Cultural Competency Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

[Bennett Model of Cultural Competence] - A continuum of 6 stages moving from Ethnocentric to Ethnorelative. - Ethnocentric: - Denial -- Unaware of cultural differences. - Defense -- Acknowledge cultural differences but feel threatened by them. Methods of defense include (...

[Bennett Model of Cultural Competence] - A continuum of 6 stages moving from Ethnocentric to Ethnorelative. - Ethnocentric: - Denial -- Unaware of cultural differences. - Defense -- Acknowledge cultural differences but feel threatened by them. Methods of defense include (Denigration, Superiority, Reversal). - Minimization -- Minimize cultural differences in order to protect one's own cultural identity. - Ethnorelative: - Acceptance -- Recognize/Value cultural differences without judging them as either positive or negative. - Adaptation -- Adapt cognitively/behaviorally to cultural differences; Operate successfully in another culture. - Integration -- Integration of cultural awareness into everyday interactions. [Jim Crow Laws: ] - Series of state and local laws in the US that enforced racial segregation "Separate but Equal". - Named after "Jim Crow", a racist caricature that symbolized the systemic oppression of Black Americans. - Restricted rights and freedoms for: - Public Facilities - Voting Rights - Employment - Housing - Legal System [Components of Cultural Competency:] - Language and Communication Style - Health Beliefs - Family Relationships - Sexuality - Gender Roles - Religion - Power - Worldview [Five ways Power is often manifested in Western Society:] - Sex/Gender - Race - Social Class - Sexual Orientation - Religion [What are the Levels of Acculturation? ] the process of cultural change that occurs when individuals or groups come into contact with a different culture. - **Assimilation** -- The individual or group fully adopts the dominant culture, often abandoning their original cultural identity. - **Separation (or Segregation)** -- The person or group maintains their original culture and resists adopting elements of the dominant culture. - **Integration (or Biculturalism)** -- A balance between maintaining one's original culture while also adopting aspects of the new culture. - **Marginalization** -- The individual or group does not identify with either the original or dominant culture, often leading to social isolation. [Somalia] - Major Languages: Somalia, Arabic, English - Major Religion: Islam - Cultural Courtesies: - Social Touching- Follow traditional Muslim traditions - Shaking hands with opposite sex is inappropriate; say hello with hands clasped in front of you or in pockets. - Eye contact and voice volume are same as American norms. - Accept family dynamics, hierarchy, and gender roles without judgement. - Father is head of household and is final decision maker. - When asking questions about alcohol and sexual partners, always explain "We ask these questions to everyone". - Traditional Health Practices: - **Fasting during Ramadan** -- From sunup to sundown (Would need to adjust medication schedule to coincide with Non fasting hours). - **Halal** -- Meat butchered in an acceptable way, no pork (Provide Halal meats, when possible, otherwise ask patient's family to bring food from home). - Contraception for the purpose of spacing children is allowed. - **Afartanbah** -- 40 days after childbirth, woman stays home and is assisted by family/neighbors, refrains from sexual intercourse. - **Female Circumcision** - removal of clitoris, labia minora and labia\ majora, Vaginal opening narrowed by sutures, illegal in the United States and other westernized countries. - Death Rituals: - Belief that Allah will determine how long a person will live. - Arrange for family to be at bedside - In general death is not directly discussed with patient - when the need arises to discuss end of life care, approach the family indirectly. - Spirituality: - Most are Sunni Muslims - Prayer 5 times a day (Plan appointments, and meal/medication schedules around prayers times) [Multiple Identities of the Middle East:] - [Symbols:] - Introduction of National Anthems and brass bands that play them come from early 19^th^ century, when Ottoman sultan Mahmud II requested Sardianian ambassador in Istanbul to provide him with a bandmaster (Ottoman Imperial Music). - White, Black, and green are commonly used in modern Arab states because they were the colors used to represent three major Arab dynasties. - Emblems used on modern national flags such as the Star of David and the crescent are unjustifiably associated with religious beliefs, but this only due to an error made my Christians thinking "these emblems must mean the same thing to Muslims and Jews as the cross means to us" which was incorrect, but because of Western influence it was accepted by both groups so the meaning of those emblems were altered from decorative motifs to religious symbols. - Asserting one's different identities through their dress, footwear, and most especially their headgear is a middle eastern tradition from a long time ago. A man's headdress was a well-known indicator of religious belief, his affiliation, and sometimes his social and occupational status. - The beginning of westernization in the early 19^th^ century meant that the new western-style army wore western-style tunics and boots. Only the turban remained constant as a symbol distinguishing professional men of religion from the rest of the community. - In Turkey, Kemal Ataturk finally replaced the traditional Trubin with European-style hats and caps. - Modern Day; Some Muslim men avoid wearing neckties because they are seen as a symbol of obedience to western hegemony. For some parts of the Islamic World, women are expected to wear veil over their face and a scarf over their hair to symbolize submission, and piousness. - [Aliens and Infidels: ] - There has been a recent resurgence of Islamic principles and attitudes, with it comes the traditional Islamic ideal of Islam as the primary definition of identity and source of legitimacy for Muslims (Islam as primary distinction between brother and stranger). - Example; The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which in general is religious rather than political in its terminology, says that the president of the republic must be Iranian by birth and origin. - Three major Muslim attacks on Europe: The Saracens in Sicily and Spain, The Turks in the Balkan peninsula, the Tatars in Russia came from a shared desire for the possessors of God's last words (Christians and Muslims) to convert Infidels starting in the Mediterranean. Followed by European counterattack which established Christian empires in most of the lands of Islam in modern times. - Two important distinctions between Islam and the other two religions: Islam perceives religion as a category, as a class of phenomena, and uses the word religion as a noun with plurals. - Islam views Judaism and Christianity as predecessors of Islam, as earlier stages of in the sequence of prophetic revelations sent by God to mankind, but all previous psalms and gospels were rendered unnecessary by the final and perfect revelation of the prophet Muhammad [What is Hajj? Hajib? Burqua?] - **Hajj** -- The Hajj is the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Every Muslim who is physically and financially able is required to perform Hajj at least once in their lifetime. - **Hajib** -- A hajib historically referred to a chamberlain or court official in Islamic governance, particularly during the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. The hajib\'s role was often to control access to the ruler, act as an advisor, and sometimes take on military or administrative duties. - **Burqa** -- A burqa is a full-body covering worn by some Muslim women, which includes a mesh screen over the eyes. It is worn for reasons of modesty in accordance with some interpretations of Islamic dress codes. [What is Culture?] - Culture is the systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people. - the totality of a person\'s learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or behavior through social learning. - A culture is a way of life of a group of people the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next. [Changing US demographics, various types of foreign-born individuals in the US] - 40% of the population will be made of underrepresented groups by 2035; will jump to 47% in 2050. - Important racial data collection changes made in 2000 census: - Larger pool of options - Selection of more than one option allowing for identification of individuals of mixed descent. - 13.7% of US population is made of foreign-born individuals - Types of foreign-born individuals in the US: - **Legal Permanent Residents** - foreign nationals who are authorized to live and work in the U.S. indefinitely but are not yet U.S. citizens. - **Temporary Migrants** - Individuals who enter a country for a limited period, often for work, study, or tourism, under a temporary visa. - **Humanitarian Migrants** - People who migrate due to persecution, violence, or disaster, including refugees and asylum seekers who are granted protection in another country. - **Naturalized US Citizens** - Immigrants who have legally obtained U.S. citizenship after fulfilling residency and other requirements, such as passing a citizenship test. - **Persons Illegally Present** - Also called undocumented immigrants, these are individuals who are in a country without legal authorization, either by entering without permission or overstaying a visa. [Stereotypes:] - A socially shared set of beliefs about traits that are characteristic of members of a social category. - **Implicit stereotypes** are the introspectively unidentified traces of past experience that mediate attributions of qualities to members of a social category. - In stereotyping, the individual: - Categorizes other individuals, usually on the basis of\ highly visible characteristics such as sex or race; - Attributes a set of characteristics to all members of\ that category; and - Attributes that set of characteristics to any individual\ member of that category. - What purpose do they serve? - A way to easily categorize and understand the world around us; convenient though inaccurate - Justifies behavior towards groups that we already dislike or are mistreating (Ex General Westmorland during Vietnam War justified the bombing of innocent villagers by saying Asian don't value life the way that "we" do) [Cultural Competence; Eurocentrism vs Ethnocentrism:] - The ability to understand, respect, and effectively interact with people from diverse cultural backgrounds. - Involves **awareness, knowledge, and skills** to navigate cultural differences, and is essential to provide inclusive and effective services. - How Cultural Competency is Useful: - **Improves communication** across cultures. - **Reduces bias and discrimination** by fostering respect for diversity. - **Enhances problem-solving** by incorporating multiple perspectives. - **Strengthens relationships** in multicultural workplaces and communities. - **Eurocentrism**: Viewing European culture as **superior** and using it as the standard for judging others. - **Ethnocentrism**: Believing one's own culture is the **best** and using it as the measure for all other cultures. [Health Issues for Native Americans] - Comparison of Native American deaths from 2007-2009 to deaths of all races in the US in 2008 reveal this: - ALCOHOL RELATED -- 520% GREATER - TUBERCULOSIS -- 450 % GREATER - CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND CIRRHOSIS -- 368% GREATER - MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES -- 207% GREATER - DIABETES MELLITUS -- 177% GREATER - UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES -- 141% GREATER - POISONING -- 118% GREATER - HOMICIDE -- 86% GREATER - SUICIDE -- 60% GREATER - PNEUMONIA AND INFLUENZA -- 37% GREATER - FIREARM INJURY -- 16% GREATER - Current eating patterns are high in fats which increases blood pressure. - 5x more likely to die of alcohol related causes including liver disease. - General Beliefs on Illness and Death: - Holisitc practices - Traditional medicine men/women are sought out - Strong connection between physical health and spiritual health. [Eye Contact in Different Cultures:] - Middle Eastern Cultures - Eye contact is generally seen as a sign of honesty and attentiveness. - However, direct eye contact between men and women (especially in conservative societies) can be considered inappropriate or overly bold. - Lowering the gaze is often a sign of respect in interactions, particularly with elders or authority figures. - Western Cultures (e.g., U.S., Canada, Europe) - Eye contact is typically viewed as a sign of confidence, respect, and engagement. - Avoiding eye contact may be interpreted as dishonesty, insecurity, or lack of interest. - In professional and social settings, steady (but not overly intense) eye contact is encouraged. - Native American Cultures - Many Native American traditions see sustained direct eye contact as disrespectful, especially when speaking with elders or authority figures. - Looking down or averting the gaze can be a sign of respect and humility rather than avoidance. - Some tribes may prefer indirect or brief eye contact to maintain harmony and avoid aggression or confrontation.