DHOlec2.pptx

Dental History & Orientation The Egyptians  Hesy-Re was an Egyptian scribe who lived around 2600 B.C. and is recognized as the first dental practitioner.  They replace missing tooth/teeth of a high-ranking official and pharaoh using donor tooth/teeth with gold wires as dental bri...

Dental History & Orientation The Egyptians  Hesy-Re was an Egyptian scribe who lived around 2600 B.C. and is recognized as the first dental practitioner.  They replace missing tooth/teeth of a high-ranking official and pharaoh using donor tooth/teeth with gold wires as dental bridges  They curved seashells and hammered them into the jawbone, substituting it for missing teeth. They also used ivory as a raw material that they got from elephant tusks and animal bones.  They would crush rock, mint, salt, pepper and dried iris flower to create a tooth cleaning powder. The Egyptians  They chew and spit bran and celery as a mouthwash.  First to use bridgework and pivot teeth.  First to use ligatures of gold wire woven around tooth. The Mayans  The artificial roots were made of jade and seashell and fused with the jawbone tissue like modern-day implants.  By 800AD, the Mayans and Hondurans were using stone as teeth replacement. The Sumerians  They Occupied the middle and southern part of Mesopotamia.  Produced the earliest form of writing, Cuneiform Script.  They described tooth worms as a cause of dental decay. The Chinese  Huang-Di, The yellow Emperor  He introduced the therapeutic method of acupuncture  They replaced missing teeth with small bamboo pegs.  They recommended the use of arsenic for preservation and hygiene of the teeth. The Chinese  2700 BC—Ancient Chinese dentists used acupuncture as part of their tooth decay treatment.  500 BC—Chinese and Indians used toothpaste (a thick paste by mixing bones and twigs with flower petals, salt, and water).  AD 200—Arsenic was used to treat tooth decay, most likely meant to kill the tooth pulp and relieve toothache pain.  AD 659—Li Shih-Chen formulated a silver and mercury mixture that was used for fillings.  AD 1490s—Coarse hog hair was attached to a bone or bamboo handle, and the common toothbrush was invented. The Phoenician  In 600BC earliest attempt to replace a missing tooth with animal teeth and held in place with cords.  They used gold strings to support unstable teeth.  They created dental bridges by curving ivory and tying it with gold strings. The bridge was then placed on cavities and secured with the wires. The Etruscans  First developed dental prosthesis.  They experimented with teeth filling using gold in 700 B.C. and with artificial teeth implants from animals were held with gold bands.  Gold partial dentures and dental bridges. The Romans  They used scary clamps and drills to remove teeth.  Ancient Roman oral surgical tools included the curettes, osteotomes, cauteries, scalpels, bone forceps, and bone levers. These tools were used to treat conditions such as toothache and to extract teeth.  They invented the usage of narcotics during dental surgery. Opium was their pain medication for dentistry.  Romans were well aware of oral hygiene and had healthy teeth’s due to their diet.  Roman dentists replaced missing teeth’s and extracted teeth’s only when it could not be treated. The Dark Ages of Dentistry  The middle age (5th – 15th century AD) called the dark ages of dentistry, toothache was prevalent and people suffered a lot.  In addition, the treatment at that time was brutal, as the teeth were forcefully and brutally pulled out.  Though evidence shows that powders, toothpaste, and mouthwash for halitosis existed then, sugar was also a luxury and most people relied on natural sugar from honey and fruits.  The tools used for dentistry were triceps and pelican (made of metal, inflicts pains and causes damage to the gum).  It was common to replace missing teeth with another human’s teeth. Human donors, cadavers, and the poor supplied the teeth. However, most dental transplants were unsuccessful because the patient’s body would treat the donor’s teeth as a foreign object. The Age of Enlightenment  Dentistry became a recognized profession.  New dental materials and discoveries allowed for more hygienic practices. Porcelain dentures also became standard (no more using the teeth of the recently deceased!).  Universities began to open specialized dental schools. Hippocrates  He wrote the authentic history of dentistry  Wrote about the eruption pattern of teeth, treating decayed teeth and gum disease, extracting teeth with forceps, and using wires to stabilize loose teeth and fractured jaws. Aristotle  Greek Philosopher  Contributor of dental knowledge.  Discussed the formation of teeth.  He penned descriptions of tooth growth, tooth decay, and gum disease.  Like Hippocrates, he also developed treatment methods, such as using forceps to pull teeth and using wires to attach loose teeth.  “Men has more teeth than women” Claudius Galen  Greek Physician  He distinguished seven pairs of cranial nerves, described the valves of the heart, and observed the structural differences between arteries and veins.  One of his most important demonstrations was that the arteries carry blood, not air.  He was the first to recognize nerves (pulps) in the teeth, and also erroneously believed that the teeth have something to do with the sense of taste.  He was also of the opinion that the teeth grow and thus repair the wear on them, basing his opinion on the fact, that a tooth having no opponent became longer.  Advised rubbing the gums with the milk of a bitch or the brains of hare to ease the toothache. Andreas Vesalius  Father of Modern Anatomy  Discovered that the human body was made up of systems and groups of organs that perform specific functions.  Asserts that the permanent successor forms on top of the root of the deciduous tooth after its crown is shed. Bartholomaeus Eustachius  Father of Dental Anatomy  A native of San Severino in Italy  Professor of anatomy at the Collegia della Sapienza in Rome  He produced in 1563 the first treatise ever written on the anatomy of the teeth, Libellus de Dentibus. First book devoted to the structure and function of the teeth  His detailed studies of newborn fetuses display the developing crowns of each deciduous tooth and the first permanent molar and when the crypts of the incisors and canines are carefully examined he also observed the germs of the permanent successors.  First to present the existence of the central chamber of teeth. Gabriel Fallopius  Discovered and named numerous parts of the human body.  Discovered the tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus (now known as fallopian tubes) and several major nerves of the head and face.  He described the semicircular canals of the inner ear (responsible for maintaining body equilibrium) and named the vagina, placenta, clitoris, palate, and cochlea (the snail-shaped organ of hearing in the inner ear).  First to write clearly of the dental follicle. Lazare Rivière  Also known as Lazarus Riverius  He was the first to describe aortic valve inflammation.  Advocates remedies for toothache.  He proposed brushes of tobacco ashes, alum-based mixtures, or sulfuric acid.  He treated cavities with cotton swabs dipped in oils of cloves, camphor, or boxwood and conducted root canals with cautery, sulfuric acid, or nitric acid.  Said that small veins that nourishes the teeth passes through the ear.  To relieve toothache by dropping oil of bitter almonds into the ear on the side affected by the pain, or by introducing a piece of garlic, peeled and cut into the form of a suppository, into the ear or by allowing the vapor of hot vinegar, in which pennyroyal or origanum has been boiled, to penetrate into it. Guy De Chauliac  French physician  Greatest surgeon of the middle ages  Wrote the Chirurgia Magna  He was among the first to describe two different types of plague, pneumonic and bubonic. Giovanni of Arcoli  Giovanni d’Arcoli or also known as Johannes Arculanis  He presented the number of roots.  He was first to propose filling a tooth with a thin layer of gold.  Invented the dental pelican, a dental instrument which took the shape of a pelican's beak and was used for extractions. The pelican as represented in Giovanni d’Arcoli’s work. Forceps pro extrahendis dentibus pulicanum dicta. Dental forceps (Giovanni d’Arcoli.) Forcipum pro extrahendis dentibus forma. The forceps called “stork’s bill,” as represented in Giovanni d’Arcoli’s work. Forceps pro extrahendis fragmentis quod Rostrum Ciconiæ dicent. Giovanni Plateario  A professor at Pisa.  Introduced the sitting position in dentistry. Alessandro Benedetti  Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at Padua University.  He became famous for the construction of the first anatomical theater ever built.  First noted the harmful effect which mercury has on the gums and teeth. Ambroise Paré  Surgeon-barber  Chief surgeon to the courts of two French kings.  First to write about palatal obturators.  Made advocate of replantation.  One of the pelicans used by Ambroise Paré. Dental files (Ambroise Paré) Two gum lancets and a trifid lever called “poussoir” (Ambroise Paré). Two other pelicans and a pair of curved pincers (Ambroise Paré). Nathaniel Highmore  Called the maxillary sinus as “Antrum”  Made drawings of the hollow walls of the alveoli.  He pointed out for the first time the anatomical relation between the teeth and antrum, and related a most amusing incident in connection with perforation of this sinus.  He published a well written treatise on human anatomy in 1651 noteworthy for its accurate and well written account of blood circulation. Thomas Berdmore  Dentist of King George III  Published one of the most useful books on dentistry.  Instructed medical students, one of which is Robert Woofendale. Lorenz Heister  Surgeon of Frankfort  He coined the word "tracheotomy"  He is credited for being the first physician to perform a post-mortem section of appendicitis  He introduced the use of spinal braces  Published a treatise on dentistry entitled De Dentium Dolore  He advised removing the decayed part of a tooth with a file or toothpick and filling the cavity with white wax, mastic or gold or lead- foil  Removable prosthetic pieces made of ivory or hippopotamus tusks  Advises the removal of the decayed part with the file Girolamo Fabrizio  Made a major study of the venous system and was the first to describe the valves in the veins.  He favored using a vertical incision and was the first to introduce the idea of a tracheostomy tube.  Wrote the principal operation necessary to perform on teeth 1. Forced opening of the dental arches in cases of prolonged constriction of the same, so as to prevent the patient from dying of hunger. 2. Cleaning of the teeth. 3. Medication of carious cavities. 4. Filling with gold-leaf. 5. Removal or resection of teeth abnormally situated. 6. Removal of any unevenness or sharpness of the teeth. 7. Extraction. Walter Hermann Ryff  Publishes Major Surgery Die grosse Chirurgie, a text that includes dental instruments for extraction.  First to publish a book on oral hygiene.  Principal causes of dental diseases are heat, cold, traumatism and the gathering of humors. Pelican and dental forceps (Walter Hermann Ryff).