Pharmaceutical Botany (Dicotyledons 2) PDF

PHAR 212: PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY (DICOTYLEDONS 2) SUBCLASS 2: DIALYPETALAE (Ranunculaceae and Papavaraceae) Asst. Prof. Dr. Emmanuel Mshelia Halilu CYPRUS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Faculty of Pharmacy SUBCLASS 2: DIALYPETALAE The calyx and corolla are usually well dev...

PHAR 212: PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY (DICOTYLEDONS 2) SUBCLASS 2: DIALYPETALAE (Ranunculaceae and Papavaraceae) Asst. Prof. Dr. Emmanuel Mshelia Halilu CYPRUS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Faculty of Pharmacy SUBCLASS 2: DIALYPETALAE The calyx and corolla are usually well developed and separate. The petals are free. Order: Ranales Family: Ranunculaceae (Buttercup family) Ranunculaceae is a large family with woody or herbaceous plants. Perianth and stamen have many members, members are free, acyclically arranged; gynaecium with many pistils and is apocarp. They are a very rich and important family with 50 genera and 1800 species, containing medicinal and poisonous plants. Aconitum napellus (Wolf’s Bane) It grows in the mountains of Central Europe. The perianth consists of blue-purple coloured corolla, calyx is not seen; the upper petal is in the form of a helmet, two nectaria with spurs are found inside this helmet shaped petal. Has numerous stamens. Perennial, up to 50-200 cm and has two tubers underground; one of them gives this year’s plant and the daughter tuber gives the next year’s. The tubers of A. napellus give the drug called Tubera Aconiti T.K. (Aconiti tuber). Usually the heavier tuber is selected as the drug, contains 0.5-1.5% alkaloids, the most effective is aconitine (others are neopelline, napelline etc.). Used as painkiller especially in nervous trigeminus neuralgia, and is also a cough sedative. This is a very poisonous drug. Other species are: A. orientale, A. nasutum, A. cochleare. These species also contain alkaloids, e.g. A. orientale has pontaconitine, A. cochleare has cochleasine. Aconitum napellus Delphinium staphisagria (Lice-bane) It grows in Mediterranean climate. It produces the drug Semen Staphisagriae (Staphisagriae semen) containing alkaloids. It is used externally in veterinary medicine to kill the body parasites of animals. It contains staphisagrin alkaloid. The plant is also very poisonous as the seeds! Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal) Origin: North America, Canada. Perennial herbaceous plant up to 30-40 cm; has a short rhizome, thin and numerous roots and only 2 leaves. The plant has a single flower, this plant is also poisonous. The roots and the rhizomes form the drug called Rhizoma Hydrastis T.K (Hydrastis rhizoma); contains alkaloids e.g., hydrastine, berberine and is used as hemostatic* in uterine hemorrhages. (*hemostatic: acting to arrest bleeding or hemorrhage) Cimicifuga racemosa (Syn. Actaea racemosa) (Black cohosh) It is a perennial herbaceous plant up to 1-2 m; It grows in North America. The roots and rhizomes of the plant are used as source of the drug Rhizoma Cimicifugae racemosae (Cimicifugae rhizoma) is dark brown. It produces acteine and cimicifugoside (triterpene glycosides) Cimicifuga racemosa Has hormonal activity due to formononetine; dilates the veins and increases the peripheral blood circulation due to acteine. Is used in the complications of menopause like hot flashes and sweating as hormone regulator and sedative. Also used in sleep disorders and rheumatism. Coptis chinensis (Chinese gold thread, Huang lian) It grows in the Far East, cultivated in China and Japan. The rhizomes have bitter taste. The drug Rhizoma Coptidis (Coptidis rhizoma) is also obtained from C. deltoides and C. japonica species. It contains berberine, protoberberine and palmatine alkaloids. The uses of the drug: Rhizoma Coptidis; - antibiotic, - antibacterial - Used in gastrointestinal disorders. - Also - protects heart muscle, - decreases blood sugar Helleborus niger (Black hellebore, Christmas rose) Grows in European forests, roots and rhizomes yield Rhizoma Hellebori nigri (Hellebori nigri rhizoma). It contains hellebroside (glycosides) and has cardiotonic* activity. (*cardiotonic: pertaining to a substance that tends to increase the efficiency of contractions of the heart muscle) Helleborus orientalis (Lenten rose, Oriental hellebore) It is a perennial, herbaceous and poisonous plant found in Northern Anatolia. Drug: Radix Hellebori (Hellebori radix) is a black, cylindrical drug. It contains cardiotonic heterosides (glycosides); used in the chest diseases of cattle in Anatolia. Adonis vernalis (False hellebore) Adonis species grows in Europe, they are annual species with yellow or red flowers. Aerial parts are known as Herba Adonidis (Adonidis herba) and contain a cardiotonic heteroside called adonitoxoside; it is also used diuretic. Other species include: Adonis flammea (Large Pheasant’s eye) Adonis aestivalis (Summer pheasant’s eye Paonia officinalis Roots are called Radix Paeoniae (Paeoniae radix); this drug contains a heteroside named peonol, has astringent and antispasmodic activity; is traditionally used as sedative in epilepsy* and whooping cough**. (*epilepsy: Any of various neurological disorders characterized by sudden recurring attacks of motor, sensory, or psychic malfunction with or without loss of consciousness or convulsive seizures; ** whooping couch: An infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bordatella pertussis, seen most commonly in children and characterized by coughing spasms often ending in loud gasps. Vaccinations usually given during infancy confer immunity to the disease. Also called pertussis). Nigella sativa (Black sesam) It is cultivated in Central and West Anatolia. It is an annual species with persistent styles. Oleum Nigellae=(Nigella Oil, Black Sesam oil) It has a potent bioactive compound known as thymoquinone which shows promise in treating epilepsy, allergies, and boosting the immune system. Nigella sativa Papaveraceae Family (Poppy Family) Characters of Papaveraceae: Leaves alternate, simple, lobed, latex present, flower solitary, actinomorphic, hypogynous. Sepals two or three, caducous, petals 2 or 3, stamens numerous, free, sometimes reduced to four or two, anthers extrorse, carpels two or many, parietal placentation, fruit capsule. Habit: The members of this family are mostly annual or perennial herbs, shrubs (Dendromedon), rarely trees (Bocconia). The plants have latex which may be white or yellowish in colour. Distribution of Papaveraceae The family is commonly known as poppy family. It consists of 28 genera and 700 species (Rendle) out of which 45 species are found in India. The members of this family are well distributed in the northern extra-tropical and temperate countries. Some are also found as weeds throughout the world. 1. Papaver somniferum Family: Papaveraceae Uses Food: The seeds of Papaver somniferum are used as condiment and food of people. Medicinal: Opium is obtained from the latex of the unripe fruits of Papaver somniferum. Opium is supposed to contain some 25 alkaloids; the better known are morphine, codeine, narcotine etc. Opium is a powerful narcotic and is used for addiction. Medicinally the alkaloid are quite valuable. Morphine is widely used to relieve pain as it acts on the sensory cells of the brain and the patient is lulled into an artificial sleep. Codeine is used in cough syrups as a mild sedative. Papaver somniferum Morphine is an opioid medicine prescribed for severe pain when other pain-relief medicines are not effective or cannot be used. If you take morphine regularly, stopping suddenly can cause withdrawal symptoms. Always take morphine exactly as prescribed by your Morphine doctor. 2. Sanguinaria Canadensis L. (Papaveraceae) Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis Linn.) is a flowering herbaceous perennial, native to eastern North America. The roots of Sanguinaria canadensis produce bloodroot and are used in rheumatism and dyspepsia. Bloodroot is used to treat flu, common colds, sinus infections, and lung infections. It is believed to act as an expectorant, eliminating phlegm and mucus in the airways. Research also suggests that S. canadensis may have inotropic effects, meaning that it strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle. Chemical constituents It contains eight isoquinoline alkaloids at biologically relevant concentrations including six quaternary benzophenanthridine alkaloids (QBAs) sanguinarine, chelerythrine, sanguilutine, chelilutine, sanguirubine, chelirubine and two protopin alkaloids protopine and allocryptopine. 2. Argemone mexicana (prickly poppies) Family: Papaveraceae Argemone produce an oil which is used for adulterating mustard oil. This oil is harmful to man. Thank you