Current Medicinal Drugs PDF

CURRENT MEDICINAL DRUGS Teacher :AHMAD AL DOUKHI What are Medical drugs ? ◦ Medical drugs are substances used for treating diseases or relieving pain. ◦ Drugs come from several sources : - Some are synthesized ( ex. Aspirin ) - Some are obtained by fermentation or by microbiological cultures...

CURRENT MEDICINAL DRUGS Teacher :AHMAD AL DOUKHI What are Medical drugs ? ◦ Medical drugs are substances used for treating diseases or relieving pain. ◦ Drugs come from several sources : - Some are synthesized ( ex. Aspirin ) - Some are obtained by fermentation or by microbiological cultures ( like antibiotics such as penicillin ) “Created in the lab “ - Others obtained from animal sources ( like : insulin and hormones) or plant sources “Natural sources “. Drug Effectiveness ◦ The drug is considered effective if: - It is non-toxic - Have no side effects ( such as allergic reaction or diarrhea ) ◦ The effectiveness of a drug should NOT be diminished by substances present in human body ( such as : gastric acid).  Should not be diminished by substances present in our body Have no side Non-toxic effect Drug formulations and drug additives ◦ Drugs classified and formulated according to their shapes INTO : o Tablets o Capsules (drugs placed in gelatin shall like antibiotic) o Liquids o Sprays o Ointments o Suppositories  Drug Composition Drugs are composed of : Active Ingredien Inert t ingredient - Active Ingredient (are the pharmaceutical ingredient ) - Inert Ingredient (are inactive ingredients formulated alongside with the active ingredient for the purpose of bulking-up formulation ) - For example : when drug is formulated into a tablet, the inert ingredients could be such as : filters, coating lubricants. Characteristics of some currently used drugs ◦ Drugs are classified according to their channel structure or pharmaceutical activity. Analgesic Anesthetics Anti-Acids Anti- Anti- inflammator Tranquillizers Depressent y Analgesics ◦ Definition: are substances that reduce or eliminate pain. ◦ Classes: Analgesics are divided into THREE GROUPS : 1- Narcotic : used to reduce or eliminate moderate pain ( morphine and codeine are the prototype ) 2- Anti- pyretic: lower or eliminate fever. 3- Anti-rheumatics : used to reduce or eliminate the inflammation inflammation of the muscles and the joints. Aspirin Generic Name Trade Name Pharmaceutical ( original name ) Action Aspirin Aspirin Analgesic Anti- pyretic & Anti- rheumatic Paracetamol Panadol Analgesic Or Or & Acetaminophen Tylenol Anti-pyretic ◦ Trade name refers to the name giving by the producing company ◦ Generic name refers to the name if the active drug (s) in the product. ◦ TRADE NAME ◦ GENERIC NAME Aspirin ◦ A) Aspirin is an effective pain reliever ,its active ingredient is acetylsalicylic acid ◦ B) Side effects : it causes severe damage to the stomach leading to significant bleeding. ◦ To avoid these side effects. Alternative drugs ( mild on the stomach ) is taken such as “ Panadol “ and “ Tylenol “ ◦ Generic Name : it’s the name of the active ingredient given according to the world health organization (WHO) Anesthetics ◦ Anesthetics are substances that produce anesthesia, a state of being unable to feel pain , heat, cold… ◦ a) Local Anesthetics: ◦ - Used to provide temporary pain relief on localized regions of the body. ◦ - The act directly on nerve cell to block their ability to transmit impulses down their axons. ◦ - Local anesthetics are used for minor surgery such as In dentistry ◦ - One of the oldest local anesthetics used by injection is cocaine ethyl chloride is an example of the local anesthetics used as spray. ◦ B) General anesthetics : ◦ - General anesthetic , agent is reversible depressants of the central nervous system that produce the loss of sensation and consciousness. ◦ General anesthetics are classified into inhaled and intravenous (administered by injection ) ◦ - Diethyl ether : Inhaled anesthetics. ◦ - Penthiobarbital: intravenous anesthetics. ◦ -Side effect : An overdose of general anesthetics may lead to coma and death.  Anti-Acids ◦ Anti-acids are substances used to treat problems caused by excessive gastric acid “ HCL” ◦ They contain basic active ingredient such as sodium bicarbinate NaHCO3 , Mg(OH)2 , CaCO3 … ◦ Anti-acids are week bases that neutralize the excess of gastric acid. ◦ HCO3 Brand Name+H CO2+ H2O Active HO + H Ingredient H2O Maalox Magnesium hyroxide and Aluminium hydroxide Milk of Magnesia Magnesium Hydroxide Rennie Calcium Carbonate and Magnesium Carbonate ◦ Effervescent Antacid: It consists of a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and cirri acid or tartaric acid. ◦ “When this drug is dissolved in water the acid and base react to give CO2 gas producing the bubbling and effervescent action “ Anti-Inflammatory Drugs ◦ Is a substance that reduce or eliminate inflammation. ◦ Inflammation is the reaction of tissues to injuries, it affects the connective tissues , and constitutes a reaction of defense of the organism against external aggression. ◦ Anti- inflammatory agents can be divided into two main group : ◦ - Steroids anti-inflammatory agent ( substances with structure based on steroid nucleus) ◦ - Non-steroidal inflammatory agent. ◦ Salicylates such as aspirin , salsa late and dicloflenac are often used to treat arthritis. ◦ An over dose of aspirin is often characterized by marked increase in respiratory rate. ◦ Cortisone, hydrocortisone,,,, are examples of steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs. ◦ The side effects of steroidal anti-inflammatory drug include fluid retention , unwanted hair , excessive weight. ◦ An over dose of cortisone may lead to overweight and obesity.  Non-Steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs Generic Name Trade name Possible side effect Aspirin Aspirin Stomach distress and nausea Ibuprofen Advil Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Dicloflenac Voltarene Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Antibiotics ◦ Antibiotics are chemicals by one organism ( natural antibiotics ) or by chemical synthesis to kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. ◦ Types : ◦ - Antibiotics that kill bacteria are called bactericidal & those that kill fungi are called fungicidal. - Examples of commonly used antibiotics include penicillin such as benzyl penicillin ( penicillin G ), Sulfadiazine, streptomycin - An overdose of penicillin G sulfadiazine, streptomycin dizziness, and intense contractions in the heart muscle. - Side effect : Diarrhea is frequent side effect of antibiotics A)Classification ◦ Antibiotics can be classified into broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics. ◦ - Broad spectrum antibiotics are effective against wide variety of microorganisms ( invading microorganisms in unknown ) ◦ - Narrow spectrum antibiotics are effective against specific microorganisms ( when the invading microorganisms are known ) ◦ Note : The use of broad antibiotics should be restricted because they might kill some beneficial bacteria such as intestinal flora. B)Bacteria resistant to antibiotics : ◦ - A bacterium that cannot any more be eradicated by the antibiotic, is called a resistant bacteria. It is usually the result of genetic modification. ◦ - Bacteria resistance to antibiotics can be natural or acquired. ◦ Mechanisms of bacteria resistance : Some resistance bacteria have the capacity to enzymes which modify or break the molecules of the antibiotics , and render it inactive. The bacteria are capable of growing in the presence of the modified antibiotics. C- Combination of antibiotics: ◦ Physicians often use combination of two or three antibiotics in case of : - Emergency when the invading microorganism is unknown , - To treat mixed infection - To prevent emergences of resistant bacteria. - To permit the use of a lower dose of the antibiotics. Sometimes the combination of two antibiotics is considered a poor strategy , because the two antibiotics may be antagonistic toward one another.  Tranquillizers ◦ Tranquillizers are substances used to sedate without including or causing asleep. ◦ They are used to relieve anxiety , excitement, and restlessness ◦ - Anxieties can be classified into normal and pathological. ◦ - Benzodiazepines such as diazepam and chlorodiazeppoxide are among the most prescribed drugs. Generic Name Trade Name Overdose Effect Diazepam Valium State of intoxication (drunkenness), drowsiness, coma Chlorodiazepoxide Librium Muscle rigidity, coma and dealh ◦ Side effects ( especially in case of overdose): ◦ - State of intoxication ( drunkenness) ◦ - Drowsiness ◦ - Coma and even death Anti-depressants ◦ Anti- depressants are drugs for treating depression. ◦ Typical symptoms of depression includes : ◦ - Continuous sadness, loss of interest and pleasure including activities. ◦ - Barbiturates such as : phenol barbital , secobarbital ( signal) are the most common prescribed anti- depressants. ◦ The possible overdose effects : coma , death.