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# Intermolecular Forces **I. Covalent Molecules** Intermolecular forces are the forces between molecules. There are three main types of intermolecular forces between covalent molecules: * **London Dispersion Forces**: These forces occur in nonpolar molecules. Electrons are constantly shifting...

# Intermolecular Forces **I. Covalent Molecules** Intermolecular forces are the forces between molecules. There are three main types of intermolecular forces between covalent molecules: * **London Dispersion Forces**: These forces occur in nonpolar molecules. Electrons are constantly shifting around, creating temporary dipoles. This temporary dipole in one molecule can induce a temporary dipole in a neighboring molecule, creating an attractive force. * **Dipole-Dipole Forces**: These forces occur in polar molecules. Polar molecules have permanent positive and negative regions. The positive region of one molecule attracts the negative region of another molecule. * **Hydrogen Bonds**: These are a special type of dipole-dipole force. They occur when hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine. The bond is very polar and creates a strong positive charge on the hydrogen atom, which is attracted to the negative charge of a lone pair on another molecule's electronegative atom. **II. Ion-Dipole Forces** This force occurs in ionic compounds dissolved in a polar solvent. An ion (either a cation or an anion) is attracted to the partial positive or negative region of a polar molecule. For example, Cu2+ ions will be attracted to the partial negative region of water molecules. **Examples and Diagrams** The document contains several illustrations showing the interactions between molecules with different electrostatic charges (δ+ and δ-) in dipole-dipole forces, London dispersion forces, and polar-nonpolar interactions and hydrogen bonding. There are diagrams showing the arrangement of atoms and molecules illustrating the polarity created in polar molecules and the resulting intermolecular interactions. The shapes and interactions of covalent molecules like HCl and water molecules are also depicted.