DC and AC Machines Report PDF

GROUP 1 REPORT IN DC and AC Machienary AC AND DC MACHINE INTRODUCTION AND PRINCIPLE Submitted By Group 1 As a Requirement in DC and AC Machienary DIFFERENT PARTS OF REPORTS REPORT CONTENTS Introduction of DC and AC Machine 01...

GROUP 1 REPORT IN DC and AC Machienary AC AND DC MACHINE INTRODUCTION AND PRINCIPLE Submitted By Group 1 As a Requirement in DC and AC Machienary DIFFERENT PARTS OF REPORTS REPORT CONTENTS Introduction of DC and AC Machine 01 Different Types and Example of DC and AC Machine 02 Principle of DC and AC Machine 03 Application of DC Machine 04 Application of AC Machine 05 INTRODUCTION DC AND AC MACHINES DC MACHINE an electromechanical energy alteration device. The invention of the DC motor came about in the early 1800s, with initial developments made in 1832 by British scientist William Sturgeon. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor was built by American inventors Thomas Davenport and Emily Davenport, which he patented in 1837. The use of DC motors has made industry work far more efficient, with machines able to function with a dependable source of power and speed. BRIEF DISCUSSION AC MACHINE an electric motor that converts alternating current into mechanical power Nikola invented the first alternating current (AC) motor and developed AC generation and transmission technology The two major classes of ac machines are synchronous and induction machines Alternating current technology was rooted in Michael Faraday's and Joseph Henry's 1830–31 discovery that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a circuit. Faraday is usually given credit for this discovery since he published his findings first. BRIEF DISCUSSION DIFFERENT TYPES AND EXAMPLE DC AND AC MACHINES DC MACHINES CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINE  YOKE/FRAME It covers the internal parts of the machine. The yoke is made up of low reluctance magnetic material like iron and silicon steel. 04/11 COMMUTATOR Function of a commutator in a dc generator is to collect the current generated in armature conductors. While in the case of a dc motor, the commutator helps in providing current to the armature conductors. 04/11  CARBON BRUSHES They are mainly used to transfer power from rotatory armature coils to stationary wires. They are used to reduce the damage of the motors. 04/11 ARMATURE The armature's role is twofold. The first is to carry current across the field, thus creating shaft torque in a rotating machine or force in a linear machine. The second role is to generate an electromotive force (EMF). 04/11  ARMATURE WINDING Conducts direct current and produces a rotating magnetic field in the air gap of the machine. 04/11 AIR GAP Air gap is the physical gap between the armature and fields / interpoles in a DC machine. 04/11  STATOR A stator includes two magnets with opposite polarities facing each other. 04/11 SHAFT The shaft used to transfer mechanical power. 04/11  COOLING FAN Fans are used to cool the electric coils in the armature and in the magnets. 04/11 DC MACHINE TYPES SEPARATELY-EXCITED DC MOTOR The armature and field coils are electrically separate from one another. They are powered separately and do not interfere with the other. However, the output of the motor is the total sum of the two 04/11 04/11 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR A separately excited DC generator is the one whose field winding is supplied by an independent external DC source (like a battery). The magnitude of generated voltage depends upon the speed of rotation of armature and the field current, i.e., greater the speed and the field current, higher is04/11 the generated voltage.  SELF-EXCITED DC MOTORS Self-excited DC motors have an armature and field coil that is connected in series or partly in series, in parallel or partly in parallel. They also have a single source of power. There are two types of self-excited DC motors- Series DC motor and Shunt DC motor. 04/11 SERIES WOUND DC MOTOR The field winding and the armature coil are connected in series to the power supply. This means the same current flows through the coil and armature. 04/11 SERIES WOUND DC MOTOR 04/11  SHUNT WOUND DC MOTOR The armature winding and field coil are connected in parallel to the power source. The parallel connection means that the current is split between the two components. 04/11 SHUNT WOUND DC MOTOR 04/11 COMPOUND WOUND DC MOTOR The armature winding is in series, while the field coils can be shunt or series. These motors are further divided into the short shunt and long shunt and cumulative and differential motors. 04/11 COMPOUND WOUND DC MOTOR 04/11  SHORT SHUNT DC MOTOR In a short shunt DC motor, the shunt field winding is parallel to the armature winding; however, it is not parallel to the series field winding. 04/11 LONG SHUNT DC MOTOR In a long shunt dc motor, the shunt field winding is parallel to both the armature and the series field winding. 04/11 SELF EXCITED DC GENERATOR Self-excited DC Generator is a device, in which the current to the field winding is supplied by the generator itself. In self-excited DC generator, the field coils may be connected in parallel with the armature in the series, or it may be connected partly in series and partly in parallel with the armature windings. 04/11 SERIES GENERATOR Series Generator In case of a series generator, the field winding is connected in series with the armature of the generator so that whole armature current would flow through the field winding as well as the load. 04/11  SHUNT GENERATOR In case of a shunt generator, the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature of the generator so that terminal voltage of the generator is applied across it. 04/11  COMPOUND GENERATOR Compound Generator In case of a compound generator, there are two field winding on each pole – one is in series and the other is in parallel with the armature. 04/11 SHORT SHUNT COMPOUND GENERATOR Short Shunt Compound Generator In a short shunt generator, only shunt field winding is connected in parallel with the armature. 04/11 LONG SHUNT COMPOUND GENERATOR Long Shunt Compound Generator In a long shunt generator, the shunt field winding is connected in parallel with both series field and armature winding. 04/11 AC MACHINES 04/11 DIFFERENT TYPES OF AC MACHINE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR A synchronous motor is one in which the rotor normally rotates at the same speed as the revolving field in the machine. The stator is similar to that of an induction machine consisting of a cylindrical iron frame with windings, usually three-phase, located in slots around the inner periphery 09/11 DIFFERENT TYPES OF AC MACHINE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR A synchronous motor is one in which the rotor normally rotates at the same speed as the revolving field in the machine. The stator is similar to that of an induction machine consisting of a cylindrical iron frame with windings, usually three-phase, located in slots around the inner periphery 09/11 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR 04/11 DIFFERENT TYPES OF AC MACHINE INDUCTION MOTOR An induction motor (also known as an asynchronous motor) is a commonly used AC electric motor. In an induction motor, the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained via electromagnetic induction from the rotating magnetic field of the stator winding. The rotor of an induction motor can be a squirrel cage rotor or wound type rotor. 09/11 DIFFERENT TYPES OF AC MACHINE INDUCTION MOTOR An induction motor (also known as an asynchronous motor) is a commonly used AC electric motor. In an induction motor, the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained via electromagnetic induction from the rotating magnetic field of the stator winding. The rotor of an induction motor can be a squirrel cage rotor or wound type rotor. 09/11 DIFFERENT TYPES OF AC MACHINE INDUCTION MOTOR An induction motor (also known as an asynchronous motor) is a commonly used AC electric motor. In an induction motor, the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained via electromagnetic induction from the rotating magnetic field of the stator winding. The rotor of an induction motor can be a squirrel cage rotor or wound type rotor. 09/11  UNTIL DAWN 1 PHASE INDUCTION A 1-phase induction motor requires single-phase AC supply, whereas a 3-phase induction motor need a source of 3-phase AC supply for its operation. 3 PHASE INDUCTION 1-phase induction motors produce low starting torque, whereas 3phase induction motors produce high starting torque. 05/11 05/11 ELECTRIC FAN 05/11 INDUCTION MOTOR 04/11  DIFFERENT TYPES OF AC MACHINE AC COMMUTATOR MOTOR A specially designed series-commutator motor may be operated from a single-phase alternating voltage supply. When the supply current reverses, both the magnetic field and the armature current are reversed. Thus, the torque remains in the same direction. 09/11 1 PHASE SERIES MOTOR The single phase ac series motor has practically the same operating characteristics as dc series motors. The torque or tractive effort varies nearly as the square of the current and the speed varies inversely as the current nearly. The inductively compensated ac series motor also operates satisfactorily on dc system and has increased output and efficiency. The speed of the motor while working on ac system can be controlled efficiently by taps on a transformer. 04/11 1 PHASE SERIES MOTOR 04/11 REPULSION MOTOR Repulsion motor is a unique type of single- phase AC motor known for its simplicity and high starting torque. 04/11 REPULSION MOTOR 04/11 SCHRAGE MOTOR Schrage motor is a type of alternating-current commutator motor whose speed is controlled by varying the position of sets of brushes on the commutator. It was used for spinning yarn and carpet although it is not being used for that purpose any more. 04/11 SCHRAGE MOTOR 04/11 PRINCIPLES DC AND AC MACHINES  FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION This law states that an electromotive force (EMF) is induced in a conductor when it experiences a change in magnetic flux. 04/11 FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION The induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through a loop. 04/11 LORENTZ FORCE LAW This law describes the force experienced by a charged particle or a current-carrying conductor moving in a magnetic field. 04/11 LORENTZ FORCE LAW The current-carrying conductors in the magnetic field experience a force that creates rotational motion. F is force acting on a current carrying conductor, B is magnetic flux density (magnetic field strength), I is magnitude of current flowing through the conductor, L is length of conductor, θ is angle that conductor makes with the magnetic field. 04/11 CONSTRUCTION OF A DC MOTOR STATOR It is the stationary part of the DC machine, and it provides a constant magnetic field within the armature. ARMATURE It is the rotating part of the machine, and it is responsible for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice-versa. 04/11 CONSTRUCTION OF A DC MOTOR COMMUTATOR It switches the direction of the current to maintain a unidirectional torque. ARMATURE WINDINGS It consists of copper conductors that interacts with the stator’s magnetic field to produce torque. 04/11 CONSTRUCTION OF A DC MOTOR BRUSHES It is made of carbon or graphite and rests on the surface of the commutator while maintaining the electrical contact between the rotating commutator and the external circuit. 04/11 ELEMENTARY MODEL OF A DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE OF AC MACHINE AC MOTOR converts the alternating current into mechanical power by using an electromagnetic induction phenomenon AC GENERATOR converts the mechanical power into an alternating current by using an electromagnetic induction phenomenon  ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION CIRCUIT WITH INDUCTOR by opening the line of the circuit the current passing though the inductor will be stored at the magnetic field induce by the coil. When the circuit closes the stored energy will be use to power up the bulb.  STATOR AND ROTOR PROVIDES A MAGNETIC FIELD THAT DRIVES THE ROTATING ARMATURE PART THAT ROTATES IN A STATIONARY PART (AS IN AN ELECTRICAL MACHINE)  AC MOTOR  AC GENERATOR APPLICATION DC AND AC MACHINES DC MACHINE AS A MOTOR: SERIES MOTOR Traction System Cranes 04/11 DC MACHINE AS A MOTOR: SERIES MOTOR 04/11 DC MACHINE AS A MOTOR SHUNT MOTOR Lathe machine Centrifugal Pump 04/11 DC MACHINE AS A MOTOR: SHUNT MOTOR Fans DC MACHINE AS A MOTOR: COMPOUND MOTOR Elevator Rolling mills 04/11 DC MACHINE AS A GENERATOR Separately excited DC Generator Testing in Laboratories Supply source of DC Motors 04/11 DC MACHINE AS A GENERATOR Shunt-wound Generator Lighting purpose Charge the battery Provide excitation to the alternator 04/11 DC MACHINE AS A GENERATOR Series-wound Generator Booster in distribution system Supplying field excitation current in DC locomotives for regenerative breaking 04/11 APPLICATION AC MACHINE AC MOTOR Industrial Applications Individual components of the book report Home Appliances: can also be made into separate artistic HVAC Systems works, including pop-up cards, newsletters, Electric Vehicles character diaries, gameboards, word searches, and story maps. Power Generation and Large Machines Power Factor Correction Mining and Cement Plants Precision Machines AC GENERATOR Power Plants Backup Power Systems Renewable Energy Systems Marine and Aerospace Applications Portable Generators Specialized Applications Cranes and Elevators Heavy Machinery Automation and Robotics Medical Equipment 1/11  AC MACHINE AS AN AC MOTOR Induction Motors (Asynchronous Motors) Industrial Applications: Used to drive pumps, compressors, fans, and conveyors in manufacturing and processing plants. Powering machine tools such as lathes, milling machines, and grinders. Employed in industrial machinery like mixers, crushers, and extruders. 04/11  AC MACHINE AS AN AC MOTOR Home Appliances: Induction motors power washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, dishwashers, and ceiling fans. Used in electric drills, lawnmowers, and kitchen equipment like blenders. 04/11  AC MACHINE AS AN AC MOTOR HVAC Systems: Induction motors are used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to drive fans, blowers, and compressors. 04/11  AC MACHINE AS AN AC MOTOR Electric Vehicles: Induction motors are used in many electric vehicle (EV) models due to their durability and efficient torque-speed characteristics. 04/11  AC MACHINE AS AN AC MOTOR Synchronous Motors Power Generation and Large Machines: Used in large compressors, pumps, and conveyor systems in power plants and industries where constant speed is required. 04/11 AC MACHINE AS AN AC MOTOR Mining and Cement Plants: Synchronous motors are used in mining applications and large kilns and mills in cement plants where constant speed operation is critical. 04/11 AC MACHINE AS AN AC MOTOR Precision Machines: Employed in clocks, record players, and other precision machinery where accurate and constant speed control is necessary. 04/11  AC MACHINE AS AN AC GENERATOR Power Plants: AC generators are used in hydroelectric, thermal, nuclear, and wind power plants to generate electricity. Renewable Energy Systems: AC generators are used in wind turbines and other renewable energy systems to generate electricity from natural sources. Portable Generators: AC generators are widely used in portable generators 04/11 for camping, construction sites, and emergency use. SPECIALIZED APPLICATIONS OF AC MACHINE Slip Ring Induction Motors Cranes and Elevators: Used in applications requiring high starting torque and speed control, such as cranes, elevators, and hoists. Heavy Machinery: Used in heavy machinery like rolling mills and steel plants for variable speed operation and high starting torque. 04/11  SPECIALIZED APPLICATIONS OF AC MACHINE SERVO MOTOR Automation and Robotics: AC servo motors are used in CNC machines, robotics, and automated systems that require precise motion control. Medical Equipment: Used in MRI machines, surgical robots, and other medical devices that require fine-tuned movements. 04/11 THANKS FOR LISTENING SUBMITTED TO ENGR. 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