lower ends of the in: esophagus present some tubuloalveolar mucous A. submucosa glands: B. lamina propria of the mucous membrane A. adventitia C. muscular B. submucosa D. adventitia C. muscularis externa E. serous membrane D. lamia propria of mucosa E. serosa 38. Two main groups of salivary glands: A. big and little 40. Adventitia of esophagus consist: B. small and middle A. muscle-tendon plexus C. major and minor B. loose connective tissue D. major and middle C. stratified epithelium E. minor and middle D. transitional epithelium E. dense connective tissue 41. A viral infection has damaged cells that form walls of bile capillaries. This stimulated conditions for inflow of bile into the blood of sinusoidal capillaries. What cells are damaged-... А. Hepatocytes. В. Kupffer’s cells. С. Ito cells. D. Pit-cells. E. Endotheliocytes 42. A 50-year-old woman presents to the family medicine clini She admits to drinking a six-pack of beer each day with a little more intake on weekends. Laboratory tests show elevated alanine aminotransferase/serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST/SGOT). Her sclerae appear jaundiced and her serum bilirubin is 2.5 mg/dL (normal 0.3-1.9 mg/dL). A biopsy shows hepatic fibrosis with significant loss of normal lobular structur Jaundice is most likely to result when the proper location or orientation of what hepatic structures is disrupted-... А. Merging sinusoids В. Central veins. С. Spaces of Disse. D. Kupffer cells. E. Hepatocytes. 43. In a liver biopsy from a long-time drug user which of the following hepatocyte organelles would be expected to be more extensive than normal-... А. Rough endoplasmic reticulum. В. Peroxisomes. С. Golgi apparatus. D. Lysosomes. E. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 44. What are divertiuclae of the mucosa of the gallbladder called-... А. Ampulla of Vater. В. Ducts of Luschka. С. Duct of Wirsung. D. Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses. E. Sphincter of Oddi 45. What structure is in the middle of the hepatic lobule-... А. Portal triad. В. Hepatic artery. С. Central vein. D. Portal vein. E. Sinusoids. 46. What is the space between the liver sinusoids and the hepatocytes called-... А. Howship's lacuna В.Space of Mall. С.Vacuole. D.Lacuna. E. Space of Disse. 47. What is the name of the cellular mass for the endocrine portion of the pancreas-... А.Islets of Langerhans. В.Alpha cells. С.Beta cells. D.Delta cells. E.Acini 48. Which structures are part of the portal triad-... А. Sinusoids. В.Hepatocytes. С.Central vein. D. Portal vein. E.Lobules 49. What cells of the pancreas secrete somatostatin-... А.Delta cells. В.Islets of Langerhans. С.Alpha cells. D.Beta cells. E.Gamma cells 50. In what structure does blood run through between the hepatocytes-... А. Hepatic artery. В. Sinusoids. С.Portal triad. D.Central vein. E.Portal vein 51. What is the space called that is located at the portal canal between the hepatocytes and connective tissue-... А.Space of Disse. В.Space of Mall. С.Vacuole. D.Lacuna. E.Howship's lacuna 52. What cells of the pancreas secrete insulin-... А. Alpha cells. В.Islets of Langerhans. С. Beta cells. D.Delta cells. E.Gamma cells 53. What is the pancreatic duct-... А. Duct of Wirsung. В. Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses. С. Ducts of Luschka. D. Ampulla of Vater. E.Sphincter of Oddi 54. What cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon- А. Alpha cells. В. Islets of Langerhans. С.Beta cells. D.Delta cells. E.Gamma cells 55 What cells of the pancreas secrete pancreatic polypeptide-... А. Gamma cells. В. Islets of Langerhans. С. Alpha cells. D.Beta cells. E.Delta cells 56. What structure is at the angle of the liver lobule-... А. Sinusoids В.Lobule. С. Central vein. D.Hepatocyte. E. Portal triad. 57. What layer is NOT found in the gallbladder- А. Serosa В.Mucosa. С.Мuscularis. D. Adventita. E. Muscularis mucosa. 58. What cell type makes up the mucosa of the gallbladder-... А. Transitional epithelium В. Simple squamous epithelium. С. Simple cuboidal epithelium. D. Stratified squamous epithelium. E. Simple columnar epithelium. 59. Hepatic macrophages are-... А. Kupffer cells. В. Histiocyte. С.Dust cell. D.Langerhans cell. E.Microglia 60. What functions of the Islets of Langerhans of pancreas pancreas-… А.Secretes hormons. В.Secretes carbohydrates. С.Secretes proteins. D.Secretes enzymes E. Secretes fats Physiology 1. Trypsinogen is characterized by. An inactive form of the enzyme Pancreatic juice trypsin, activated by enterokinase (endopeptidase) of intestinal juice. 1. Which enzyme activates the inactive form of trypsinogen in intestinal juice? a) Pepsin b) Lipase c) Enterokinase d) Gastrin 2. What is the sequence of bile passage into the duodenum during gallbladder emptying? a) Hepatic bile → Mixed bile → Cystic bile b) Cystic bile → Mixed bile → Hepatic bile c) Gallbladder bile → General bile duct bile → Hepatic bile d) General bile duct bile → Gallbladder bile → Hepatic bile 3. How do the properties of hepatic bile change when it is stored in the gallbladder? a) Becomes thinner and more acidic b) Thickens, becomes cloudy, and pH decreases c) Remains unchanged d) Becomes alkaline and clear 4. Which juice does not participate in the neutralization of hydrochloric acid in the duodenum? a) Pancreatic juice b) Intestinal juice c) Colon juice d) Bile 5. How do adrenaline and acetylcholine affect the motility of an isolated segment of the small intestine? a) Both slow it down b) Both speed it up c) Adrenaline slows it down, acetylcholine speeds it up d) Acetylcholine slows it down, adrenaline speeds it up 6. Hydrolytic enzymes that ensure the breakdown of food are divided into which groups? a) Proteases, nucleases, and carbohydrases b) Proteases, lipases, and carbohydrases c) Lipases, nucleases, and carbohydrases d) Proteases, lipases, and nucleotidases 7. Intravenous administration of secretin will lead to increased levels of what in the duodenum? a) Acid b) Bicarbonate c) Enzymes d) Bile salts 8. Which enzymes are found in gastric juice? a) Gastrin, trypsin, and pepsin b) Pepsin, gastrixin, and lipase c) Amylase, lipase, and trypsin d) Gastrin, pepsin, and elastase 9. Which of the following are proteolytic enzymes? a) Amylase, lipase, and maltase b) Pepsin, trypsin, elastase, and carboxypeptidases A and B c) Gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin d) Elastase, lipase, and trypsin 10. What hormone level increases in the blood when hydrochloric acid is injected into the duodenum? a) Secretin b) Gastrin c) Cholecystokinin d) Motilin 11. Under physiological conditions, antiperistalsis is characteristic of which organ? a) Stomach b) Small intestine c) Colon d) Esophagus 12. The main stimulus for primary peristalsis of the esophagus is: a) Gastrin secretion b) Swallowing c) Pressure changes d) Cholecystokinin 13. What is the main role of gastrin? a) Neutralizes acid in the stomach b) Stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid c) Enhances bile secretion d) Activates enterokinase 14. Which motor activity is not characteristic of the small intestine? a) Retrograde peristalsis b) Pendular contractions c) Antiperistalsis d) Migrating motor complex 15. Duodenal probing reveals increased leucocytes in the most concentrated bile portion. This indicates pathology of the: a) Liver b) Pancreas c) Gallbladder d) Small intestine 16. What is peristalsis? a) A wave of contraction spreading through the gastrointestinal tract b) Backward movement of food in the stomach c) Complete relaxation of the gastrointestinal muscles d) Segmentation of food in the intestine 17. Which hormones stimulate the intestinal phase of gastric secretion? a) Gastrin, motilin, and histamine b) Secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastrin c) Histamine, adrenaline, and motilin d) Acetylcholine, gastrin, and secretin 18. Where is hydrochloric acid produced? a) Chief cells of the stomach b) Parietal cells of the stomach c) Enterocytes in the intestine d) Acinar cells of the pancreas 19. Bile secretion is enhanced by: a) Secretin, acetylcholine, and gastrin b) Cholecystokinin, secretin, and gastrin c) Motilin, adrenaline, and acetylcholine d) Pepsin, histamine, and cholecystokinin 21. What activates pepsinogen? a) Cholecystokinin b) Hydrochloric acid c) Secretin d) Gastrin 22. If a patient does not convert trypsinogen into trypsin, the deficiency is in: a) Chymotrypsin b) Enterokinase c) Pepsin d) Lipase 23. Gallbladder contraction is enhanced by: a) Gastrin b) Cholecystokinin c) Secretin d) Acetylcholine 24. The main proteases of pancreatic juice are: a) Amylase and lipase b) Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and carboxypeptidases A and B c) Elastase, amylase, and lipase d) Pepsin and gastrin 25. In the complete absence of all types of nerve innervation, the intestine will: a) Stop moving completely b) Constantly contract due to its own pacemakers c) Show irregular peristalsis d) Depend solely on hormonal stimulation 26. Bile secretion in response to acidic food in the duodenum will be reduced in the deficiency of: a) Cholecystokinin b) Secretin c) Gastrin d) Enterokinase 27. What happens in the experiment if the lateral sections of the hypothalamus are destroyed? a) Increased appetite and weight gain b) Disturbances in the regulation of appetite and energy balance c) Complete loss of appetite d) Increased secretion of gastrin 28. Which of the following substances stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice? a) Gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin b) Pepsin, trypsin, and gastrin c) Secretin, enterokinase, and gastrin d) Cholecystokinin, gastrin, and motilin 29. What type of regulation is primary in the large intestine? a) Hormonal regulation b) Humoral regulation c) Neural regulation d) Mechanical regulation 30. Bile influences the absorption of: a) Proteins and carbohydrates b) Fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol, and calcium salts c) Water-soluble vitamins and lipase d) Amylase and lipase 31. Polymeric food molecules in the gastrointestinal tract undergo: a) Mechanical breakdown only b) Chemical breakdown due to enzymes c) No change, they remain intact d) Complete evaporation 32. How do adrenaline and acetylcholine affect the motility of the small intestine? a) Both enhance motility b) Both inhibit motility c) Adrenaline inhibits, acetylcholine enhances d) Acetylcholine inhibits, adrenaline enhances 33. The stage of satiety caused by excitation of oral and gastric receptors arriving in the hypothalamus is called: a) Sensory saturation b) Energy balance c) Mechanical fullness d) Hormonal regulation 34. Which of the following substances is a constituent of bile? a) Lipase b) Cholesterol c) Pepsin d) Secretin 35. The cleavage of food hydrolysis products to dimers is carried out by enzymes fixed on: a) The glycocalyx b) The intestinal lumen c) The stomach lining d) The bile ducts 36. What is the pH in the stomach? a) 4-5 b) 7-8 c) 1.5-2 d) 6-7 37. Removing the pyloric part of the stomach will dramatically decrease secretion of: a) Pepsin b) Gastrin c) Hydrochloric acid d) Secretin 38. A patient with a dramatically increased level of gastrin in the blood is characterized by: a) Reduced gastric motility b) Increased acidity of stomach contents c) Increased bile secretion d) Low blood sugar levels 39. Inhibition of gastric activity in response to fatty foods entering the duodenum will decrease with deficiency of: a) Secretin b) Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin c) Gastrin d) Enterokinase 40. The greatest amount of saliva will be released when: a) Stimulation of sympathetic nerve fibers b) Stimulation of parasympathetic nerve fibers c) Stimulation of sensory nerve endings d) Inhibition of parasympathetic nerve fibers 41. The experience of “imaginary feeding” involves: a) Feeding without swallowing b) Esophagotomy and insertion of a fistula into the stomach c) Stimulation of parasympathetic nerves d) Feeding through a gastric tube 42. In the digestive tract, insoluble fatty acids are converted into soluble acids under the influence of: a) Gastric lipase b) Bile salts c) Pancreatic lipase d) Intestinal amylase 43. The centers of hunger and satiety are located in: a) The brainstem b) Ventrolateral and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus c) The cerebellum d) The pituitary gland 44. What is the role of mucin in saliva? a) Neutralizes stomach acid b) Makes swallowing easier c) Aids in vitamin B12 absorption d) Prevents bacterial growth 45. The trophic function of saliva is determined by: a) Proteins and enzymes b) Microelements such as Ca²⁺, HPO₄²⁻, and F⁻ c) Hydrochloric acid d) Water and sodium 46. The fatty cells of the gastric mucosa produce gastromucoprotein. What is its role? a) Facilitates iron absorption b) Ensures absorption of vitamin B12 c) Neutralizes gastric acid d) Initiates protein digestion 47. How does damage to the lateral hypothalamus affect hunger in experimental animals? a) Hunger increases and leads to overeating b) Hunger decreases and leads to exhaustion c) Hunger increases but does not affect feeding behavior d) Hunger and satiety are unaffected 48. How does reducing gastric pH to 1 or below affect gastrin release by G cells? a) Increases gastrin secretion b) Stops gastrin secretion c) Has no effect on gastrin secretion d) Decreases secretion temporarily 49. What is the main meaning of membrane (parietal) digestion? a) Initial digestion of proteins b) Final hydrolysis and nutrient absorption c) Neutralization of stomach acids d) Activation of pancreatic enzymes 50. How would irritation of sympathetic fibers innervating the pancreas affect pancreatic secretion? a) Increases secretion b) Decreases secretion c) No effect on secretion d) Changes enzyme composition 51. How does stomach tone and motility change during hunger versus satiety? a) Tone decreases, peristalsis increases b) Tone increases, periodic peristalsis is observed c) Tone and peristalsis remain unchanged d) Tone and peristalsis decrease 52. When acidic chyme enters the duodenum, how do gastric tone and motility change? a) Pyloric sphincter contracts, gastric tone increases, and peristalsis stops b) Pyloric sphincter closes, gastric tone decreases, and peristalsis slows c) Pyloric sphincter opens, gastric tone increases, and peristalsis speeds up d) No changes occur 53. Which motor nerve coordinates peristalsis of the lower esophagus? a) Hypoglossal nerve b) Phrenic nerve c) Vagus nerve d) Glossopharyngeal nerve 54. Bile ejection from the gallbladder occurs under the influence of: a) High carbohydrate intake b) Fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrochloric acid in the duodenum c) Increased gastric motility d) Presence of proteins in the duodenum 55. Gastrin is formed in which part of the stomach? a) Cardiac region b) Fundic region c) Pyloric region d) Entire stomach lining 56. What substance determines the humoral phase of gastric secretion? a) Hydrochloric acid b) Gastrin c) Pepsin d) Secretin 57. Which of the following factors most stimulates gastrin release? a) Acidic chyme in the stomach b) Antral stretching of the stomach c) Increased bile secretion d) Neutral pH in the stomach 58. Which factor inhibits gastric secretion? a) Protein intake b) Fat intake c) Carbohydrate intake d) Water intake 59. Which components of gastric juice prevent food fermentation in the stomach? a) Enzymes b) Mucus c) Hydrochloric acid d) Pepsinogen 60. Which components of gastric juice enter the stomach from blood plasma without biochemical transformation? a) Water, sodium, potassium, chlorine, and some medications b) Enzymes and bile salts c) Mucus and bicarbonate d) Hormones and secretin 61. What is the purpose of the intestinal phase of digestion in the stomach? a) Stimulates gastric acid secretion b) Regulates or inhibits gastric acid secretion c) Neutralizes gastric enzymes d) Increases motility of the stomach 62. A patient has impaired absorption of fat hydrolysis. This pathology may be associated with a deficiency of: a) Bile acids or bilirubin b) Proteins c) Amylase d) Gastric lipase 63. Which contractions in the small intestine promote mixing of contents with digestive juice? a) Peristaltic contractions b) Pendulum contractions c) Tonic contractions d) Migrating motor complexes 64. A radiological examination showed a delay in the passage of a contrast agent through the small intestine. What type of food increases motility? a) Fatty food b) Liquid food c) Solid food d) Fiber-rich food 65. The continuity of food processing in different parts of the GI tract reflects: a) Coordinated motility b) The digestive conveyor c) Enzyme activation pathways d) Intestinal motility 66. Juice analysis showed a colorless liquid with a specific gravity of 1.001–1.002, pH 6.2, containing mucin, lysozyme, phosphates, chlorides, and sulfates. This is likely to be: a) Gastric juice b) Saliva c) Pancreatic juice d) Bile 67. In an experiment, damage to a section of the CNS caused a lack of conditioned salivary secretion. Which section was damaged? a) Brainstem b) Cortex c) Hypothalamus d) Cerebellum 68. After removing the intramural ganglia of the intermuscular plexus in the small intestine, what disturbances occur? a) Decreased enzyme production b) Disruption of peristaltic rhythm c) Increased motility d) Stasis of chyme 69. Which of the following factors is most involved in the formation of food motivation? a) Increased gastric motility b) Decreased levels of nutrients in the blood c) Presence of bile in the stomach d) Increased gastric acid secretion 70. Which of the following enzymes are not present in the intestinal juice of the large intestine? a) Lactase and sucrase b) Enterokinase and sucrase c) Amylase and maltase d) Trypsin and carboxypeptidase 71. What type of digestion occurs with the participation of enzymes synthesized in a given macroorganism? a) Extracellular digestion only b) Intracellular digestion only c) Own digestion (intra and extracellular digestion) d) Membrane digestion 72. The adaptive character of gastric secretion refers to: a) Secretion based on the phase of digestion and food composition b) Constant secretion regardless of food intake c) Secretion only during hunger d) Secretion in response to bile salts 73. What conditions favor the opening of the pyloric sphincter? a) Alkaline environment b) Acidic environment c) Neutral pH d) Presence of bile 74. Activation of trypsinogen and its conversion to trypsin occurs under the influence of: a) Enterokinase b) Gastric lipase c) Bile salts d) Cholecystokinin 75. Milk curdling in the stomach refers to: a) Neutralization of acids b) Casein digestion c) Absorption of fats d) Formation of lactic acid 76. The effect of gastrin includes all of the following except: a) Increased secretion of HCl and pancreatic enzymes b) Increased gastrointestinal motility c) Neutralization of stomach acid d) Stimulation of bile secretion 77. What is the effect of parasympathetic nerve irritation on salivary gland secretion? a) Decreases saliva production b) Causes the release of large amounts of liquid saliva c) Produces thick mucous saliva d) Has no effect on saliva production 78. What is not characteristic of gastric juice hydrochloric acid? a) Restores a neutral environment b) Prevents food fermentation c) Activates pepsinogen d) Kills microorganisms 79. The peculiarity of gastric lipase is that it is: a) Active at a pH of 7–8 and mainly functional in children b) Active at a pH of 1.5–2 in adults c) Important for protein digestion d) Unaffected by pH 80. The complex-reflex phase of gastric secretion is due to: a) Direct stimulation of gastric glands by food b) Irritation of olfactory, visual, and auditory receptors before food enters the body c) Presence of bile in the stomach d) Secretion of pancreatic enzymes "Appetizing" juice is juice that is produced Smell and sight Food, chewing and swallowing The mucoid secretion of gastric juice is produced by the Additional Cells (mucocytes) The major proteases of pancreatic juice are as follows Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, Carboxypeptidase A and B Which food substance will cause more saliva secretion? Sour, hot and spicy, crackers What substances cause inhibition of gastric secretion? Secretin, Cholecystokinin, prostaglandins, VIP, fat hydrolysis products, polypeptides, Amino acids, starch hydrolysis products, H+ (pH below 3 has a strong Braking action). The study of gastric juice secretion in humans is performed by the use of Probing aid, acidogastrometer Under the influence of which factor insoluble fatty acids are converted to soluble ones in the digestive tract. Bile acids What promotes the opening of the pyloric sphincter of the stomach? Presence of food in stomach /Neural and hormonal signals, such as the release of gastrin The trophic function of saliva is determined by the trace elements contained in it : calcium, Phosphorus and zinc, necessary for the formation of enamel The hydrolytic enzymes that ensure the breakdown of food are divided into the following groups Protease ( Endopeptidase, Exopeptidase) Lipases Carbohydrases Nucleases The main stimulus for primary peristalsis of the esophagus is: Swallowing What type of digestion begins in the large intestine Symbiont How gastric juice secretion changes during the intestinal phase of secretion Oppression What factors have a triggering effect on the secretion of pancreatic juice? Nervous Which regulatory mechanisms play a leading role in digestion in the large intestine? Local Which pancreatic enzymes are produced in the active state? Amylase and lipase Which substances are not part of pancreatic juice? Gall Acids How much bile is produced per day in humans? 0.5-1.5 l What processes predominantly occur in the large intestine? Intensive absorption of water, formation of feces, synthesis Vitamins What is the basic essence of membrane (contact) digestion? Final hydrolysis and absorption of nutrients What influences the hydrolysis of fiber in the large intestine? Microflora How will feelings of hunger and satiety manifest in an experimental animal with a destroyed lateral hypothalamic region? No feeling of hunger Occurs, the animal dies from exhaustion  What is the role of secretin in the digestive process? Stimulates secretion Bicarbonate in pancreatic juice What is enterokinase and where is it formed? This is an enzyme that Converts trypsinogen into trypsin (activates it), produced by cells 12pkishki 94.local level of hormonal regulation of the gut is provided by the Through hormones secreted by mucosal cells Intestines in response to various stimuli, such as the presence of food, Changes in pH, stretching of the intestinal walls and other factors. Examples: Secretin, gastrin, CCK, GIP, motilin, etc. 95.Bilateral destruction of lateral hypothalamic divisions causes Loss of appetite and death from exhaustion 96.Which of the following enzymes are found in pancreatic juice? Amylase, lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase A and B. 97.What type of motor activity is normal only in the large intestine Antiperistaltic contractions 98.Hydrolytic enzymes that provide hydrolytic breakdown of food are divided into the following groups Protease ( Endopeptidase, Exopeptidase) Lipases Carbohydrases Nucleases 99.The breakdown of carbohydrates occurs in the In the oral cavity and 12 intestines 100.The action of salivary amylase breaks down Starch is broken down (alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds 101.The hindgut pyloric reflex occurs  When HCl enters Small intestine. Acidic chyme, affecting the duodenal mucosa, Causes a reflex contraction of the pyloric sphincter → cessation Transfer of contents from the stomach 102.Digestion in the oral cavity ends with The act of swallowing 103.Phase of pancreatic secretion triggered by a complex of unconditional and conditioned reflexes Brain (complex reflex) 104.Under the influence of gastrin occurs Hydrochloric acid is released Parietal cells of the fundus of the stomach / causes the release of large Amount of liquid saliva 105.What is not typical for hydrochloric acid in gastric juice? Restores a neutral environment in the stomach, destroys polysaccharides 107.The complex-reflex phase of gastric secretion is due to the A complex Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes (anticipation of food, its appearance, smell, Situation) 108.The complex reflex phase of gastric secretion is due to By a complex Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes (anticipation of food, its appearance, smell, Situation) 109.What conditions contribute the opening of the pyloric sphincter? Gastric Distention, presence of food in stomach ,neural signal ,gastric hormones 110.Which food substance will cause greater saliva secretion? Carbohydrates. Sour, spicy and spicy foods. Crackers or bread 111.The basic functions of the digestive tract are as follows Motor, secretory,Endocrine, excretory, absorption, bactericidal 112. products of fat hydrolysis are called Glycerol and fatty acids 113. type of regulation is primary in the oral cavity Neuro-reflex 114. intestinal enzymes involved in membrane digestion are concentrated in: The membrane of enterocytes 115.What type of digestion is present only in the small intestine? Parietal 116.Motor activity of the small intestine is stimulated by Cholecystokinin 117. digestion in infants (up to 1 year old) Characterized by limited production of certain enzymes, reliance on breast milk or formula, an immature digestive system, slower gastric emptying time, and gradual introduction of solid foods starting around six months of age. 118.The cause of steatorrhea (appearance of fats in feces in infants is An enzyme deficiency. The presence of fats in the feces of infants is mainly due to enzymatic Insufficiency. Unlike an adult, a newborn has cleft Lipid production begins in the stomach under the action of three lipases: gastric, lingual and Breast milk lipase. … The imperfection of enzyme systems in children leads to To incomplete digestion of fats, and this is a normal option for some Of them. 119.Secretion of salivary glands... upon irritation of parasympathetic nerves Increases 120.The salivary center is located in the In the medulla oblongata at the edges Facial nerve nuclei 121.Proteolytic enzymes in pancreatic juice break down Proteins to Amino acids and peptides 122.The following functions are inherent in the small intestine Secretory, motor, Absorptive, excretory 123.Intestinal villi motility is enhanced by the hormone Villikinin 124.GIT motility... under the influence of sympathetic nerve irritation Will decrease 125.Chewing movements are recorded by the method of Masticationography 126.The main mechanism of glucose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is the following  Is diffusion 127. which dog can the complex-reflex phase of gastric secretion be observed in its pure form? On an esophagotomized dog with a gastric fistula 128.It is well known that when a person is hungry, he salivates at the smell of deliciously cooked food, at the sight of food, and at conversations about food. What physiological mechanisms stimulate salivation even before food enters the mouth? Education and allocation Saliva occurs on the basis of a complex reflex mechanism, including Conditional and unconditional components. Characteristics of food such as type, Smell and taste are its natural components. And the discussion of food Is a conditioned reflex stimulus of salivation. 129.Which phase and mechanism of pancreatic secretion is most important? Intestinal phase, because: 130.Secretin in the digestive process S-cells of the 12th colon during digestion Acidic gastric chyme and the humoral pathway stimulates the secretion Pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate 131.What triggers the cascade mechanism of pancreatic juice enzyme activation? Enterokinase 132.A patient has impaired enterokinase synthesis. Which digestive process in the small intestine will be primarily affected? Protein breakdown 133.Which part of the CNS was damaged in an experiment in an animal, resulting in the absence of conditioned reflex salivation? Cerebral cortex, Brain 134.The dog underwent isolated small ventricle surgery. How can you determine during normal feeding that the operation was performed according to Pavlov’s method? All phases of gastric secretion are present 135.What can explain the development of anemia in patients who have undergone resection (partial removal) of the stomach? Partial removal of the stomach? Decrease in the secretion of gastromucoprotein (factor Castle, necessary for the absorption of B12, necessary for hematopoiesis) 136.The study of the secretory function of the GI tract in animals is carried out by the method of Esophagotomy, fistula, resection of the gastrointestinal tract and analysis Content 137.The salivary center is located in  Medulla oblongata at the edges Facial nerve nuclei 138.A component of saliva that facilitates swallowing Mucin 139.The endocrine function of the gastrointestinal tract involves the secretion of Gastrointestinal hormones 140.The function of the liver to neutralize metabolic products is called Detoxification 141. absorption predominantly occurs in the Thin Intestines 142.Bile excretion into the duodenum, occurs Periodically When eating 143.Which bile substances have the strongest effect on the digestion and absorption of lipids? Bile acids 144.To reduce the increased secretion in the stomach, a... should be prescribed. M-cholinergic receptor blocker/H2-histamine receptor blocker 145.The receptors, the irritation of which triggers the vomiting reflex and swallowing reflex, are located on At the root of the tongue 146.The gastrointestinal reflex occurs when the mechanoreceptors of the stomach are irritated. Which of the following effects will occur in this case? Increased contraction of the small intestine 147.Which of the following factors is most involved in the formation of food motivation? Decreased nutrient levels in Blood 148Which of the following enzymes are not present in the intestinal juice of the large intestine? Enterokinase, sucrase 149.What type of digestion is it if it occurs with the participation of enzymes synthesized in a given macroorganism? Own 150.The food center is a collection of neurons in the Located on different Levels of the central nervous system that regulate the activity of the gastrointestinal tract and provide Food-procuring behavior. SLIDES For DIGESTION