Diabetes Mellitus by Dr Alpana Asurlekar.pptx

Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes is a condition that causes a person's blood sugar level to become too high, associated with dysfunction of the peptide hormone insulin UM1010 Dr Alpana Asurlekar  Learning objectives 1. Describe the structure and function of endocrine cells in the pancreas 2...

Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes is a condition that causes a person's blood sugar level to become too high, associated with dysfunction of the peptide hormone insulin UM1010 Dr Alpana Asurlekar  Learning objectives 1. Describe the structure and function of endocrine cells in the pancreas 2. Explain the physiology of blood glucose homeostasis 3. Assess the effects of hyper- and hypoglycaemia on body function 4. Explain the mechanisms responsible for hyperglycaemia in type I and type II diabetes  Diabetes Mellitus Identified in ancient Egypt (ca. 1500 B.C.) Identified in ancient India (~500 A.D.) as two separate conditions: Children – death in days Elderly & overweight – death in years Cause was then unknown and treatment unavailable Now, known that Diabetes is a condition that causes a person's blood sugar level to become too high. It is associated with dysfunction of the peptide hormone insulin  Pancreas Triangular gland behind the stomach Mixed gland Has both exocrine and endocrine tissue Acinar cells (exocrine) -98%produce an enzyme-rich juice for digestion Islets of Langerhans 2% is an endocrine tissue Principal function –secret insulin and glucagon Glucose metabolism regulation Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) specialized tissues contain endocrine cells Alpha (α) cells produce glucagon (a hyperglycaemic hormone) essential for controlling blood glucose levels. (20%) Beta (β) cells produce insulin (antagonistic to glucagon or a hypoglycaemic hormone) (= 70%) Delta Cells (δ) produce somatostatin, which inhibits both glucagon and insulin.(