Global Perspective Tourism and Development PDF

TH2304 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Tourism and Development Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one (1) consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes (UNWTO, 2022)...

TH2304 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Tourism and Development Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one (1) consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes (UNWTO, 2022). Tourism can be analyzed through its costs and benefits or by simply weighing its advantages and disadvantages to a country’s development. Before finalizing the implementation of any tourism-related project in an area, it becomes mandatory to analyze its economic, environmental, and sociocultural costs and benefits. Table 1 shows tourism's economic, environmental, and social disadvantages and advantages. DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES Economic Inflation. It refers to the progressive increase in Foreign exchange earnings. Tourism expenditures the general prices of land, houses, and food, generate income for the host economy. A typical which occurs when tourists place extra scenario for this involves foreign travelers trading demands on local services in a tourist their original currency with the currency of their destination. destination. Economic leakage. It occurs when money does Government revenues. The continuous growth of not remain in the country, limiting tourism’s tourism leads to the expansion of ventures and economic benefits to the host community. It employment creation. Each sector in the tourism happens when the local economy cannot meet industry provides significant taxes, which the the tourist demand for specific products. So government uses for its development projects. local suppliers look elsewhere, spending a Generation of employment. With the increased significant proportion of their income on tourist arrivals in a destination comes the imported goods. creation of tourism jobs and businesses. Tourism overdependence. Some countries Multiplier effect. It refers to how many times become overdependent on tourism revenue money spent by a tourist circulates through a that any change in demand will lead to a country's economy. For instance, the money significant economic crisis. spent in a hotel helps create jobs directly in the hotel and indirectly elsewhere in the economy. The hotel, for example, has to buy food from local farmers, who may spend some of this money on fertilizer or clothes. Environmental Improper waste disposal from tourism Conservation of critical natural areas. Tourism establishments can cause litter and can help conserve natural areas and develop environmental health problems from vermin natural and regional parks that may serve as and pollution. tourist attractions. Ecological disruption made by the tourists who Conservation of archaeological and historical overuse the natural environment. Examples are sites. Tourism can help preserve archaeological the stunted vegetation growth in parks because and historical sites since these are offered for tourists walk through them and the trees cut by tourist consumption. hikers and campers to make campfires. Enhancement of the environment and Environmental hazards caused by poor infrastructure. Tourism can help enhance rural or engineering design for tourist facilities can 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 6  TH2304 result in erosion, landslides, flooding, and urban landscapes by developing well-designed avalanches. tourist facilities such as attractive hotels. Sociocultural Overcommercialization of traditional arts and Conservation of cultural heritage. Tourism can be crafts. Commercialization and loss of a significant factor in conserving the essential authenticity of traditional arts and crafts, elements of the cultural heritage of a tourist area. customs, and ceremonies can result if these are These elements consist of preserving changed/performed to suit tourist demands. archaeological sites and conserving and Cultural clashes may occur because of revitalizing traditional arts. differences in cultures, ethnic and religious Cross-cultural exchange. Tourism can promote groups, values, lifestyles, and languages. cross-cultural exchange between tourists and Overcrowded amenities, shopping, and residents when they learn more about one community facilities and congestion of another’s culture, resulting in mutual transportation systems by tourists may lead to understanding and respect for their values and residents being unable to use these facilities. traditions. Renewal of cultural pride. Tourists appreciating the culture of a host community gives the residents a renewed sense of pride. Tourism offers great opportunities for emerging economies and developing countries. It creates jobs, strengthens the local economy, and contributes to local infrastructure development. It also helps conserve the natural environment, cultural assets, and traditions and reduces global poverty and inequality. Global Tourism Also referred to as international tourism, it is the largest-scale movement of goods, services, and people. It catalyzes economic development and sociopolitical change. Tourists engaged in international tourism are residents visiting places outside their home country. This type of travel requires documents such as passports and visas before leaving the nation and permitted entry into a foreign country (Donesa and Aragon, 2020). Passport It is a major requirement in traveling outside one’s country. It is an official and legal document issued by the government to its citizens to pass freely and, in case of need, to give them lawful aid and protection (Republic Act No. 8239 or the Philippine Passport Act of 1996). These are the different types of passports in the Philippines issued by the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA): Regular passport is issued to all Filipino citizens who wish to travel abroad. Diplomatic passport – It is provided to diplomatic officials of the country whose post of assignment requires using such passport to carry out duties like the President of the Republic of the Philippines, the Vice President, the Senator President, and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Official passport – It is issued to any permanent government official and employees on official travel abroad, such as the Undersecretaries and Assistant Secretaries of the government departments, Associate Justices, staff officers, and permanent employees of the Department of Foreign Affairs assigned to the Philippine diplomatic and consular posts abroad and their spouses and dependents, and persons in domestic service and household members of officials assigned to Foreign Service establishments. 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 2 of 6  TH2304 Steps in Acquiring a Philippine Passport: 1. Have a confirmed appointment through www.passport.gov.ph. 2. Appear personally at the DFA or any of their satellite offices on the confirmed appointment date and bring the complete set of requirements appropriate to the application. The core requirements for adult new applications include the confirmed online appointment, personal appearance, accomplished application form, original and photocopy of Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) Authenticated Birth Certificate, and acceptable identification (ID) with one (1) photocopy. Additional requirements may be required as supporting documents. Regular passports are expected to be released 12 working days after being accommodated for processing. The expedited processing period is six (6) days for National Capital Region (NCR) applicants and seven (7) working days for applicants outside NCR. Under Republic Act No. 10928, all Philippine passports have a validity period of ten (10) years. But Philippine citizens under 18 years old shall be issued a passport with a five (5) years validity period. DFA began to issue the new 10-year validity e-passport on 01 January 2018. Passports issued before the said date have a five-year validity. Visa. It is a type of travel document that contains the period that a person is allowed to stay in a particular country and is usually stamped or attached to a passport issued by the embassy of the country a person wishes to visit as a condition of entry (Glosbe, 2013). Some visa-free countries for Filipinos include Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong, Morocco, Kenya, Zambia, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Micronesia, Tuvalu, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Politics and economic conditions can also play an essential role in the ease of travel, especially across international boundaries. Governments can encourage or discourage tourism through passport and visa requirements as well as through policies relating to taxation or the ease of currency exchange. International Tourism Organizations An international tourism organization is created to further the interests of the global tourism industry and to bring together the various businesses involved in it. The following are the key tourism organizations globally. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) It is the United Nations agency responsible for promoting responsible, sustainable, and universally accessible tourism. It is the leading international organization in the field of tourism. UNWTO promotes tourism as a driver of economic growth, inclusive development, and environmental sustainability and offers leadership and support to the sector in advancing knowledge and tourism policies worldwide (UNWTO, 2023). World Tourism Organization Priorities Mainstreaming Tourism in the Global Agenda. It includes advocating the value of tourism as a driver of socio-economic growth and development and its inclusion as a priority in national and international policies. Promoting Sustainable Tourism Development. It supports sustainable tourism policies and practices that optimally use environmental resources, respects host communities' sociocultural authenticity, and provide socio-economic benefits for all. Fostering Knowledge, Education, and Capacity Building. It supports countries to assess and address their needs in education and training and provides networks for knowledge creation and exchange. 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 3 of 6  TH2304 Improving Tourism Competitiveness. It improves UNWTO Members’ competitiveness through knowledge creation and exchange, human resources development, and the promotion of excellence in policy planning, sustainable tourism development, marketing and promotion, product development, and risk and crisis management. Advancing Tourism’s Contribution to Poverty Reduction and Development. It involves maximizing the contribution of tourism to poverty reduction and achieving sustainable development goals by making tourism work as a tool for development and promoting the inclusion of tourism in the development agenda. Building Partnerships. It refers to engaging with the private sector, regional and local tourism organizations, academia and research institutions, civil society, and the UN system to build a more sustainable, responsible, and competitive tourism sector. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) It is the leading global environmental authority that sets the global environmental agenda, promotes the coherent implementation of the environmental dimension of sustainable development within the United Nations system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for the global environment (UNEP, 2023). UNEP’s mission is to inspire, inform, and enable nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations. The following itemizes the focus of UNEP’s work: Helping countries transition to low-carbon and resource-efficient economies; Strengthening environmental governance and law; Safeguarding ecosystems; and Providing evidence-based data to inform policy decisions. The following are some of UNEP’s projects: Climate change action in developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems. This project aims to promote regional understanding and ensure a joint dialogue on mountain ecosystems in the context of climate change and adaptation. These dialogues occur at the regional level, and best practices are being shared globally. Powering an eye on the environment for Central Asia. UNEP works with partners in Central Asia and draws from the expertise of several key institutions and organizations in the Russian Federation to minimize tourism’s environmental impact. Paving new paths to biodiversity conservation. The project’s overall objective is to support expanding the protected area system in Bosnia and Herzegovina and enable capacity conditions for effectively managing and integrating biodiversity considerations into policies. World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) It is the global authority on the economic and social contribution of travel and tourism that promotes sustainable growth for the travel and tourism sector, working with governments and international institutions to create jobs, drive exports, and generate prosperity. Council Members are the Chairs, Presidents, and Chief Executives of the world’s leading private sector in travel and tourism (WTTC, 2023). The WTTC's mission is to ensure the long-term sustainable and inclusive growth of travel and tourism. It requires strong public-private collaboration and an enabling environment to address the sector's challenges and opportunities. 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 4 of 6  TH2304 WTTC focuses on three (3) key initiatives: Security and Travel Facilitation: Encouraging public-private collaboration, innovation, and technology deployment to ensure that travel is safe, secure, and seamless. Sustainable Growth: Ensuring that travel and tourism growth benefits everyone, protects cultural and natural heritage, and contributes positively to the environment. Crisis Preparedness, Management, and Recovery: Bringing together the public and private sectors to enhance tourism’s preparedness and resilience to address the crises of today and tomorrow. Aside from the three (3) key initiatives, during the COVID-19 pandemic, WTTC has been working to reopen the travel and tourism sector with its members, governments, and other associations. This work includes the creation of safe travel protocols and stamp initiatives, the future of travel and tourism report, and work focusing on the sector's social impact. Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) It is a not-for-profit membership-based association established in 1951 that catalyzes the responsible development of travel and tourism to, from, and within the Asia Pacific region. The Association provides aligned advocacy, insightful research, and innovative events to its member organizations, including government, state, and city tourism bodies; international airlines and airports; hospitality organizations and educational institutions; and thousands of young tourism professionals worldwide (PATA, 2023). The following are some of the missions of PATA: Support the right to freedom of movement without prejudice and intolerance in line with the rights of each sovereign nation and the will of its people. Ensure all travelers have equal opportunity without discrimination or harassment based on race, color, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, disability, marital status, citizenship, genetic information, or any other characteristic protected by relevant laws, legislation, and regulations. Encourage all public and private industry stakeholders to embrace these principles and display the tolerance that protects and enhances human society. World Leisure Organization (WLO) It is a global, non-governmental association of persons and organizations dedicated to discovering and fostering those conditions best, permitting leisure to serve as a force for human growth, development, and well-being (WLO, 2019). The following are the roles of WLO: Foster Knowledge Transfer: To disseminate and concentrate research outcomes through different educational events and publications; to provide exchanging and sharing opportunities for academics, professionals, and citizens. Enhancing Research: To explore through research and scholarly activities the relationship of leisure to the concept of identity, the process of transformation, and how leisure contributes to enhancing the human condition. Advocating for Leisure: To advocate for leisure by creating and disseminating policy statements, model legislative acts, and information regarding leisure benefits. 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 5 of 6  TH2304 Expanding Educational Opportunities: To provide educational opportunities and other learning venues focusing on how leisure contributes to identity formulation, transformation, and improving the human condition. International Air Transport Association (IATA) It is the trade association for the world’s airlines, representing 300 airlines or 83% of total air traffic. It supports many areas of aviation activity and helps formulate industry policy on critical aviation issues (IATA, 2023). IATA’s mission is to “represent, lead, and serve the airline industry.” These are further explained below: Representing the airline industry – Improve the understanding of the air transport industry among decision-makers and increase awareness of aviation's benefits to national and global economies. Leading the airline industry – Develop global commercial standards upon which the air transport industry is built. Serving the airline industry – Help airlines to operate safely, securely, efficiently, and economically under clearly defined rules. Tourism organizations play a critical role by providing leadership, strategic planning, marketing, and operational support. They work with various stakeholders to create destinations that attract tourists, generate income for local communities, and preserve the environment and culture. References: Cost-Benefit Analysis. (2021). In Tourism Beast. Retrieved 20 June 2023, from, https://www.tourismbeast.com/cost- benefit-analysis/ Cruz, Z. (2015). Tourism planning and development (2nd ed.). National Book Store. Donesa, L. and Aragon, L. (2020). Global culture and tourism geography (1st Ed.). Rex Book Store. Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2023). Tourism: An opportunity for sustainable development. In BMZ. Retrieved 15 June 2023 from https://www.bmz.de/en/issues/tourism#:~:text=It%20creates%20jobs%2C%20strengthens%20the,to%20redu ce%20poverty%20and%20inequality. Glosbe. (2013). Travel document. Retrieved 18 April 2023 from, https://glosbe.com/en/en/travel%20document IATA. (2023). IATA. Retrieved 21 April 2023 from https://www.iata.org/ PATA. (2023). Pacific Asia Travel Association. Retrieved 21 April 2023 from, https://www.pata.org/about-pata Slocum, S., Aidoo, A., and McMahon, K. (2020). The business of sustainable tourism development and management. Routledge. The Republic of the Philippines. (2023). Core Requirements for Adult New Applications. Retrieved 14 June 2023 from https://dfa-oca.ph/passport/passport-requirements/requirements-for-adult/core-requirements-for-adult- new-applications/ Tourism Costs and Benefits. (2023). In Barcelona Field Studies Centre. Retrieved 20 June 2023, from https://geographyfieldwork.com/TourismProsCons.htm UNEP. (2023). About the United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved 21 April 2023 from http://www.unep.org/about-us UNEP. (2023). Our Projects. Retrieved 14 June 2023 from, https://www.unep.org/regions/europe/our-projects UNWTO. (2023). Responsible, sustainable, and universally accessible tourism. Retrieved 14 June 2023 from https://www.unwto.org/about-us WLO (2019). World Leisure Organization. Retrieved 21 April 2023 from, https://www.worldleisure.org/about-us/ WTTC. (2023). World Travel & Tourism Council. Retrieved 21 April 2023 from https://wttc.org/about/who-we-are 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 6 of 6