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pairing of homologous chromosomes The pairing of homologous Prophase I: Zygotene chromosomes takes place during: embryonic polarity : poorly During embryonic development, mammalian embryonic polarity most poorly understood CAM...

pairing of homologous chromosomes The pairing of homologous Prophase I: Zygotene chromosomes takes place during: embryonic polarity : poorly During embryonic development, mammalian embryonic polarity most poorly understood CAMs and SAMs In the event of mis regulation in the gastrulation expression of critical morpho regulatory molecules such as the CAMs and SAMs, the stage-specific events of ____ would be most largely affected NAD TO NADP During metabolic activation of the Cell membranes for newly-formed cells oocyte, activation of the NAD kinase converts/phosphorylates NAD to NADP, a coenzyme for lipid biosynthesis. Lipids would be - needed for: - This Involves sequential Differentiation expression of genes of the developing embryo to establish specialized cells. This is the concept of: Caudal dysgenesis 6. In cases when insufficient mesoderis formed in the caudal-most region of the embryo as due to the absence of Brachury T gene products would result to a condition of?  7. Second meiotic arrest occurs Metaphase of meiosis 2 8. In a late cleavage stage there is? Depletion of cyclin B and other cycling factors\ Increase in embryonic size 9. Amphibian dev, specialized cells Bottle shaped cells involved in invagination Embryo grows significantly in mass 10. Which of the following DOES NOT The blastomeres increase in numbers but do not occur during cleavage grow in size 11. Amphibian oogenesis, required for progesterone resumption of meiosis Dorsalization of notochord and somites 12. BMP4 antagonized during dorso -if ac vated: favors ventraliza on ventral specification -if inhibited by chordin and noggin: favors dorsaliza on 13. A neurulation error due to the anencephaly failure of the anterior neuropore to close is called 14. The primitive streak develops from epiblast Cerberus 15. The secreted factor ____ in coordination with OTX2, LIM1, and HESX1 genes are involved in establishing the cranial end of the embryo during gastrulation onwards to neurulation 16. Stage of embryonic development Gastrula characterized by the onset of morphogenetic movements and selective cell adhesions is the 17. Identify the Law Theory being Theory of Epigenesis by Lazzaro described herewith: “in the early Spallanzani and Caspar Friedrich Wolff oocyte, there does not exist a miniature being but only the materials of which the embryo is built” 18. Remarkably , Vg-1 and wnt are Posterior marginal zone used in both frogs and chicks to -among the choices, this is the nearest answer. establish a body axis, although in But the more correct one is EMBRYONIC DISC. chicks this is the antero-posterior axis instead of the dorso-ventral axis. What is the region of the chick embryo that is thus analogous to the chordamesoderm? Koller’s sickle Primitive streak Area pellucida Posterior marginal zone blastoderm 19. Migration of the mesenchymal cells ingression from the epiblast region into the blastocoel is 20. Stage of embryonic development Cleavage characterized by an increase in cell number in the absence of growth is the epiblast 21. The primitive streak develops from 22. The secreted factor ____ in Cerberus coordination with OTX2, — -lack of info. Unverifiable. 23. In amphibian embryonic development, the specialized-cells Bottle shaped cells involved in the invagination process are the: 24. The commonality of having pharyngeal slits in the early embryonic development of RECAPITULATION vertebrates and the gradual differences thereafter illustrates the Law/ Theory of: 25. In human embryo development, the Cervical level/Cervical Region fusion of the neural fold begins at -Specifically, the level of the 5th somite the 26. Depletion of cyclin B and other Cleavage stage cycling factors happens during 27. If and when BMP4 was Ventralization of mesoderm inhibitor-unregulated, axis establishment may occur by default which is BEST likely the: 28. Convergent extension is MOST Neurulation prevalent during  29. Regulating the development of the Homeobox Gene cranio-caudal segments of the somites and the vertebrae in mammals is a function of the 30. In mammals, the primitive streak epiblast develops from the 31. Misregulation in the expression of gastrulation critical morphological CAMs and SAMs, stage specific events Point of sperm entry 32. The initial dorsal-ventral axis in amphibian embryo is determined by Cavity of the neural tube 33. Chambers of the brain and the spinal cord arises from  34. 1st meiotic block is lifted off Onset of puberty immediately around the Onset of yolk formation -onset of cor cal reac on happens during Meiosis Onset of ferti block II. Onset of dna repli -onset of DNA replica on happens only during S Onset of corti phase. Onset of puberty -onset of fer liza on happens before the li ing off of Meiosis block II. 35. The formation of bilaminar and Gastrulation trilaminar disk is: 36. Failure of the AVE to form may Head formation compromise foremost the expression of gene for: Formation of paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm Dorso-ventral patterning of neural tube Formation of notochordal process Laterality establishment Head formation 37. Regulating the development of the Hox genes Cranio-caudal segments of the somites and the vertebrae in mammals is a function of 38. Spermatogonia are: Self renewing  39. Which of the following genes is Goosecoid but not Chordin and noggin most likely inhibited in the case of error in the Anter-posterior axis establishment? O Nodal and Lefty O Pit2 O Goosecoid but not Chordin and noggin O Fgf8 and Nodal O Chordin but not BMP4 40. Spreading of sheet of embryonic Convergent extension cells with accompanying interdigitation and intercalation 41. Identify the Law/Theory being Preformation described herewith: All the parts of the future embryo were known to be already present in the egg but these were transparent, folded small and could not be seen… but at the start of development these unfolded, stretched and become visible… 42. Which statement is true of Ch neurulation? -Lack of info. Unverifiable. 43. If and when the primordial germ Teratoma cells failed to reach their final destination, these can form embryonic abnormality known as 44. Mammalian embryonic stage that is implanted in the uterus Blastocyst 45. That of maternal genes and oocyte Preformed guidelines cytoarchitecture– 46. The onset of events like positional Inevitability information, intracellular clock, and apoptosis illustrate the concept of: new balance in the nuclear : cytoplasmic 48. The transition from maternal-to- volume ratio zygotic genome activation is -or due to deple on of maternally-loaded cyclin triggered ON by: Band other cell factors (CDC2/CDK1). 49. Capacitation takes place in the Throughout female genital tract  50. Stages of fertilization 42513 I. Onset of new dna synthesis II. Cortical reaction III. First cell division IV. Acrosomal reaction;membrane depolarization V. Fusion of pronuclei 51. The cortical reaction functions Formation of fertilization membrane directly in the: 52. The brain vesicle that will determine Metencephalon where cranial nerve will arise is the Generally, Rhombencephalon 53. 1st meiotic division End product is: Secondary Oocyte 54. Which structure in avian and Primitive streak mammalian embryos function like the blastopore in amphibian embryo 55. The agent of ventral specification of Sonic hedgehog the neural tube, probably originating from the notochord is the __ 56. In amphibian oogenesis, the Progesterone resumption of meiosis (which causes germinal vesicle breakdown) requires: estrogen O FSH O Aromatase O LH O progesterone 57.A default in the Lefty2 and Nodal genes would have the most immediate Pitx2 impact on the regulation of: -activated by both lefty2 and nodal  58. Law/Theor means that there is one biogenesis way to upbuild a given kind of organism and that every individual shall do it in essentially the same way as its ancestors 59. This has diploid set of chromosomes Intermediate spermatogonia 60. If and when the activity of BMP4 was Dorsalization of notochord and somites antagonized during dorso-ventral specification, this would result to: 61. The Hensen’s node is homologous Dorsal lip of blastopore to the amphibian’s: 62. N-cadherins are normally not Epidermal cells expressed by 63. The archenteron of the developing Digestive tract lumen frog embryo eventually develops into Goosecoid gene/nodal gene44 64. A default in the spatio-temporal expression of this gene (that codes for a transcription factor) likewise could lead to the default in the expression of genes that regulate/block of the activity of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4)  65. Neurulation is exclusively secondary type in: Fish 66. The localized formation of the Invagination blastopore is due to -mass movement of cells signifies involu on 67. In amphibian dorso-ventral Cellular compaction patterning, which is NOT included? 68. Which of the following is not involved nodal in left-right asymmetry of -nodal is for anterior-posterior axis forma on vertebrates: 69. During cleavage: There is no increase in size 70. A primitive streak forms during the I & III early embryonic development of which: I. Bird II. Frog III. Cat 71. Which would most likely occur in Malformation of lower vertebrae the developing embryo if and when there was a default in the normal expression of the brachyury T gene? 72. In human embryo development, 4th week of primary neurulation ends at around development -4th week the - No answer text provided. anterior/posterior - 3rd week of development neuropore closes. - 12th week of development - 4th week of development - 16th week of development 73. Copies of the embryonic genome increase during Cleavage 74. Neurulation is exclusively secondary type in: Fish 75. The new balance in nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio that Early cleavage triggers transition from maternal genome activation to zygotic genome activation happens during  76. Which statement is true for I, II, IV, V only neurulation? I. Neural tube separates from the III- should be ectoderm epidermis and drop below surface II. Formation of neural tube is due to inductive influence of the chordamesoderm and/or notochordal plate III. Neural tube is derived from the endoderm IV. Microtubules play a role in neurulation V. During neurulation, mesodermal layer on either side of notochord splits into longitudinal divisions 77. Future site of the dorsal lip of blastopore (DLB) is determined by Chordamesoderm the: 78. Dorsal axis formation BMP4 (inhibitor for Dorsal Axis formation) Goosecoid gene/nodal gene44 79. A default in the spatio-temporal expression of this gene (that codes for a transcription factor) likewise could lead to the default in the expression of genes that regulate/block the activity of morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) 80. Which of the following is a product of the 1st meiotic division? Secondary spermatocyte YES - 1 NO - 2 DROPDOWN (Needs rechecking) 81. YES OR NO 1 cell-cell adhesiveness involves cadherins 2 : fibronectin CAMs provide contact guidance to the migrating cells 1 Fibronectins are SAMs Migration strategy of germ cells is 1 via amoeboid movement 82. YES OR NO 1 The transition from maternal to 1 zygotic genome activation is 1 triggered ON by the addition of new 1 gap phases into the cell cycle The transition from maternal to zygotic genome activation is triggered ON by the depletion of cyclin B and other cycling factors The transition from maternal to zygotic genome activation is triggered ON by the new balance in nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio In the transition from maternal to zygotic genome activation, there is loss of synchronous all division 83. YES OR NO 2 If and when BMP4 was active 2 during dorso-ventral patterning, 1 goosecoid gene is highly activated 1 as well During oocyte maturation, there is rapid decline in RNA synthesis Necessary components of the cell cycling during the early embryonic stage are maternally-derived only Pattern formation is an embryonic process that acquires spatial information for the cells 84. YES OR NO 2 Mammalian sperm penetrates the oocyte at a time when the oocyte is 1 at metaphase of meiosis I Vitellogenic phase considers the 2 change occurring in the cytoplasm Embryonic cells at midblastula 2 stage are totipotent The actual fusion of the male and Vitellogenesis female perinuclei is homomixis 85. YES OR NO Programmed cell death regulates 1 proper structure sculpting by eliminating interdigital-webbings 1  Mosaic development depends upon interactions between parts of the developing embryo resulting to formation of different tissues Oct 4 is required for the maturation of ICM while Cdx2 is required for 1 the maturation of TE Potency is the ability of cell to follow a certain developmental 1 pathway 86. YES OR NO 2 Position and angle of mitotic spindle has no distinct role in cleavage 1 Telolecithal oocytes exhibited meroblastic cleavage 1 In human embryonic development, closure of the cranial neuropore 1 occurs around the formation of the 19th somite Affinity between embryos lower and higher vertebrates lies in the pharyngeal pouches 87. YES OR NO 2 If the cells were totipotent, their fate is determined Insemination is the period of 2 conditioning of the sperm as it passes along the female reproductive tract Cell behaviors involving epithelial- 2 mesenchymal cells are independent of regulation by gene activities 2 In late cleavage to early blastula, the cell cycle gradually becomes biphasic  88. CHOOSE 2 1- amphibian 3 2 - avian 4 3 - mammalian 1 4- all choices 5 - none of the choices Yellow yolk is actually the oocyte - The trophoblast contributes to the large part of the placenta The first blood vessels arise from the yolk sac mesoderm Oogenesis takes three years to complete 89. Choose 3 1. Amphibian 4 1 2. Avian 3 3. Mammalian 4. Both 2 and 3 5. All choices formation of outer and inner cells at the 16-cell stage gastrulation primarily involves migration and ingression gastrulation primarily involves invagination and involution compaction at 8-cell stage