CVL 103 2024-25 Unit 1.pptx

CVL-103 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES L-T-P (Lectures –Tutorials - Practical's): 2–0-0 Department of Civil Engineering Sharda School of Engineering and Technology (SSET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP 1 School: SSET Bat...

CVL-103 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES L-T-P (Lectures –Tutorials - Practical's): 2–0-0 Department of Civil Engineering Sharda School of Engineering and Technology (SSET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP 1 School: SSET Batch : 2024-2028 Program: B. Current Academic Year: 2024- Tech. 2025 Branch: CSE Semester: I 1 Course CVL-103 Code 2 Course Environmental Studies Title 3 Credits - 4 Contact 2-0-0 Hours (L-T-P) Course Compulsory 5 Status 2 5 Course 1. Enable students to learn the Objective importance of environmental studies, population growth and sustainable development 2. Provide students an insight to different aspects related to water i.e. water resources, pollution and its control 3. Provide knowledge about air resources i.e. atmosphere, atmospheric pollution, control of air pollution and climate change 4. Provide detailed knowledge about land 3 School: Batch : 2024-2025 SET 6 Course CO1. Understand (a) scope of the Outcome environmental study and (b) population growth s and its effects on environment and health and (c) sustainable development CO2. Comprehend different aspects related to water i.e. water resources, pollution and its control CO3. Understand different aspects related to air resources i.e. atmosphere, atmospheric pollution, control of air pollution and climate change CO4. Appreciate and comprehend land resources, pollution and management of solid wastes CO5. Understand about (a) other natural resources i.e. energy, mineral and food 4 7 Course Environmental Studies Descript emphasises on various aspects ion related to environment, its degradation and control measures such as: 1.Population and Environment; Sustainable Development 2.Water: Resources, Pollution and Control 3.Air: Atmosphere, Pollution, Control and Climate Change 4.Land: Resources, Pollution and Management 5 5.Energy, Mineral and Food 8 Outline syllabus Unit 1 Introduction to the course, Population and Environment and Sustainable Development A Environmental Studies: Background; Definition; Objectives; Scope; Major environmental issues of concern; Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental Studies B Human Population and Environment: Population growth/ explosion and its effects on human health and environment C Sustainable Development: Definition; Aim; Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs); Sustainability issues at various levels; Examples/ sustainability initiatives; Pillars of sustainable development; Desired outcomes Unit 2 Water: Resources, Pollution and Control A Water Resources: Water cycle; Total water on earth; Residence time of water in different compartments; Classification of waters as per salt content; Stresses on water resources/ water crises; Water conservation; Water conflicts B Water Pollution: Impurities in water; Water quality parameters; Standards; Major categories of water pollutants and their sources and effects; Surface water versus groundwater quality; Point and non-point sources; Pollution of (i) fresh water streams (DO sag curve/ self-purification), (ii) lakes, (iii) groundwater/ aquifers, and (iv) oceans C Water Pollution Control: Water treatment (domestic and municipal); Wastewater treatment (on-site and municipal) Unit 3 Air: Atmosphere, Pollution, Control and Climate Change A Atmosphere: Composition and structure; Classification of pollutants; Air pollution: sources and effects on humans, plants and materials; AQI and how it is calculated, Plume shapes B Air Pollution Control: Laws; Modifications in fuels and engines; Ambient air quality control; Control equipment’s (in vehicles and industry); Stack height C Climate Change: Global warming and greenhouse effect; Ozone layer depletion and its consequences; Climate Change and its impact on ecosystem; International agreements Unit 4 Land: Resources, Pollution and Management A Land Resources: Importance; Soil and its formation; Soil profile; Land degradation: causes and effects; Soil conservation through sustainable agriculture B Soil/ Land Pollution: Major categories of soil pollutants: sources and effects C Solid Waste Management: Classification of solid wastes; Engineering systems for management; Methods of treatment; Bio-medical wastes; Non-degradable wastes; Hazardous wastes; Electronic wastes; Plastic wastes etc. Unit 5 Energy, Mineral and Food Resources and Biodiversity and its Conservation A Energy Resources: Conventional and non-conventional; Non-renewable and renewable; Fossil fuels: coal, petroleum and natural gas; Solar and wind energy B Mineral, Forest and Food Resources: (i) Minerals -Definition; Importance; Minerals in our diet, Metallic and non- metallic minerals, (ii) Forest - Direct and indirect benefits; Depletion of forest resources: causes and effects; and, (iii) Food - Three main calorie providers; Green revolution C Biodiversity and its Conservation: Definition; Threats to biodiversity; Extinct, endangered and endemic species; Conservation of biodiversity 6  Books: No Author Title Publisher 1. Erach Bharucha Textbook of Universities Environmental Studies Press for UG Courses 2. Benny Joseph Environmental Studies McGraw Hill Edu. (I) Pvt. Ltd. 3. Gilbert M Introduction to Pearson Edu. Masters Environmental Engg. and Science 4. R Rajagopalan Environmental Studies Oxford University 5. Anubha Kaushik Perspectives in New Age Int. CP Kaushik Environmental Studies Publishers 6. Eldon D Enger Environmental Science McGraw Hill Bradley F Smith 7. G Tyler Miller, Jr. Environmental Science Thomson 7 8. Mackenzie L Principles of McGraw Hill Lecture Plan ~ 28 lectures Introduction to the course, Population and Environment and Sustainable Development Environmental Studies: Background; Definition; Objectives; Scope; Major environmental issues of concern; Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental Studies Human Population and Environment: Population growth/ explosion and its effects on human health and environment Sustainable Development: Definition; Aim; Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs); Sustainability issues at various levels; Examples/ sustainability initiatives; Pillars of sustainable development; Desired outcomes Water: Resources, Pollution and Control Water Resources: Water cycle; Total water on earth; Residence time of water in different compartments; Classification of waters as per salt content; Stresses on water resources/ water crises; Water conservation; Water conflicts Water Pollution: Impurities in water; Water quality parameters; Standards; Major categories of water pollutants and their sources and effects; Surface water versus groundwater quality; Point and non-point sources; Pollution of (i) fresh water streams (DO sag curve/ self-purification), (ii) lakes, (iii) groundwater/ aquifers, and (iv) oceans Water Pollution Control: Water treatment (domestic and municipal); Wastewater treatment (on-site and municipal) Air: Atmosphere, Pollution, Control and Climate Change Atmosphere: Composition and structure; Classification of pollutants; Air pollution: sources and effects on humans, plants and materials; AQI and how it is calculated, Plume shapes Air Pollution Control: Laws; Modifications in fuels and engines; Ambient air quality control; Control equipment’s (in vehicles and industry); Stack height Climate Change: Global warming and greenhouse effect; Ozone layer depletion and its consequences; Climate Change and its impact on ecosystem; International agreements Land: Resources, Pollution and Management Land Resources: Importance; Soil and its formation; Soil profile; Land degradation: causes and effects; Soil conservation through sustainable agriculture Soil/ Land Pollution: Major categories of soil pollutants: sources and effects Solid Waste Management: Classification of solid wastes; Engineering systems for management; Methods of treatment; Bio-medical wastes; Non-degradable wastes; Hazardous wastes; Electronic wastes; Plastic wastes etc. Energy, Mineral and Food Resources and Biodiversity and its Conservation Energy Resources: Conventional and non-conventional; Non-renewable and renewable; Fossil fuels: coal, petroleum and natural gas; Solar and wind energy Mineral, Forest and Food Resources: (i) Minerals -Definition; Importance; Minerals in our diet, Metallic and non-metallic minerals, (ii) Forest - Direct and indirect benefits; Depletion of forest resources: causes and effects; and, (iii) Food - Three main calorie providers; Green revolution Biodiversity and its Conservation: Definition; Threats to biodiversity; Extinct, endangered and endemic species; Conservation of 8 biodiversity WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT ?  Means surroundings  It consist: everything we see around us; air/ atmosphere, water/ hydrosphere, land/ lithosphere, biosphere  It can be: - living things (biotic e.g. trees/ plants/ flowers/ animals/ birds/ fishes/ people etc.) or - non-living things (abiotic e.g. air, water, soil, sunlight etc.)  All are part of environment/ All makes environment  Trees with birds/ fishes in ponds/ blue sky above  Environment satisfies all our needs: - provides air to breath; - water we drink ; - food we eat; - cloths that cover our body  We live in this place/ we are part of it/ it belongs to us  How to protect/ preserve/ clean it ? – No waste  Environment is very important  Living things constantly interact with environment and adapt to prevailing conditions  It affects the growth and development of persons/ animals…..  It affects the person's behaviour, body, mind and heart. 9 What is the importance of environment?  Environment plays an important role in the healthy living of human beings.  It matters because it is the only home that humans have, and it provides air, water, food, energy and other needs.  Humanity's entire life support system depends on the well-being of all the environmental factors. 10 What do you mean by environment change? Is a change or disturbance of the environment due to: Natural disasters, Human interferences/ animal interaction. 11  PRESENT STATUS AND NEEDS? * Explosive increase in population/ pollution * Pressure on natural resources * Environmental problems cropped up in the wake of unsustainable development Need was felt to: * Conserve biodiversity * Lead more sustainable lifestyle * Use resources more wisely * Change our attitude towards environment * Appreciate environmental issues: local, regional, global importance * Plan development wisely keeping sustainability in mind * Think alternate, less polluting solutions * Save humanity from extinction 12 WHY EVS? BACKGROUND OF THE COUR SE  Development should be sustainable  It is key to the future of mankind  For sustainable development, knowledge about environment is must  Need was felt to introduce EVS as a subject to create awareness/ interest about environment  Recognizing this necessity and deteriorating status of environment; Advocate MC Mehta filed a public interest litigation (PIL) in Supreme Court (SC) to  SC in 1991 directed University Grands Commission (UGC)  To introduce a mandatory basic course on environmental education for UG courses of all branches of higher education, to be implemented by every university and college in the country  UGC constituted an expert committee to frame syllabus for EVS 13 What is so special about EVS? EVS is perhaps the only subject that unite all disciplines of study, be it natural, social or applied sciences 14  What are objectives of studying EVS?  Not like other subjects  Not just a collection of facts/ information about env. It is also about the way we should live  EVS provides information about env. ACQUIRE BASIC KNOWLEDGE/ SKILL/ UNDER STANDING about env. which can help in identifying and solving env. problems  Develop concern for our env. BE AWARE about current env. problems and their implications  DEVELOP: ATTITUDE/ CONCERN for our env. and DESIRE/ WILLINGNESS to actively participate in its protection/ improvement  EVS tells us a way to change/ re-adjust our life to exist in harmony with our env. 15 EVS: Definition?  Systematic/ holistic study/ understanding of our environment.  Is concerned with the exploration, investigation and development of an understanding of the natural, human, social and cultural dimensions of local and wider/ global environment. EVS: Benefits?  The EVS helps in developing capability to understand environmental problems.  It enlighten us about the importance of protection and conservation of our environment  It enables us to evaluate the environmental issues and take an appropriate decision. 16  EVS: SCOPE? Very wide/ deals with many areas like:  Natural resources: conservation  Environment: Air, water, land  Pollution of the natural resources, control, climate change  Climate change and its impact, ecological aspects, threats to biodiversity, conservation of biodiversity  Social issues connected to it, sustainable development and impacts of human population on environment 17 Major environmental issues of concern? Environmental pollution, Air pollution, Water pollution, Garbage/ Solid waste pollution, Noise pollution, Deforestation/ Desertification, Climate change, Global warming Ozone layer depletion, Acid rain, Loss of biodiversity, Rapid population growth, stress on resources Resource depletion: Depletion of non-renewable energy sources; Food and water shortage 18 Need for Public Awareness Essential to make public aware of the:  Fact that natural and man-made environments are dependent on each other  Consequences of local/ regional/ global environmental changes  Fact that reformative measures if not taken will ultimately result in extinction of life  Fact that environmental protection is every individuals duty  Fact that environmental consciousness needs to be propagated at all levels 19 EVS: the subject and its multidisciplinary nature Examples: air pollution water pollution 20  Air Pollution: Env. issues/ topics Subjects/topics of which knowledge required Nature and reactions of air pollutants Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Effects of air pollutants on human Zoology, Botany, various other branches of Life Sciences and beings, animals and plants Medical Sciences Effects of air pollutants on materials Physics, Chemistry, Material Sciences Effect of climate on air pollution/ Dispersion of Meteorology, Thermodynamics, Geography, pollutants in atmosphere Mathematical Modeling etc. Air pollution control devices Physics, Chemistry and various branches of Engineering/CS/EE/Electronics/Mech/Inst. Emission from vehicles/ Discharge of pollutants by Law industries through stacks History of air pollution and History air pollution episodes Economic impacts of air pollution Economics, Demography Sociological impacts of air pollution Sociology Development of alternative fuels Various branches of physical sciences Conservation of resources and Various branches of physical and political sciences pollution control Ozone hole and global warming Almost all fields of study under the sun has got something to contribute to the understanding and prevention of these phenomenon. 21 Environmental issues/ Topics related to water pollution:  Nature of water pollutants/ and reactions  Effects of water pollutants on human beings, animals, plants and materials  Water pollution control/ wastewater treatment  History of water pollution/ water pollution episodes  Economic impacts of water pollution  Sociological impacts of water pollution  Conservation of water resources  Management of water resources  Laws related to discharge of industrial wastewaters onto land/ in waters (surface waters/ groundwaters/ oceans)  Transfer of water pollutants across international boundaries 22  Population Explosion Population explosion is not only a problem in India, but all over the world. The population of India was around 361 million during the census of 1951. It reached over 1.34 billion now. India, is the second most populous country in the world, while China is on the top. With the population growth rate at 1.2%, India is predicted to have more than 1.53 billion people by the end of 2030.  Population Explosion refers the sudden and rapid rise in population.  A drastic growth in population beyond normal limits is called population explosion. It is more prominent in under- developed and developing countries. Reason s1. Accelerating birthrate: Due to lack of awareness about the positive impact of using birth control method, there has been a steady growth in birth rate. 2. Decrease in infant mortality rate: Improvement in science and technology and wide usage of drugs has reduced the infant mortality rate. 3. Increase in life expectancy: Due to improved living conditions, better hygiene and sanitation habits, better nutrition, health education etc. the average life expectancy of human population has improved significantly. 4. Increased immigration: It happens when a large number arrive at an already populated place with intention to reside permanently. Effects/consequences of Population ExplosionGeneration of waste Air pollution Water pollution Deforestation Depletion of Ozone Layer Extinction of Species Land/Soil Degradation Industrialization Urbanization Transport development Climatic Change Sustainable Development The term “sustainable development” first came to prominence in the world Conservation Strategy (WCS) in 1980. It achieved a new status with the publication of two significant reports by Brundtalnd on:  North and South: a programme for survival and common crisis (1985) and  Our Common Future (1983) Has gained even greater attention since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Jenerio in June 1992.  Development is a comprehensive term which include: *increase in per capita income, *improvement in living standard of people, and *reduction in poverty, illiteracy, crime rate, etc. Development is intended to bring a positive change for human being and its surroundings. Development may take place by bringing about a change in policies, projects and legislation etc. Development is unfolding of human potentials for meaningful participation in economic, social, political and cultural process and institutions, so that people can improve their conditions. Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Gro Harlem Brundtland first introduced the concept of sustainable development in 1987. She was then the Prime Minister of Norway and chairperson of the World Commission on Environment and Development. Improvement of Preserving natural lifestyles and well- Sustainable resources and being Development ecosystems  Need:  Since the conception of SD in 1987 the world’s nations have been discussing the need for greater sustainable development in all countries.  This need has arisen due to: Increase in environmental problems as a result of rapid development since the industrial revolution, Many of the planet’s ecosystems are degraded, Species are threatened,and Global warming is becoming increasingly apparent.  To slow the damage caused by human development, it is essential that our actions become more sustainable.  Aim Maximum improvement in well-being Minimum environmental degradation. Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs)  Sustainability goals, such as the current UN-level Sustainable Development Goals, address the global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace and justice.  As the concept of sustainable development advanced, it has shifted its focus more towards the economic development, social development and environmental protection for future generations.  Examples ofSustainable SOLAR Development ENERGY:  From roof-top solar panels to massive solar farms that can attain the same generating capacity as a conventional power plant, it is clear that there is a renewable energy revolution happening in the world — and it is powered by the sun.  A solar farm can reduce 94% of the emissions that a coal power plant emits. It also eliminates noxious pollutants like sulphur and nitrous oxides and mercury which are major contributors to the air pollution responsible for millions of premature deaths every year.  Solar technology is getting cheaper and is now cost competitive or less costly than conventional power generation in many parts of the world.  According to the International Renewable Energy Agency, currently 220 million to 330 million tons of annual carbon dioxide are saved due to solar photovoltaics. With solar still making up < 2% of the global energy mix, this shows the great potential for the growth of solar in the future.  The greatest advantages of solar energy are that it is completely free and is available in a limitless supply. Both of these factors provide a huge benefit to consumers and help reduce pollution. Replacing non-renewable energy with this type of energy is both environmentally and financially effective. Solar panels don't use any water to generate electricity, they don't release harmful gases into the environment, and the source of their energy is abundant and, best of all, free.  WIND ENERGY  People have utilized the power of the wind for millennia, dating back to the first recorded windmill in Persia between 500 and 900 AD. Fast forward to the 21st century and, in many localities, energy generated by wind power has become either competitive with or less expensive than coal- generated electricity.  Wind turbines are a great solution for power generation due to their cost and the fact that they require a very small land footprint. Other land uses such as farming, conservation and recreation can happen simultaneously with wind power generation. As the price of wind power technology continues to drop and energy storage and transmission infrastructure improves, wind energy could significantly supplement or replace entire grid systems.  Wind energy can supplement or even replace the grid power, and therefore may be a good investment and remains a great example of sustainable development. Keukenhof Around Rotterdam too  CROP ROTATION:  Currently we produce the bulk of our food through industrial agriculture. A system which relies on large farms that monocrop and use enormous amounts of fertilizer and chemical pesticides. Industrial agriculture is immensely damaging to soils, water, air and the climate.  Crop rotation, in contrast, is defined as “the successive planting of different crops on the same land to improve soil fertility and help control insects and diseases.” This way of farming is not a new practice, but rather a more ancient way of farming chemical-free, whilst maximizing the long-term growth potential of land.  A study has shown that complex crop rotation systems can outperform conventional monoculture in both yield and profitability. It is also a practice that produces a diverse range of foods, can be adapted to different local conditions, causes less erosion and stores more carbon in soils assisting with carbon sequestration.  To sum up: this farming practice is beneficial in several ways, most notably because it is chemical-free. Crop rotation has been proven to maximize the growth potential of land, while also preventing disease and insects in the soil. Not only can this form of development benefit commercial farmers, but it can also aid those who grow garden at home.  EFFICIENT WATER FIXTURES:  It takes a lot of energy to produce and transport water and to process waste water, and since < 1% of the Earth’s available water supply is fresh water, it is important that sustainable water use is employed at the individual and societal level.  The amount of water used for essential services can be drastically reduced by more than 50% with the use of water-saving fittings and fixtures. Some examples of water-efficient fixtures include: low-flow taps and shower heads, and dual flush toilets. These fixtures can be retrofitted easily and affordably into existing buildings or specified for new building projects.  GREEN SPACE:  Green spaces such as parks, wetlands, lakes, forests or other eco systems are fundamental to sustainably developed urban areas. These areas are essential for cooling cities while trees produce oxygen and filter out air pollution. Well-designed green spaces also play a critical role in providing safer routes for those commuting by foot or bicycle and providing safer spaces for physical activity and recreation.  To sum up: advantages of green spaces also include,  helping regulate air quality and climate  recharging groundwater supplies, and  protecting lakes and streams from polluted runoff Ljubljana, Slovenia  Interdependent and Mutually Reinforcing Pillars of Sustainable Development Social Development Environ- Economic mental Development Protection United Nations 2005 World Summit Outcome Document  Environmental Protection Ecosystem integrity Biological diversity Managed population size 25  Environmental Protection Economic Development Appropriate economic policies Efficient resource allocation More equitable access to resources Increasing the productive capacity of the poor 26  Environmental Protection Economic Development Social Development Improved income distribution Gender equality Investing in basic health & education Emphasizing participation of beneficiaries  A Fourth Pillar  “…cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature.”  Sustainable development cannot be understood “simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence”. Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (UNESCO, 2001)  Environmental Protection Economic Development Cultural Diversity Sensitivity to cultural Social factors Development Recognition of values conducive to development 28 Putting it All Environmental Together Protection Economic Develop- ment Cultural Diversity Social Develop- ment  What are the desired outcomes of sustainable development? Clean water & air Get out from poverty Fertile soil & & disease good food Social contact & a sense A livelihood & a of community Work , rest healthy economy An optimum & celebration Opportunities to population size learn 23 Halting global warming  The principles of a sustainable society areand care for life. Respect Improve the quality of human life. Conserve the Earth's vitality and diversity. Minimize the depletion of non-renewable resources. Keep the changes within the Earth's carrying capacity. Change attitudes and practices. Enable communities to care for their own environments. Provide a national framework for integrating development and conservation. Create a global alliance.  NEXUS APPROACH WATER-ENERGY-FOOD SECURITY NEXUS “Nexus” in Latin describes: the act of tying together or something which binds.  The nexus perspective emphasizes the inter- relatedness and interdependencies of these environmental resources  Instead of just looking at individual components, the functioning, productivity and management of a complex system is taken into consideration. The water, energy and food security nexus means that the three sectors — water security, energy security and food security — are linked and that actions in one area may have impacts in one or both of the others. Water security is defined in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as "access to safe drinking water and sanitation", both of which have recently become a human right. Availability and access of water for other human and ecosystem uses is also very important from a nexus perspective. Energy security has been defined as "access to clean, reliable and affordable energy services for cooking and heating, lighting, communications and productive uses" (United Nations), and as "uninterrupted physical availability [of energy] at a price which is affordable, while respecting environment concerns". Food security is defined by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) as "availability and access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet the dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life". Adequate food has also been defined as a human right.  Sustainability principles  Reduce dependence upon *fossil fuels, *underground metals, and *minerals  Reduce dependence upon *synthetic chemicals and *other unnatural substances  Reduce *encroachment upon nature  Meet *human needs fairly & efficiently. Old and new approaches to human use of the atmosphere  Sustainability issues are to be analyzed at various levels Global level Ozone depletion; Climate change; and Air pollution Regional, National or Area-level Water pollution; Water depletion; Deforestation; Fisheries depletion; Biodiversity loss; Desertification; and Erosion. Local level - a plot, a farm or a village Soil losses; Loss of soil quality (chemical or physical); Loss of farm income  INVOLVEMENT AND ULTIMATE GOALS  Sustainable development requires the active involvement of all stakeholders: *government, *NGOs, *private sectors, and also *civil society.  It is not just politicians, or policy makers who decide what SD should be like.  You have to remind policy makers to make decision to protect your future: you can remind them that you want better jobs, cleaner cities, more equitable resources distribution, and above all, a guarantee that your future is secure, full of opportunity, a pleasant world to live in and a healthy planet.  PROBLEMS Where poverty and population pressure “intersect” Human and their environment suffer.  What is Needed to Achieve the sustainable development ? Eco Friendly Present generation should be aware of the needs of present age group and of future generations. And also ensure the productive assets available to future generation are not depleted. Such technologies need to be developed and implemented which help to conserve resources, Prevent unnecessary pollution and help restore the environment. Some Sustainable Initiatives adopted by Sweden 1. SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC TRANSPORT  From green buses that run on biogas and ethanol to electric trains, sustainability is key for Sweden’s public transport systems. Stockholm Public Transport (SL)’s new tram purchases are at least 98% recyclable.  For trains, it buys only renewable electricity from hydropower or wind power.  The complete underground system in Stockholm runs on green electricity, and as of 2017, all buses are running on renewable fuels, which was the aim for 2025.  2. INVESTING IN GREEN TECH  Sweden is set to become the world's first fossil-fuel free nation.  In 2016, Sweden earmarked $3.5 Mn to spend on renewable energy R&D in India.  Sweden passed a new Climate Act (2017) that legally binds it to reach zero emissions by 2045.  Sweden aims to have no net emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.  By 2030, 70% of the emissions from transport are forecasted to be diminished.  3. SUSTAINABLE LIFESTYLE  ‘Sustainable’ is a way of life for Swedes!  Sweden ranks number 1 in the EU in the consumption of organic foods.  Swedish fashion giant H&M is a world leader in using organic cotton.  A recycling revolution is underway in the country with Swedes recycling nearly 100% of household waste.  7 out of 10 desire to live in an eco-labeled house and intend paying more for it as per a survey.