Cytology PDF

**[Cytology ]** **[Learning outcomes]** **1. Understand the structure and components of the cell.** - **Answer**: The cell is the smallest functional unit of life, consisting of various components: - **Plasma membrane**: Controls entry and exit of substances. - **Cytoplasm**:...

**[Cytology ]** **[Learning outcomes]** **1. Understand the structure and components of the cell.** - **Answer**: The cell is the smallest functional unit of life, consisting of various components: - **Plasma membrane**: Controls entry and exit of substances. - **Cytoplasm**: Gel-like substance where metabolic activities occur. - **Nucleus**: Contains DNA, controls cellular activities. - **Mitochondria**: Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP. - **Rough and Smooth ER**: Involved in protein and lipid synthesis. - **Golgi apparatus**: Modifies, packages, and transports proteins. - **Lysosomes**: Digest waste and pathogens. - **Centrosomes**: Organize microtubules, crucial for cell division. **2. Label and state the function of the cell and its components.** - **Answer**: - **Plasma membrane**: Protects the cell and regulates transport. - **Nucleus**: Stores genetic material and directs all cellular functions. - **Mitochondria**: Produces energy (ATP) for the cell. - **Ribosomes**: Synthesize proteins. - **Golgi apparatus**: Packages proteins for transport. - **Lysosomes**: Break down waste and cellular debris. - **Cytoskeleton**: Provides structure, aids in transport and movement. **3. Explain the processes of cell division---mitosis and meiosis.** - **Answer**: - **Mitosis**: Cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells, essential for growth and tissue repair. It involves phases: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. - **Meiosis**: Specialized cell division that produces four genetically diverse haploid cells (gametes), reducing the chromosome number by half, critical for sexual reproduction. **4. Understand the abnormalities of cell growth and function.** - **Answer**: Abnormalities in cell growth can lead to various conditions: - **Hyperplasia**: Excessive cell growth. - **Hypoplasia**: Underdevelopment or reduced cell number. - **Atrophy**: Shrinking of cells due to disuse or disease. - **Hypertrophy**: Increase in cell size. - **Dysplasia**: Abnormal growth or development of cells, often a precursor to cancer. - **Neoplasia**: Uncontrolled, abnormal cell growth leading to tumor formation (benign or malignant). Printable chart Science Cytology biology animal cell structure diagram school medicine medical study organelles design Stock Illustration \| Adobe Stock  Biology, The Cell, Cell Structure, Eukaryotic Cells \| OER Commons  Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough ER vs. Smooth ER \| HowStuffWorks  Mitosis - Overview, Phases, & Significance Class Notes - GeeksforGeeks  Meiosis \| wein.plus Lexicon  Osmosis- Importance in Chemistry, Biology