Depressive Disorders PDF

Rebus Ice breaker popular word picture puzzles with hidden meanings to solve from the pictogram. Rebus Puzzle no.1 Rebus Puzzle no.1 Wake up Rebus Puzzle no.2 Rebus Puzzle no.2 Breakfast Rebus Puzzle no.3 Rebus Puzzle no.3 Forget it Rebus Puzzle no.4 Rebus Puzzle no.4 Tea bag ...

Rebus Ice breaker popular word picture puzzles with hidden meanings to solve from the pictogram. Rebus Puzzle no.1 Rebus Puzzle no.1 Wake up Rebus Puzzle no.2 Rebus Puzzle no.2 Breakfast Rebus Puzzle no.3 Rebus Puzzle no.3 Forget it Rebus Puzzle no.4 Rebus Puzzle no.4 Tea bag Rebus Puzzle no.5  Rebus Puzzle no.5 Vegetables Thank You for Participating, Everyone DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS GROUP 4 Solano, Eugenio, Zacarias, Arao WHAT IS DEPRESSION? WHAT Depression is a multifaceted medical condition IS characterized by a pervasive cloud of emotional and psychological symptoms that affects around DEPRESSION? 20% of women, and 12% men (Morin A. 2022).  DEPRESSION: A LEADING CAUSE OF DISABILITY WORLDWIDE Depression has inched up to No. 2 in a worldwide rankings as a cause of Disability OVERVIEW: Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) Major Depressive Disorder “Clinical Depression” Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder DISRUPTIVE DYSREGULATION MOOD DISORDER a mental health condition in children and adolescents characterized by severe, recurrent temper outbursts that are out of proportion to the situation and inconsistent with developmental level. Between these outbursts, individuals experience a persistently irritable or angry mood most of the day, nearly every day. DMDD significantly impairs daily functioning and relationships, often overlapping with other mood or behavioral disorders. It is known as a childhood psychiatric disorder DMDD was introduced last May 2013 on DSM-5  DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA A. Severe recurrent temper outbursts manifested verbally F. Criteria A and D are present in at least two of and/or behaviorally that are grossly out of proportion in three settings. (i.e., at home, at school, with peers). intensity or duration to the situation or provocation. G. The diagnosis should not be made for the first B. The temper outbursts are inconsistent with time before age 6 years or after age 18 years. developmental level. H. By history or observation, the age at onset of C. The temper outbursts occur, on average, three or more times per week. Criteria A-E is before 10years. D. The mood between temper outbursts is persistently I. No manic or hypomanic episode for irritable or angry most of the day, nearly every day, and is more than 1 day. observable by others. J. Symptoms are not attributable to the physiological E. Criteria A-D have been present for 12 or more month effects of a substance or to another medical condition. DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES PREVALENCE Unclear The core feature of DMDD is chronic, severe Overall 6-month to 1-year period- persistent irritability. prevalence among children and adolescents probably 2%-5% Frequent temper outburts Severe irritability Higher in males and school-age children than in females and The clinical presentation of DMDD must be adolescents carefully distinguished from presentations of More common than bipolar disorder other related symptoms, especially pediatric than adolescence, and symtpoms of bipolar disorder. the condition generally become less common as children into adulthood DEVELOPMENT AND COURSE The onset of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder must be before age 10 years, and the diagnosis should not be applied to children with a developmental age of less than 6years. Rates of bipolar disorder generally are very low prior to adolescence, with a steady increase into early adulthood RISK & PROGNOSTIC FACTORS Temperamental Genetic & Physiological DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS COMORBIDITY Bipolar Disorder Anxiety Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder Major Depressive Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Disorder (ADHD) PERSISTENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER a chronic form of depression characterized by a consistently low mood lasting for at least two years in adults (or one year in children and adolescents), along with symptoms like low energy, poor self-esteem, and difficulty concentrating. While the symptoms are typically less severe than major depressive disorder, their long-lasting nature can significantly impact daily functioning and quality of life. Also known as DYSTHYMIA newly coined term in DSM-5  DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA A. Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, E. There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic as indicated by either subjective account or observation by episode, and criteria have never been met for cyclothymic others, for atleast 2 years. disorder. B. Presence, while depressed, of two (or more) of the following: 1. Poor appetite or overeating. F. The disturbance is not better explained by a persistent 2. Insomnia or hypersomnia. schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, delusional 3. Low energy or fatigue. disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia 4. Low self-esteem. spectrum and other psychotic disorder. 5. Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions. 6. Feelings of hopelessness G. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological C. During the 2-year period (1 year for children or adolescents) effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) of the disturbance, the individual has never been without the or another medical condition (e.g. hypothyroidism). symptoms in Criteria A and B for more than 2 months at a time. H. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or D. Criteria for a major depressive disorder may be continuously impairment in social, occupational,or other important present for 2 years. areas of functioning. DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES PREVALENCE Essential feature of PDD is depressed 12-month prevalence in US: mood that occurs most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years for adults and at least 1 year for children. 0.5% for persistent depressive disorder During the 2 year period or 1 year period, any symptom-free intervals last no longer than 2 months. 1.5% for chronic major Major depression precedes PDD thus, depressive disorder Individuals who meet the criteria for MDD for 2 years will have a diagnosis of both PDD and MDD DEVELOPMENT AND COURSE PDD has an early and insidious onset. PDD also has a chronic course. RISK & PROGNOSTIC FACTORS Temperamental - Factors predictive of poorer long-term outcome include higher levels of neuroticism (negative affectivity), greater symptoms severity, poorer global functioning, and presence of anxiety disorders or conduct disorder Environmental - Childhood risk factors include parental separation Genetic and physiological - Relatives with PDD DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS COMORBIDITY Major Depressive Disorder Anxiety Disorder Psychotic Disorder Personality Disorder SYMPTOMS MNEMONICS SPECIFIERS with pure dysthymic syndrome with persistent major depressive episode with intermittent major depressive episodes, with current episode with intermittent major depressive episodes, without current episode MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common but serious mood disorder that is characterized by a low mood and negative emotions that last for most of the day. Other wise known as a “Clinical Depression” The Disorder without a “face”  DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA A. Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been 7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate present during the same 2-week period and represent a guilt. change from previous functioning; at least one of the 8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or symptoms is either indecisiveness, nearly everyday. 9. Recurrent thoughts of death or comitting suicide. (1) depressed mood B. The symptoms cause clinically distress or impairment in (2) lost of interest or pleasure social, occupational or other important areas of functioning. 1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day C. The episode is not attributable to the physiological effects 2. Markedly diminished interset or pleasure in all, or of a substance or to another medical condition. almost all, activities most of the day. 3. Significant weight loss when not deiting or weight D. The occurence of the major depressive episode is not better gain. explained by schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic 4. Insomia or Hypersomia nearly every day. disorders. 5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearlt every day. E. There has never been a manic episode or hypomanic 6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day. episode. DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES PREVALENCE Symptoms for MDD must be present nearly every day to be considered present, 12-month prevalence in US is 7%. with the exception of weight change and suicidal ideation. 18-29-year-old individuals are threefold higher than those 60 years Fatigue and sleep disturbance are present and older. in a high proportion of cases; psychomotor disturbances are much less common. Females experienced 1.5 to 3-fold higher rates than males in early adolescense. DEVELOPMENT AND COURSE MDD may first appear at any age. Likelihood of onset increases markedly with puberty. RISK & PROGNOSTIC FACTORS Temperamental - Neuroticism (negative affectivity) is the well- established risk factor for the onset of MDD, most likely to develop depressive episodes in response to stressful life events. Environmental - Adverse childhood experiences, and stressful life events. Genetic and physiological - First-degree family members (two to fourfold higher than the general population), heritability (approximately 40%) DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS COMORBIDITY Manic episodes with Panic Disorder irritable mood or mixed Borderline Personality Disorder episodes. Mood disorder due to other medical condition. PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER PMDD involves depression symptoms associated with hormone changes that begin a week before and improve within a few days after the onset of your period, and are minimal or gone after completion of your period. A combination of physical symptoms, severe mood swings and anxiety are associated with incapacitation during this period of time. All of the evidence indicates that PMDD id best considered a disorder of mood as opposed to a physical disorder.  DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA A. In the majority of the mentrual cycle, at least five C. One (or more) of the following symptoms must symptoms present in the final week before the onset of additionally be present, to reach a total of five symptoms menses, start to improve within a few days after the when combined with symptoms from Criterion B above. onset of menses, and become minimal or absent in the weekk postmenses. 1. Decreased interest in usual activities (e.g., work, school, friends, hobbies). B. One (or more) of the following symptoms must be 2. Subjective difficulty in concentration. present: 3. Lethargy, easy fatigability, or marked lack of energy. 4. Marked change in appetite; overeating; or specific 1. Marked affective lability (mood swings). food cravings. 2. Marked irritability or anger or increased 5. Hypersomia or Insomia. interpersonal conflicts. 6. A sense of being overwhelmed or out of control. 3. Marked depresses mood, feelings of hopelessness, or 7. Physical symptoms such as breast tenderness or self-deprecating thoughts. swelling, joint or muscle pain, a sensation of 4. Marked anxiety, tension, and/or feelings of being “bloating”, or weigth gain. keyed up or on edge.  DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA D. Associated with clinically significant distress or interference with work, school, usual social activities, or relationship with others. E. The disturbance is not merely an exacerbation of the symptoms of another disorder, such as MDD, Panic Disorder, PDD (dysthymia), or a Personality Disorder. F. Criterion A should be confirmed by prospective daily ratings during at least two symptomatic cycles. G. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., drug abuse, medication or other treatment) or another medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism) DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES PREVALENCE Essential features of PMDD are the 12-month prevalence - between 1.8% expression of mood lability, irritability, to 5.8% of mentruating women. dysphoria, and anxiety symptoms that occur repeatedly during the pre-menstrual 1.8% for women whose symptoms phase of the cycle and remit around the onset of menses or shortly therafter. meet the full criteria without functional impairment. Delusions and hallucinations have been described in the late luteal phase of the 1.3% for women whose symptoms menstrual cycle but are rare. meet the current criteria with functional impaiarment and without The premenstrual phase has been considered by some to be a risk period of co-occuring symptoms from another suicide. mental disorder. DEVELOPMENT AND COURSE Incidence of new cases over a 40-month follow up period id 2.5%. Many reports of worsened symptoms as they approach menopause. Symptoms cease after menopause, although cyclical hormone replacement can trigger the re-expression of symptoms. RISK & PROGNOSTIC FACTORS Environmental - Enviromental factors associated with the expression of PMDD include stress, history of interpersonal trauma, seasonal changes and sociocultural aspects of female sexual behavior in general, and female gender role in particular. Genetic and physiological - Heritability of PMDD is unkown. However, for prementrual symptoms, estimates for heritability range between 30% and 80% with the most stable component of premenstrual symptoms estimated to be about 50% heritability. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Premenstrual Syndrome Dysmenorrhea Thank you