Cardiovascular System & Lymphatic system PDF

Cardiovascular system Dr. Najm Aldeen Joubah  Cardiovascular system consist of : Cardio (Heart) Vascular (Blood vessels)  Anatomy of the Heart The heart is muscular organ ,size like your closed fist. Position :lies between lungs and behind the sternum b...

Cardiovascular system Dr. Najm Aldeen Joubah  Cardiovascular system consist of : Cardio (Heart) Vascular (Blood vessels)  Anatomy of the Heart The heart is muscular organ ,size like your closed fist. Position :lies between lungs and behind the sternum between 2 and 6 rib ,extend from T5--- T8. Heart responsible for pumping blood to all parts of the body. 3 Position of the heart Heart Heart Anatomy 6  Coverings of the Heart:- The heart cover out side by double layer called (Pericardium ) Pericardium consist of: 1. Outer fibrous pericardium 2. Inner called serous pericardium a. The parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium b. The visceral layer lines the surface of the heart Between the parietal and visceral found pericardial cavity consist of small amount of fluid avoid the friction 7 Pericardial Layers of the Heart 8  Function of the Pericardium: Protects the heart Prevents overfilling of the heart with blood Avoid the friction 9  Heart has apex form by the( left ventricle) and base form by the( left atrium ). Two surface: Sternocostal surface anteriorly (form by right and left ventricle mainly by( right ventricle) Diaphragmatic surface inferiorly (also form by right and left ventricle mainly by( left ventricle ).  Heart Wall Three layers : 1. Epicardium (Outer) 2. Myocardium (middle) muscular layer 3. Endocardium (inner) Serous membrane  Heart consist of four chambers Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle 14  Chambers of the Heart The two Atrium lies superior – Called “Receiving chambers” because receive blood from veins. The two Ventricles lies inferior – Called “pumping chambers” – Thick muscular walls to increase force of pumping – Separated by interventricular septum  Right atrium Has right auricle include muscle called pectinate, also has depression called fossa ovalis ( in embryo foramen ovale ) ,and interatrial septum. Include 4 opening : Opening of superior vena cava Opening of inferior vena cava Opening of coronary sinus Opening of anterior cardiac vein Right Atrium Pectinate muscle  Right ventricle Between the right atrium and right ventricle found valve called tricuspid valve. pumps the blood through the pulmonary trunk into the lungs carry deoxygenated blood Include Papillary  The type of blood in the right side of the heart deoxygenated blood  Left Atrium Receive the 4 pulmonary veins ,(2 in the right side 2in the left side ) that from the lungs carry oxygenated blood.  Left Ventricle Largest of the four chambers. Wall is typically three times thicker than the right ventricular wall. 22-21  The blood transport from left atrium to left ventricle through mitral valve or bicuspid The type of blood in the left side of the heart oxygenated blood. Then from the left ventricle through the aorta to all parts of the body  Valves of the heart 1) Atrioventricular valves : Right AV (Tricuspid) Left AV (Bicuspid) 2) Semilunar valve:: – Pulmonary valve – Aortic valve Function of valve Prevents backflow of blood. Valve s of the Heart  Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs Right atrium  tricuspid valve  right ventricle Right ventricle  pulmonary trunk  (pulmonary arteries)  lungs Lungs 4 pulmonary veins  left atrium Left atrium  bicuspid valve  left ventricle Left ventricle  aortic valve  aorta Aorta  systemic circulation Chapter 18, 26 Cardiovascular System  Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs Chapter 18, 27 Figure 18.5 Cardiovascular System  Circulation Systemic circulation – The pathway between the left ventricle to all parts of the body then to the right atrium Pulmonary circulation – The blood pathway between the (right ventricle ), to the lungs, and back to the left atrium.  Blood supply of the heart : Arteries – right and left coronary artery Veins –Great cardiac, Small cardiac, and middle cardiac veins drain in the coronary sinus 29  Figure 18.4b Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 30 Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 31 Figure 18.4d Venous Drainage Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 32 Figure 18.7b  Conducting System of the Heart  Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)  Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way  Conducting System of the Heart Consist of : 1.Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) Pacemaker of the heart in the Right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava 2.Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) Left lower border of Right atrium 3. Atrioventricular bundle 4.Bundle of His 5.Branches into Right and Left branches 6. Then Purkinje fibers smallest unit Extend into the walls of the ventricles and papillary muscles  The Heart: Cardiac Cycle  Atria contract simultaneously  Atria relax, then ventricles contract  Systole = contraction  Diastole = relaxation  The Heart: Cardiac Output  Cardiac output (CO)  Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute  CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])  Stroke volume: Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction  Electrocardiograms (EKG/ECG) Three formations o P wave: impulse across atria o QRS complex: spread of impulse down septum, around ventricles in Purkinje fibers o T wave: end of electrical activity in ventricles P wave: atria depolarize QRS complex: ventricles depolarize T wave: end of electrical activity in ventricles; repolarization of ventricular muscles  Pathology of the Heart Tachycardia = more than 100 beats/min Bradycardia = less than 60 beats/min  Vascular System The vascular system is made up of three types of blood vessels: 1. Arteries 2. Capillaries 3. Veins 41  Blood Vessels: Anatomy  Three layers (tunics)  Tunic intima  Endothelium  Tunic media  Smooth muscle  Controlled by sympathetic nervous system  Tunic externa  Mostly fibrous connective tissue Aorta  LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Main structures of the lymphatic system Lymphatic vessels Main components of the immune system Lymphocytes, lymphoid tissue, and lymphoid organs Parts of lymphatic system Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic organs and tissues Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Lymphatic System Lymphatic vessels collect lymph from tissues of body Carry fluid to great veins in the neck Fluid flows only toward the heart Lymph is clearless Figure 20.1 fluid(blood –red Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Parts of Lymphatic Vessels Lymph capillaries – smallest – first receive lymph Afferent Lymphatic vessels – collect from lymph capillaries Lymph nodes – scattered along collecting vessels Efferent Lymph vessels–collect from lymph nodes Lymph trunks – collect lymph from collecting vessels Lymph ducts – empty into veins of the neck Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of Lymphatic Vessels Collect excess tissue fluid and blood proteins Return tissue fluid and blood proteins to bloodstream Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Location and Structure of Lymph Capillaries Figure 20.2a, b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphatic Collecting Vessels Accompany blood vessels Contain more valves Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymph Nodes Clean the lymph from pathogens Human body contains approximately 500 Lymph nodes are organized in clusters Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymph Nodes Figure 20.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of a Lymph Node Figure 20.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphoid Organs Spleen Tonsil Thymus Figure 20.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spleen Largest lymphoid organ Found in abdomen functions Removal and destruction of old/defective blood cells Site of hematopoiesis in the fetus Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spleen Figure 20.9a, b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thymus Found behind the sternum Site for maturation T lymphocytes Most active in childhood Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tonsils Simplest lymphoid organs Found in beginning of digestive and respiratory systems Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Immune System Recognizes specific foreign molecules Destroys pathogens effectively Key cells – lymphocytes Also includes lymphoid tissue and lymphoid organs Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphocyte Lymphocytes originate in bone marrow Some travel to the thymus gland T lymphocytes Some stay in bone marrow B lymphocytes Able to recognize a unique antigen Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thanks