Automotive Engineering Past Paper PDF

Automotive engineering ====================== 1. ***Read the text below which deals with the challenges automotive engineering faces.*** Oil provides 33% of the world's energy and transportation engines account for over 60% of the 70 million barrels of crude/RAW oil used each day. Engines [po...

Automotive engineering ====================== 1. ***Read the text below which deals with the challenges automotive engineering faces.*** Oil provides 33% of the world's energy and transportation engines account for over 60% of the 70 million barrels of crude/RAW oil used each day. Engines [power] the world's [roughly] one billion passenger vehicles, as well as [trucks] and [heavy-duty] vehicles. In the USA, engines consume 14 million barrels of oil per day or 2.5 gal/person. Since there are insufficient reserves, 62% is imported, and at [current] prices (\$80 a barrel), the USA spends about 1 billion dollars a day on imported oil. This also impacts national security. It is unreasonable to think that this vast consumption of fuel is sustainable. But prospects for replacing the IC engine with more fuel efficient and cleaner power [plants] are not hopeful. Indeed, a recent report concluded that '...the internal combustion engine (ICE) will be the dominant prime mover for light-duty vehicles for many years, probably decades. Thus, it is clearly important to perform R&D to provide a better understanding of the fundamental processes affecting engine efficiency and the production of undesirable emissions.' Also, there is no obvious alternative to the IC engine for medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles, which account for a quarter of all fuel used (mostly diesel). The fuel used by IC engines also has a major impact on our global environment. Burning 1 kg of fuel consumes about 15 kg of air, and significant energy is required to pump it into and out of the engine. In addition, about 3 kg of CO2 is generated, which contributes to the world's annual production of 37 billion tons of CO2, a major green house gas (GHG). Some fear that GHGs can cause climate change with unpredictable consequences. To address this problem, the International Energy Agency's roadmap is to reduce fuel use by 30--50% in new road vehicles worldwide by 2030, and in all vehicles by 2050. Although 2050 appears distant, the time required to bring new engines to production, together with the years needed for new technology [to permeate] the vehicle fleet, means that major effort (and investment) will be required. Thus, the grand challenge faced by engine and automotive engineering researchers over the next decades will be [to devise] technological advances that maximize engine efficiency, minimize pollutant emissions, and optimize tolerance to a wider variety of fuels in power generation and transportation systems. (adapted from: ) 2. ***Decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F) based on the information in the text. The first one has been done for you*** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 10. Oil provides a quarter of the | T/F | | world's energy | | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. 62% for the internal | T/F | | consumption is extracted from | | | the USA. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. There are high expectations | T/F | | for IC engines to be replaced | | | by cleaner ones. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3. There is no obvious | T/F | | alternative to the IC engine | | | commercial vehicles. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4. Burning 1 kg of fuel consumes | T/F | | much less than 15 kg of air. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5. The world's annual production | T/F | | of CO2 is 37 billion tons. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6. GHGs will be completely | T/F | | stopped by 2050. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7. It will be totally | T/F | | inexpensive to introduce the | | | new technology. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8. One of the challenges is to | T/F | | maximize engine efficiency. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 9. Vehicles adapting to a wider | T/F | | variety of fuels would not be | | | a solution. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 3. ***Find words with similar meaning in the text. The first one has been done for you.*** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 9. 1\. incomplete | \_\_\_\_ insufficient | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. 2\. influences | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. 3\. illogical | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3. 4\. imperishable | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4. 5\. resourcefulness | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5. 6\. uncertain | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6. 7\. infiltrate | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7. 8\. flotilla | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8. 9\. enhance | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 10\. acceptance | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 4. ***Automotive engineering is a comprehensive domain which consists of several branches. Match these automotive engineering branches to their definitions. The first one has been done for you (1. d).*** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6. 1\. statics | f. a\. the study of how differen | | | t | | | materials deform under variou | | | s | | | types of stress | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. 2\. dynamics  | a. b\. a method of applying | | | mechanics that assumes that | | | objects are continuous | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. 3\. mechanics of materials | b. c\. the study of the motion o | | | f | | | bodies (objects) and systems | | | (groups of objects), while | | | ignoring the forces that caus | | | e | | | the motion. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3. 4\. fluid mechanics | c. d\. the study of non-moving | | | bodies under known loads, how | | | forces affect static bodies | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4. 5\. kinematics | d. e\. the study of how fluids | | | react to forces | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5. 6\. continuum mechanics | e. f\. the study of how forces | | | affect moving bodies | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 5. ***Automotive engineering vocabulary is highly specialized and a good hold of it is beneficial. When learning technical vocabulary it is useful to learn words by establishing logical relationships between them. Derive the nouns on the left to obtain adjectives. The first one has been done for you.*** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Noun | Adjective | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. 1\. entropy | \_\_\_ entropic | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. 2\. equilibrium | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3. 3\. spontaneity | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4. 4\. vacuum | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5. 5\. reversibility | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6. 6\. viscosity | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7. 7\. quantum | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8. 8\. randomness  | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 9. 9\. homogeneity | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 10. 10\. saturation | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 6. ***Find the antonyms of these words by adding negative prefixes. The first one has been done for you.*** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 10. 1\. homogeneous  | \_\_\_ inhomogeneous  | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. 2\. significant | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. 3\. continuous  | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3. 4\. pleasant | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4. 5\. precise  | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5. 6\. pertinent | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6. 7\. common | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7. 8\. ability | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8. 9\. existent | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 9. 10\. similar | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ *Vehicle components* -------------------- 7. ***In 4 stroke engines, pistons complete 4 separate strokes. These are: Intake, Compression, ~~Combustion~~, and Exhaust. Read the four descriptions below and decide upon the stroke each description refers to. The first one has been done for you:*** A. \_ Combustion \_: also known as power or ignition. At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360 degree revolution. While the piston is at the end of the compression stroke, the compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat generated by high compression (diesel engines). This stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft. B. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: also known as outlet. This action expels the spent air-fuel mixture through the exhaust valve. C. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: this stroke begins at the end of the suction stroke. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition during the power stroke. Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during this stage. D. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: also known as induction or suction. In this stroke the intake valve must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its downward motion. 8. ***Vehicles run thanks to the power generated by an engine. This exercise aims both at informing you on the generation of power in engines and at checking your comprehension of the text. Fill in the gaps with the words underneath. The first one has been done for you.*** cylinder lubrication oscillate losses severe ---------- ------------- ----------- -------- -------------- grooves oxygen breakage spins ~~ingested~~ The maximum amount of power generated by an engine is determined by the maximum amount of air (1) \_\_\_ ingested \_\_\_. The amount of power generated by a piston engine is related to its size (cylinder volume), whether it is a two-stroke engine or four-stroke design, volumetric efficiency (2) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, air-to-fuel ratio, the calorific value of the fuel, (3) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ content of the air and speed. The speed is ultimately limited by material strength and (4) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Valves, pistons and connecting rods suffer (5) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ acceleration forces. At high engine speed, physical (6) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and piston ring flutter can occur, resulting in power loss or even engine destruction. Piston ring flutter occurs when the rings (7) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ vertically within the piston (8) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ they reside in. Ring flutter compromises the seal between the ring and the (9) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ wall, which causes a loss of cylinder pressure and power. If an engine (10) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ too quickly, valve springs cannot act quickly enough to close the valves. 9. ***Derive the words underneath (verbs, adjectives) in order to obtain nouns. Pay attention that all obtained nouns should end in '-ght'.*** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6. weigh → | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. fly → | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. high → | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3. see → | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4. think → | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5. lit → | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 10. ***Match the following engine components to their definitions. The first one has been done for you (1. c).*** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 10. **connecting rod**  | j. an exhaust emission | | | control device that converts | | | toxic gases | | | and pollutants in exhaust | | | gas from an internal | | | combustion engine to less | | | toxic pollutants | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. **cam**  | a. a technique employed to | | | reduce friction between, and | | | wear of one or both, surfaces | | | in proximity and moving | | | relative to each other, by | | | interposing a substance in | | | between them | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. **crankshaft** | b. the part of a piston | | | engine which connects | | | the piston to the crankshaft | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3. **catalytic converter** | c. an old-fashioned device that | | | mixes air and fuel | | | for internal combustion | | | engines in the proper ratio | | | for combustion | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4. **turbocharger** | d. a device for delivering | | | electric current from | | | an ignition system to | | | the combustion chamber of | | | a spark-ignition engine to | | | ignite the compressed | | | fuel/air mixture by | | | an electric spark | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5. **lubrication** | e. a projection on a rotating | | | part in machinery, designed | | | to make sliding contact with | | | another part while rotating | | | and impart reciprocal or | | | variable motion to it | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6. **glow plug** | f. a disc or short cylinder | | | fitting closely within a tube | | | in which it moves up and down | | | against a liquid or gas, used | | | in an internal combustion | | | engine to derive motion, or | | | in a pump to impart motion | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7. **spark plug** | g. a device that increases an | | | internal combustion engine\'s | | | efficiency and power output | | | by forcing extra air into the | | | combustion chamber | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8. **piston** | h. a heating device used to aid | | | starting diesel engines | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 9. **carburettor**  | i. a shaft driven by a crank | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 11. ***Passive voice is regularly used when describing scientific experiments or discoveries. The explanation consists in the fact that the focus is on the phenomena under investigation, not on the researcher. Thus, transform the following active sentences into passive ones by paying attention to all the changes that might take place. The first one has been done for you.*** [The concept of momentum] plays **a fundamental role** in explaining the behaviour of variable-mass objects **A fundamental role** in explaining the behaviour of variable-mass objects is played [by the concept of momentum.] 1.  [Giambattista Benedetti] modified **the growing theory of impetus** to involve linear motion alone. 2. [Einstein] redefined **the concept of 'inertia'** in terms of geodesic deviation. 3. [This] gives **an accurate value for mass, limited only by the accuracy of the measurements. ** 4. At any non-zero speed, [relativistic mass] always exceeds **gravitational mass**. 5. In an inertial frame, [all the observers in uniform (non-accelerating) motion] will observe **the same laws of physics**.  6. [A gas or liquid in a container] will also resist **changes in rotational rate**. 7. [Passengers] may experience **deceleration as a lifting force**. 8. [The special theory of relativity] describes **the behaviour of objects travelling relative to other objects**. 9. [An object with mass] can approach **this speed** asymptotically, but never reach **it**. 10. [Each vector equation] represents **three scalar equations**. 12. ***Though obsolete now, carburettors did play a major role in the history of vehicles as the means which combines in an appropriate ratio the fuel and air so necessary to burning. Fill in the gaps with words that you consider appropriate depending on the context. In order to do so, you are recommended to carefully consider what is before and after the gap. The first one has been done for you.*** A carburettor is (1) \_\_\_ a \_\_\_ device that mixes fuel (2) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ air together and delivers the mixture to the [intake manifold](http://www.crankshift.com/intake-manifold/) (3) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ an internal combustion engine. Early carburettors achieved (4) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by simply allowing air to pass over (5) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ surface of the fuel (i.e. gasoline), but most of them later dispensed a metered amount of fuel into the air stream. Carburetion was the dominant method of mixing fuel and air for internal combustion engines (6) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the 1980s, (7) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ emissions regulations and concerns about fuel efficiency resulted in fuel injection taking over. (8) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ carburettors were used in the United States, Europe, and other developed nations through the middle of the 1990s, (9) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ made use of increasingly complex control systems (10) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ meet emissions requirements. 13. ***Technical texts contain verbs that describe technical actions or processes. Derivation is an important process by which new words are obtained. Derive the following verbs in order to obtain nouns. The first one has been done for you.*** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 10. 1\. to invent | \_\_\_\_ inventor/ invention | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. 2\. to inject | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. 3\. to pass | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3. 4\. to accelerate | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4. 5\. to suck | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5. 6\. to fail | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6. 7\. to assist | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7. 8\. to adjust | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8. 9\. to idle | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 9. 10\. to reduce | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 14. ***Read attentively the information in the following graphs and decide to what vehicle systems they refer to.*** fig.1fig.2fig.3 ------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ system \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ system \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ system ------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- 15. ***Decide upon the category where these components should fall and write them in the corresponding column. The first three have been done for you.*** bands distributor pump -------------------- ------------------------- ----------------- bonnet door handle roof rack bumper electronic control unit sensors camshaft fender spark plug carburettor hydraulic controls spoiler clutches ignition coil sunroof crankshaft oil pump throttle differential planetary gear set tire/ tyre torque converter trunk valve body transmission fluid turbocharger welded assembly **Engine components** **Car body components** **Transmission components** ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------- \_ camshaft \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_ bonnet \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_ bands \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 16. ***Choose the best word that matches the following definitions. The first one has been done for you.*** chassis drive axle transmission gear box alternator --------- ------------- -------------- ---------- ------------------ battery oil filters spark plug brakes air conditioning 1. The system of gears in an engine or a vehicle \_\_ gear box \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. They help reduce and halt the speed of the vehicle \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. It provides the driving power to a self-propelled vehicle \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4. They remove dust and abrasive particles from the engine oil \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5. It is the skeleton of the vehicle \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 6. It generates alternating current \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7. It supplies electrical energy to a motor vehicle \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 8. It removes heat from the interior of an occupied space, to improve the comfort of occupants \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9. The system of gears and shafts by which the power from the engine reaches and turns the wheels \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 10. A device designed to fit in each cylinder of a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine and to produce the electric spark for igniting the mixture of gasoline and air \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 17. ***Find the best negative counterpart of the following verbs. The first one has been done for you.*** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 10. to function | \_\_ to malfunction | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. to engage | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. to lock | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3. to expand | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4. to fold | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5. to magnetize | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6. to inflate | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7. to accelerate | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8. to tighten | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 9. to press | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 18. ***Brainstorm around each word that is given in the boxes on the left. Find five words that are related to or part of the main concept in the box on the left.*** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - The engine | \- \_ cylinder head | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | +===================================+===================================+ | - The fuel system | \- \_ fuel tank | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - The ignition system | \- \_ electric battery | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - The electrical system | \- \_ conductors | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - The exhaust system | \- \_ exhaust manifolds | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - The drive system | \- \_ clutch | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - The suspension and steering | \- \_ steering box | | system | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - The brake system | \- \_ pedal | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - Frame and body | \- \_ ladder frame | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | | | | | | \- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 19. ***Each box in the table below contains vocabulary from a car system. Three words have been given. It is your task to provide the fourth, making sure that it is related to the other three.*** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | - Aluminium | - Boot | - Intake | - Van | | | | | | | - Copper | - Tyre | - Compression | - Taxi | | | | | | | - Tin | - Windscreen | - Combustion | - Bus | | | | | | | - \_\_\_\_\_\ | - \_\_\_\_\_\ | - \_\_\_\_\_\ | - \_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_ | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | - Crane | - Door handle | - Crankshaft | - Fuel tank | | | | | | | - Fork lift | - Switch | - Piston | - Fuel pump | | | | | | | - Cement | - Glass | - Cylinder | - Fuel | | mixer | | block | injector | | | - \_\_\_\_\_\ | | | | - \_\_\_\_\_\ | _\_\_\_\_ | - \_\_\_\_\_\ | - \_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_ | | _\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | - Alternator | - Tailpipe | - Flywheel | - Tires | | | | | | | - Cooling | - Exhaust | - Clutch | - Springs | | fans | manifolds | | | | | | - Gearbox | - Shock | | - Fuse box | - Muffler | | absorbers | | | | - \_\_\_\_\_\ | | | - \_\_\_\_\_\ | - \_\_\_\_\_\ | _\_\_\_\_ | - \_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_ | | _\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ 20. ***Both spark plugs and glow plugs have an important role in the ignition of the air & fuel mixture having yet some different features. Read carefully the sentences below that emphasize the similarities and differences between them and fill in the gaps in the sentences with the words that you consider appropriate depending on the context. The first one has been done for you.*** 1. All engine combustion requires three things, i.e. the fuel, air and heat or a source of \_\_ ignition \_ (i.e. the plug) 2. Both glow plugs and spark plugs \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as a source of ignition during the combustion of the engine.  3. Spark plugs are found only in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ engines. 4. Glow plugs are found in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ones. 5. The spark plug generally receives a high-voltage charge from the ignition coil, creating a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and igniting the air-fuel mixture. 6. A spark plug runs \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to make sure that your engine keeps on running.  7. The fuel is mixed with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ air inside the throttle body before being injected into the combustion chamber. 8. A glow plug is known as an electrical heating device which is situated in each \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the diesel engine.  9. A glow plug is required only during the ignition process, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a spark plug which functions continuously while you're driving.  10. In diesel engines the fuel is injected directly into the combustion \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ where it mixes with the compressed air, and starts the combustion, even when the engine is cold. 21. ***The exhaust system is a vital component in every vehicle. This fragment details on its components and functioning. As you read the fragment you should focus on what better fits in each gap. You need to choose for each gap one of the words given underneath. The first one has been done for you.*** The original purpose of an exhaust system was to safely route exhaust gases 1. \_\_from \_\_\_ the engine so they can be exhausted into the environment, while also providing attenuation of combustion noise. Exhaust gas, however, contains components that are harmful 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ human health and/or the environment. As a consequence, emission levels of these exhaust gas components became regulated. Since regulated emission levels are often much lower than that which can be achieved 3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in-cylinder control measures, the exhaust gas must be treated 4. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ it leaves the engine. Thus, while exhaust systems continue to serve their original functions, they have evolved 5. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ one of the critical elements used for pollution control and abatement in modern engines. The exhaust system is typically connected 6. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the exhaust manifold, which collects exhaust gases from the engine cylinders' exhaust ports. 7. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ light-duty applications, catalytic converters and diesel particulate filters (DPF) can be placed either in the close-coupled position to the exhaust manifold or in the underfloor position. The choice of location is determined 8. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the availability of space and the desired temperature profile, with the close-coupled location providing exposure to the highest possible exhaust gas temperatures. The after-treatment devices and their piping are sometimes referred 9. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as the 'hot end' of the exhaust system, while the mufflers and the tailpipes are the 'cold end' of the exhaust system. The hot end piping may include the 'downpipe' or 'front pipe' which connects the exhaust manifold with the catalytic converter, as well as piping between the catalyst and the particulate filter. The after-treatment system is connected with the muffler by the 'centre pipe' The exposure to high temperature, 10. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ with other factors such as strength requirements and chemical exposure, determine the choice of exhaust system materials. (adapted from ) +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 10. 1. | A. A. | B. B. | C. C. from | D. D. to | | | along | around | | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | 1. 2. | A. A. on | B. B. | C. C. for | D. D. to | | | | about | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 2. 3. | A. A. in | B. B. | C. C. at | D. D. | | | | through | | after | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 3. 4. | A. A. | B. B. on | C. C. | D. D. | | | after | | before | during | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 4. 5. | A. A. for | B. B. from | C. C. in | D. D. into | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 5. 6. | A. A. on | B. B. from | C. C. to | D. D. into | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 6. 7. | A. A. from | B. B. in | C. C. | D. D. for | | | | | about | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 7. 8. | A. A. by | B. B. | C. C. from | D. D. on | | | | through | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 8. 9. | A. A. from | B. B. to | C. C. at | D. D. | | | | | | about | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 9. 10. | A. A. | B. B. | C. C. | D. D. | | | through | about | along | accordi | | | | | | ng | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ *Forces in vehicle moving* -------------------------- 22. ***The concept of 'inertia' was first mentioned by Aristotle. Later on Galileo, Newton and Copernicus took up the task of clarifying the concept. Read this fragment to discover more about inertia and as you do so, fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions. The first one has been done for you.*** The principle of inertia states it is the tendency of an object to resist a change (1) \_ in \_ motion. According to Newton, an object will stay (2) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ rest or stay in motion unless acted on by a net external force, whether it results (3) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gravity, friction, contact, or some other force. The Aristotelian division of motion (4) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ mundane and celestial became increasingly problematic (5) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the face of the conclusions of Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16^th^ century, who argued that the Earth (and everything on it) was in fact never \"at rest\", but was actually in constant motion (6) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the sun. Galileo, in his further development of the Copernican model, recognized these problems (7) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the then-accepted nature of motion and, at least partially as a result, included a restatement of Aristotle\'s description of motion (8) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a void as a basic physical principle: A body moving (9) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a level surface will continue in the same direction (10) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a constant speed unless disturbed. (adapted from ) 23. ***Derivation is an important means to enrich vocabulary and for that you need to understand the context, to analyse what is before and after the gap, to establish what speech part you need and last but not least to know how to derive it. The text is about the kinetic energy, its transfer between bodies in contact and about the possibility to convert it into other types of energy. Derive the words on the right to best match the gaps on the left. The first one has been done for you.*** Kinetic energy can be transferred from one body to another ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- in a (1) \_ collision \_, which can be elastic or equally \(1) COLLIDE \(2) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. \(2) ELASTIC One example of an elastic collision would be one billiard ball \(3) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ another. Ignoring the friction between \(3) STRIKE the balls and the table or any spin (4) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to the cue \(4) PART ball, (5) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the total kinetic energy of the two \(5) IDEAL balls after the collision is equal to the kinetic energy of the cue ball before the collision. (6) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, kinetic energy \(6) ADDITION can be converted into other forms of energy and vice versa. For example, kinetic energy can be converted into (7) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \(7) ELECTRICITY energy by a (8) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or into thermal energy by the \(8) GENERATE brakes on a car. (9) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, electrical energy can be \(9) CONVERSE converted back to kinetic energy by an electric motor, thermal energy can be converted to kinetic energy by a steam turbine, and chemical energy can be converted to kinetic energy by an internal (10) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ engine. \(10) COMBUSTIBLE (adapted from ) 24. ***An important skill of any learners of English is to discriminate between the adjectives ending in '--ed' and '--ing'; thus, the '-- ed' adjectives describe emotions and informs on how people feel; the '-- ing' adjectives describe the thing that causes the emotion. Choose the right answer. The first one has been done for you.*** 1. *Although the experiment had been a failure, they looked \_ amused \_ at the remains of the explosion.* a. *amused b. amusing* 2. Wearing a helmet may seem *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*, but in space travel wearing it seems to be vital. a. annoyed b. annoying 3. The explanations of the project manager were *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* for his tired mind. a. confused b. confusing 4. They couldn\'t have been *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* by the success of their project partners. a. disappointed b. disappointing 5. The *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* discourse transposed them in a positive atmosphere of hope and expectations. a. excited b. exciting 6. After such an*\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* effort, all they could dream of was a nice and long holiday. a. exhausted b. exhausting 7. Far from being *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*, they dared the new challenge convinced that they could succeed. a. frightened b. frightening 8. All we are interested in is to have *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* customers. a. satisfied b. satisfying 9. She brought *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* news. a. shocked b. shocking 10. We are getting *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* with this film. Nothing really happens. a. bored b. boring 25. ***Sometimes tools appear in the structure of idiomatic expression. It is useful to notice that in idioms they lose their initial meaning melting into the general meaning of the idioms. Fill in the sentences underneath with the following idioms. The first one has been done for you.*** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - **to run out of gas** | - **to call a spade a spade** | +===================================+===================================+ | - **to have a screw loose** | - **to put the screws on | | | someone** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - **to go to pieces** | - **a sledgehammer to crack a | | | nut** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - **to have your head screwed | - **to take the plunge** | | on** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - **to have water under the | - **to fight fire with fire** | | bridge** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 1. We shouldn\'t use **\_\_a sledgehammer to crack a nut \_\_.** We need to be attentive not to make the situation worse.  2. He is brave enough **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.** If he doesn\'t agree to something, he will immediately say it.  3. Their only hope is **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,** but they cannot be sure to succeed.  4. The engine of the car **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** after the car crash which was unavoidable. 5. You shouldn\'t trust him. He**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.**  6. I always believed she**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.** Why does she make such stupid mistakes?  7. If she doesn\'t start learning, we\'ll have to **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** her.  8. If you don\'t stop working so much, you will **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ immediately.**  9. I attempted at telling him something, but he answered quite proudly that he had **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.**  10. She would love to stop working here, but she is too scared **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.**  26. ***Phrasal verbs are quite common in technical English. Their numerosity is perceived as an obstacle by non-native users of English. In this exercise the practice is dedicated to 'take' and some of its most frequent verb-particle combinations. Fill in the following sentences with the correct phrasal verb. The first one has been done for you.*** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - to take up (to start doing | - to be taken aback (to be | | something) | surprised) | +===================================+===================================+ | - to take over (to make one's | - to take to (to like somebody) | | own) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - to take down (to be | - to take apart (to separate by | | destroyed) | components) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - to take out (to eliminate) | - to take for (to be | | | interpreted as) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - to take off (to start flying) | - to take on (to accept) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 1. Bill was \_\_ taken aback \_\_ by the quick decision of the manager. 2. The engine stopped, so the mechanic \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 3. The platform was \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_for safety reasons. 4. The spark plug looked so good that I \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_the new one. 5. The plane should \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_on time. 6. He \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_the new mission as if he were still young. 7. If you want this machinery to function, then you need to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_the worn components. 8. IBM is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_other smaller companies. 9. He \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_repairing old cars when he was in high school. 10. He \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_his future wife when they first met. 27. ***All domains create abbreviations for the purpose of shortening long names and/ or titles and the mechanical engineering makes no exception. Match the abbreviations underneath to their equivalents. The first one has been done for you (1. f).*** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 9. 1\. Carb | j. a\. direct current | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. 2\. A&F | a. b\. vehicle control module | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. 3\. ABS | b. c\. turbo diesel | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3. 4\. DC | c. d\. revolutions per minute | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4. 5\. FI | d. e\. tachometer | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5. 6\. RPM | e. f\. carburettor | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6. 7\. SR | f. g\. air and fuel | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7. 8\. TACH | g. h\. anti-blocking system | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8. 9\. TD | h. i\. fuel injection | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 10\. VCM | i. j\. sunroof | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ *Vehicles and the environment* ------------------------------ 28. ***The skill to discriminate between words depending on the domain is important for anyone interested in improving technical English skills. Choose the word that best matches the gap without forgetting to adjust it to the domain. The first one has been done for you.*** Conventional vehicles use gasoline or diesel to (1) \_\_ power \_\_ an internal combustion engine. Hybrids also use an internal combustion engine and can be fuelled like normal cars, but have an electric motor and battery, and can be partially or wholly powered by electricity. By using both a conventional engine and electric motor, the best hybrids (2) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ significantly better fuel efficiency than their non-hybrid counterparts. They also pollute less and save drivers money through fuel (3) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The most advanced hybrids have larger batteries and can (4) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ their batteries from an outlet, allowing them to drive extended distances (5) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ electricity before switching to gasoline or diesel. Known as \'plug-in hybrids\', these cars can offer much-improved environmental performance and increased fuel savings by (6) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ grid electricity for gasoline. Like the switch that turns (7) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ your refrigerator\'s light bulb when the door is closed, **\'**idle-off\' is a (8) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that turns off your car\'s conventional engine when the vehicle is stopped, saving fuel. The battery provides energy for the air conditioner and accessories while the vehicle (9)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ at stoplights or in traffic, and the electric motor can start the vehicle moving again. (10) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ needed, the conventional engine will reengage to provide more power for acceleration. +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 10. | A fuel | B power | C nurture | D feed | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | 1. | A achieve | B meet | C succeed | D | | | | | | accomplish | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 2. | A spendings | B savings | C accounts | D expenses | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 3. | A consume | B fill | C complete | D recharge | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 4. | A from | B for | C on | D due to | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 5. | A replacing | B | C | D switching | | | | substitutin | exchanging | | | | | g | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 6. | A off | B out | C in | D down | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 7. | A tool | B object | C feature | D means | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 8. | A rests | B brakes | C sets off | D idles | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 9. | A if | B on | C upon | D as for | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 29. ***Out- is a prefix which means 'bigger', 'better' or 'longer' and it combines a number of verbs, thus contributing to the language's vocabulary enrichment. Decide upon the most appropriate context for each verb. You may change the form so that it correctly fills in the gap. The first one has been done for you.*** outnumber outmode outpace outplace outpoint ----------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- outmatch outman outlive outgrow outface 1. \_\_ Outmoded \_\_ as they may be, carburettors have changed the history of the vehicle. 2. Diesel cars \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gasoline cars by three to one. 3. The more profitable factories \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ their weaker competitors. 4. Certain regions of the country were \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by others which attracted more young people. 5. In the NCAP tests they \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ most of their competitors. 6. Vehicle import growth \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ export growth in the second quarter. 7. Vast chambers were built which \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ anything to be seen in Europe. 8. The S model \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ its designer by more than 20 years. 9. These achievements were based on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ignorant politicians. 10. Given their poor sales, they had no choice but to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ their best specialists. 30. ***Each fragment contains a given number of mistakes. Read the text carefully and identify the mistakes. The number of mistakes is indicated at the end of each fragment. The first one has been done for you.*** A. The engine is the vehicle's ~~mane~~ / main source of power. This is where chemical energy is converted in mecanical energy. The most popular type of engine is refered to as the Internal Combustion Engine. This engine burns an air/fuel mixture inside itself in order to drive a serie of pistons and conecting rods that in turn rotate a crankshaft providing us with a continuous rotating motion with witch to drive the vehicle and other components. The engine also incorporates others systems, including the lubrication system and the coolling system, all working efficiently together. The coolling system maintains the engine in an ideal operating temperature while the lubrication system ensures that all the moving parts are kept well oilled in order to provide a long serviceable life. (11 mistakes) B. The fuel systems job it is to store and supply fuel to the engine. Early vehicle fuel systems were completely mechanical systems delivering fuel trouh the use of a mechanical fuel pamp and using a carburetor to atomize and mix the fuel whit air. Most of the system today is ither electronically controlled and/or monitored. The fuel system may also include the Evaporative Emission System were the raw fuel vapours that would otherwise be vented to the atmosfere are stored and than drawn in and burned in the engine under normal operating conditions. (10 mistakes) C. The electrical system provides the volltage necessary to operate the many electrical components on the vehicle such as the vehicle's lightening system. The main sorce of power for the electrical system is the bettery. The electrical system also includes the starting system and the charging system. The starting system uses a height output electric motor to start the engine turning fastly enagh for the fuel and ignition system to take under. The charging system consists of a large bettery charger called an alternater which is powered by the engine through the use of a drive belt. (10 mistakes) 31. ***Starting from the structure underneath, expand it gradually by adding 1 -- 3 words each time. The structure that has been expanded can under no circumstances be changed from one stage to the next.*** The ignition system (3 words) The ignition system **is important**. (+ 2) The ignition system is important **for motion.** (+ 2) The ignition system is important for **the** motion **it generates.** (+ 3) The ignition system is important for the motion it generates **in engines**. (+ 2) Now, do the same by starting from: The lubrication system The lubrication system (3 words) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 32. ***Order these words so as to obtain correct sentences which describe the main systems in vehicles.*** a. system/fumes/away/the/compartment/moves/burnt/safely/from/the/exhaust/and/passenger/exhaust/quietly/the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ b\. transmits/of/the/wheels/drive/train/power/the/the/engine/to/drive/the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ c\. both/hydraulic/includes/the/a/system/mechanical/braking/system/and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ d\. body/the/to/on/a/frame/provide/which/vehicle/build/and/the/foundation \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ e\. allows/be/a/safely/system/the/to/the/vehicle/to/braking/stop/brought \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 33. ***Look at this table which contains vocabulary belonging to the domain of vehicles. Some categories have been established where you need to introduce at least 4 elements from the table below. The first one has been done for you.*** column automation automaton belt combustion ------------------ ------------------- ------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- composite compression compressor bolt pattern convection crank cylinder universal joint dynamics evaporator and blower elasticity elongation energy drain cock entropy factor of safety crash sensors filter steering wheel shaft friction fuel spokes gear grinder heat coil spring rim lip disc lug holes skirt expansion valve metal shell lever lubricator machine diagnostic module snap ring sway bar mechanical advantage fins mechanism condenser and fan modulus of elasticity ball joint calliper motion wiring harness piston pneumatics potential energy crown pressure insulator pulley pump quality control strut oil control ring reliability reservoir corrugations screw compressor bleed valve terminal sprocket inlet header indicator lamp stress synthetic tensile strength tension thermodynamics oil cooler toughness transmission line brake pads variance velocity viscosity volume wedge wheel and axle work Group 1: internal combustion engine: combustion, compression, cylinder, piston Group 2: spark plug: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Group 3: braking: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Group 4: air conditioning: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Group 5: steering system: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Group 6: wheel: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Group 7: airbags: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Group 8: suspension: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Group 9: piston: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Group 10: radiator: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 34. ***Match an appropriate answer to each question on the left. Pay attention because each answer contains an idiomatic expression. Try to understand the meaning of the idiomatic expression in the context. Check in a dictionary in case you don't know what the words mean. The first one has been done for you (1. e).*** 1\. When does someone feel unsure? a\. When someone is **as hard as nails**. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2\. When does the absence of a small part influence the functioning of a b\. When someone **screws their courage to the sticking place**. device? 3\. When does someone's opinion become public? c\. When someone **puts a wrench into**. 4\. When is someone successful in their job? d\. When somebody **hits the nail on the head**. 5\. When is someone determined to do something? e\. When someone is **between the hammer and the anvil.** 6\. When does peace begin? f\. When someone is involved **in a bed of nail situation**. 7\. When is somebody accurate? g\. When someone **nails their colours to the mast**. 8\. When is something going wrong? h\. When someone **buries the hatchet**. 9\. When is someone brave? i\. When someone has to face that **for want of a nail the shoe was lost**. 10\. When does someone feel embarrassed? j\. When someone **knows the tools of the trade**. *Breaking the law when driving* ------------------------------- 35. ***Here are some ways in which drivers break the driving rules or create serious inconveniences for the other traffic participants. Use these incorrect actions in sentences of your own.*** 1. Speeding 2. Switching from lane-to-lane 3. Tailgating 4. Making turns without looking both ways 5. Flashing headlights 6. Driving too slowly 7. Stopping in restricted areas 8. Blocking the traffic 9. Vans stopping to let out or pick up passengers 10. Busses cutting across lanes 36. ***Think of four words that are related to the word in the first column. Fill in your words and be ready to justify your choice of words. The first two have been done for you.*** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 12. polluti | smog | chemical | noise | environment | | on | | | | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | 1. traffic | jam | congestion | loud | stressful | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 2. mechani | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | | c | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 3. electro | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | | nic | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 4. fuel | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 5. exhaust | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 6. hybrid | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | | car | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 7. diesel | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 8. to | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | | speed | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 9. slow | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 10. mechani | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | | c | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 11. wheel | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | \_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_ | _\_\_\_\_ | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ *Jobs in automotive engineering* -------------------------------- 37. ***Here are four jobs from the domain of mechanical engineering. Think about six attributions that people having these jobs have to perform at their workplace.*** **Mechanical engineer** **Mechanic** ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Technician** **Design engineer** ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 38. ***Job attributions expansion. Write twenty actions that are regularly done by mechanical engineers. The first two have been done for you.*** Mechanical engineers +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - analyse problems  | +=======================================================================+ | - design or redesign mechanical and thermal devices or subsystems | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\