database 1.pdf

IT2111 DATA AND DATABASE MANAGEMENT Quantitative data o This data type tries to quantify things and it does by Data, Infor...

IT2111 DATA AND DATABASE MANAGEMENT Quantitative data o This data type tries to quantify things and it does by Data, Information and Knowledge Management considering numerical values that make it countable in nature. o For example, the price of smartphone, discount offered, What is data? number of ratings on a product, the frequency of processor of - A collection of text, numbers, symbols, images, or videos in raw a smartphone, or RAM of a particular phone. or unorganized form. Data, therefore, has to be processed or o There are two (2) subcategories of quantitative data: provided with a context, before it can have meaning. ▪ Discrete - The numerical values which fall under are - Example: integers or whole numbers are placed under this 3, 6, 9, 12 category. For example number of clothes in a cabinet. Cat, dog, gerbil, rabbit, cockatoo ▪ Continuous - The fractional numbers are considered as 161.2, 175.3, 166.4, 164.7, 169.3 continuous values. For example, days in a week, or months in a year. These are meaningless sets of data. They could be the first four answers in the 3 x 4 table, a list of household pets, and What is information? the height of 15-year-old students but without a context, we Information is an organized or classified data, which has some don’t know. meaningful values for the receiver. Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based. Categories of Data For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must qualify for the following characteristics: Qualitative Data Timely − Information should be available when required. o Qualitative or Categorical Data describes the object under Accuracy − Information should be accurate. consideration using a finite set of discrete classes. It means Completeness − Information should be complete. that this type of data can’t be counted or measured easily using numbers and therefore divided into categories. The When does data become information? gender of a person (male, female, or others) is a good - Data refers to raw input that when processed or arranged makes example of this data type. meaningful output. Information is usually the processed outcome o These are usually extracted from audio, images, or text of data. When data is processed into information, it becomes medium. Another example can be a smartphone brand that interpretable and gains significance. provides information about the current rating, the color or - In IT, symbols, characters, images, numbers, or videos are data. category of the phone, and so on. These are the inputs an IT system needs to process in order to o There are two (2) subcategories of qualitative data: produce a meaningful information. Information can be about facts, ▪ Nominal things, concepts, or anything relevant to the topic concerned. It The values grouped into these categories have no may provide answers to questions like who, which, when, why, meaningful order and no hierarchy. For example, gender what, and how. and occupation are nominal level values. - Putting information into an equation would look like this: ▪ Ordinal Data + Meaning = Information These types of values have a natural ordering while - Example: maintaining their class of values. For example, ranking of student’s grade. 3, 6, 9, and 12 are the first four answers in the 3 x 4 table. 03 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 4  IT2111 Cat, dog, gerbil, rabbit, and cockatoo are household pets. 1. Data is fragmented pieces of symbols and characters 161.2, 175.3, 166.4, 164.7, and 169.3 are the heights of 15- threaded together, information is refined data whereas year old students. knowledge is useful information. Additionally, data can lack context when looked at singularly, whereas information gives What is Knowledge? context to data and knowledge brings depth in - Knowledge is produced as a result of understanding the given understanding to such information. information and using that information to gain knowledge of how 2. Data is incomprehensible independently, but the outcome of to solve problems. information is comprehension while the outcome of - Knowledge can therefore be: knowledge is understanding. Data is meaningless without acquiring and remembering a set of facts, or being compiled into a sensible structure, while information the use of information to solve problems. improves representation and knowledge amplifies - There are two (2) types of knowledge. consciousness. 1. Explicit knowledge 3. Data and Information alone are not sufficient to make any 2. Tacit knowledge predictions while in knowledge prediction is possible if one possesses the required experience. Explicit Knowledge (knowing-that) 4. Data cannot make any statements, while information is data The acquisition by a person of information such as facts, or that is connected together to form a statement. Knowledge the understanding of information such as how to solve brings the ability to have a deduced conclusion using pieces problems of information together. This knowledge can be easily passed on to others. Most forms 5. Data cannot independently be a basis for question formation; of explicit knowledge can be stored in certain media like Information is a text that answers the questions a who, when, documents, books, computers, etc. what, or where while knowledge is a text that answers the This is documented information that can facilitate action. This questions of why and how. The final difference which can take knowledge can easily be identified, articulated, shared, and into consideration is that data and information are easily used. transferable while to transfer knowledge one requires learning. The information contained in encyclopedias and textbooks are good examples of explicit knowledge. What is Knowledge Management? Tacit Knowledge (Knowing-how) - Knowledge management (KM) is the interdisciplinary process of Knowledge that is difficult to pass on to someone else, such creating, using, sharing, and maintaining an organization’s as knowing how to do something information and knowledge. This knowledge is difficult to pass on to another person. - It is a multi-faceted strategy for making the best use of This knowledge is embedded in the human mind through organizational knowledge assets in order to achieve business experience and jobs. objectives such as enhancing competitive advantage, improving This knowledge includes insights and intuitions. performance, boosting innovation, sharing insights, and continuously improving the organization. Key Differences Between Data, Information, and Knowledge - Knowledge management systems are therefore part of the organizational learning process, although they focus more on 03 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 2 of 4  IT2111 strategic management of knowledge as a sharable business - Relational databases are easy to extend, and anew data category asset. can be added after the original database creation without requiring - The core goal of knowledge management is to connect people to modify all the existing applications. looking for knowledge within an organization to those who have it, with the ultimate aim of increasing the overall knowledge level of Distributed database the team and organization. - A distributed database is a database in which portions of the - There are four knowledge management objectives that assist in database are stored in multiple physical locations, and in which reaching that goal: processing is dispersed or replicated among different points in a 1. Improving the knowledge capture process network. 2. Streamlining and enhancing the knowledge environment - Distributed databases can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. 3. Increasing access to organizational knowledge All the physical locations in a homogeneous distributed database 4. Maintaining knowledge as an organizational asset system have the same underlying hardware and run the same operating systems and database applications. Databases - The hardware, operating systems, or database applications in a heterogeneous distributed database may be different in every location. - A database is an organized collection of information that can be easily accessed, managed, and updated. Cloud database - Computer databases typically contain aggregations of data - A cloud database is a database that has been optimized or built records or files, containing information about sales transactions or for a virtualized environment, either in a hybrid cloud, public cloud, interactions with specific customers. or private cloud. - Typically, the database manager provides users with the ability to - Cloud databases provide benefits such as the ability to pay for control read/write access, specifically report generation and storage capacity and bandwidth on a per-use basis, and they analyze usage. provide scalability on demand, along with high availability. - Some databases offer ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, and - A cloud database also gives enterprises the opportunity to support durability) compliance to guarantee that data is consistent and that business applications in a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) transactions are complete. deployment. Types of Databases NoSQL database - NoSQL databases are useful for large sets of distributed data. Relational database - NoSQL databases are effective for big data performance issues - A relational database, invented by E.F. Codd at IBM in 1970, is a that relational databases aren’t built to solve. They are most tabular database in which data is defined so that it can be effective when an organization must analyze large chunks of reorganized and accessed in a number of different ways. unstructured data or data that’s stored across multiple virtual - Relational databases are made up of a set of tables with data that servers in the cloud. fits into a predefined category. Each table has at least one data category in the columns. Object-oriented database - The Structured Query Language (SQL) is the standard user and - Items created using object-oriented programming languages are application program interface for a relational database. often stored in relational database. 03 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 3 of 4  IT2111 - An object-oriented database is organized around objects rather than actions, and data rather than logic. - For example, a multimedia record in a relational database can be a defined data object, as opposed to an alphanumeric value. Graph database - A graph-oriented database, or graph database, is a type of NoSQL database that uses graph theory to store, map, and query relationships. - Graph databases are basically collections of nodes and edges, where each node represents an entity, and each edge represents a connection between nodes. - Graph databases are growing in popularity for analyzing interconnections. For example, companies might use a graph database to mine data about customers from social media. - Graph databases often use SPARQL, a declarative programming language and protocol for graph database analytics. REFERENCES: Cambridge International (2017). Data, information and knowledge. Retrieved from: https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/Images/285017- data-information-and-knowledge.pdf. Evans, J. (2017). Business analytics: Methods, models, and decision (2nd ed.). Pearson Education Limited. Hughes, A. (2019). Database (DB). Retrieved from: https://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/definition/database Knowledge management. Retrieved from: https://www.omnisci.com/technical-glossary/knowledge- management. 03 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 4 of 4