Demanding Rakayka PDF

Stress - disruptive condition produced by Psychological/Social Factors change in environment that is perceived by Financial Concerns – cost of threatening or damage to person’s treatment &...

Stress - disruptive condition produced by Psychological/Social Factors change in environment that is perceived by Financial Concerns – cost of threatening or damage to person’s treatment & potential loss of equilibrium income Adaptation – adjustment to the change to Pre-existing mental health issues balance person’s equilibrium - Depression & anxiety Impact to family – concerns about illness affect the family Emotional Factors Physical Factors Fear & anxiety – worries about dx, treatment outcome and future Pain / Discomfort Loss of Independence - relying on Fatigue other for basic needs Loss of Mobility – bedridden or Uncertainty – Not knowing the limited movement outcome or expectations GATE CONTROL THEORY OF PAIN Environmental Factors Resting - Before an Potential action potential Unfamiliar surrounding – new occurs environment (new sounds, smell & sights can be unsettling) Lack of Privacy – sharing rooms & being constantly monitored by medical staffs = make pt. feel exposed or stressed - Potassium higher inside Disruption of Routine – Hospital - Sodium, Calcium lower outside schedule often disrupt normal Stimulus / Triggers - Person routine, including sleep pattern experiences pain Interpersonal Factors Depolarization - before pain signal Communication Barriers - reach the brain, they Difficulty understanding medical pass through “gates” in spinal cord; information can be stressful nociceptors = sensory receptors Isolation from family & friends – - Processing in the away from loved ones can lead to Brain feeling loneliness and isolation Perception of Pain & Interpersonal conflict – Issues response with hospital staff or other pt.  General Adaptation Syndrome - How body reacts to stress Alarm Stage Erosion – destruction of tissue, gradual wearing Resistance Stage Exhaustion Stage Surgery – art and science of treating diseases by operation and instrumentation Tumors - abnormal growth of tissues Pre-Operative – before operation Intraoperative – during operation Postoperative – after operation Classification of Surgical Procedures Surgical Risk Diagnostic – establish presence of disease 1. Obesity Exploratory – determine the extent 2. Poor Nutrition of disease 3. Fluid & electrolyte imbalance Curative – treat disease 4. Age Constructive: Repair of 5. Presence of pre-existing medical congenitally defective organ condition Reconstructive: Repair of 6. Concurrent pharmacotherapy damaged organ 7. Other factors - Nature of condition Palliative: relieve distressing s/s - Location of condition 4 Major type of Pathologic process - Magnitude and Urgency of requiring Surgery Surgery Obstruction – Blockage of flow - Mental Attitude of Pt. - Caliber of Surgical Team Perforation – hole According to Urgency Emergent Require Immediate Without Severe bleeding attention delay Fracture GSW Urgent Imperative Requires prompt attention Within 24hrs Kidney or Ureteral – 30hrs Stones Required Needs to have surgery Plan within Cataract few weeks or Thyroid Growth months Elective Should have surgery Repair of Vagina or scars Optional Personal Preference Cosmetic Surgery According to degree of risk Minor Surgery Ambulator surgery Day Surgery Outpatient Surgery Advantages: - Minimize hospital stay - Low incidence of hospital acquired infections Disadvantages: - Minimal time to assess for pre- operative - Minimal time to establish rapport - Low opportunity to assess for post-operative complications Examples: Tooth extraction Circumcision Vasectomy