CUET PG Pol Sc Rapid Fire Revision 2024 PDF

2 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in Copyright © All rights reserved worldwide. YOUR RIGHTS: This book is restricted to your personal use only. It doesnot come with any other rights. LEGAL DISCLAIMER: This book is protected by in...

2 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in Copyright © All rights reserved worldwide. YOUR RIGHTS: This book is restricted to your personal use only. It doesnot come with any other rights. LEGAL DISCLAIMER: This book is protected by international copyright law and may not be copied, reproduced, given away, or used to create derivative works without the publisher’s expressed permission. The publisherretains full copyrights to this book. The author has made every reasonable effort to be as accurate and complete as possible in the creation of this book and to ensure that the information provided is free from errors; however, the author/publisher/ reseller assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or contrary interpretation of the subject matter herein and does not warrant or represent at any time that the contents within are accurate due to the rapidly changing nature of the researched information. Any perceived slights of specific persons, peoples, or organizations are unintentional. The purpose of this book is to educate and there are no guarantees of results implied. The publisher/author/reseller can therefore not be held accountable for any poor results you may attain when implementing the information or when following any other information set out for you in this book. Any product, website, and company names mentioned in this e-book are the trademarks or copyright properties of their respective owners. The author/ publisher/reseller are not associated or affiliated with them in any way. Nor does the referred product, website, and company names sponsor, endorse, orapprove this product. 3 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in Contents Changes in Second Edition (2024)………………………………………….......300 Unit 1 – Western Political Thought ………………………………………………5 Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, JS Mill, Karl Marx, John Rawls, Gramsci (New) Unit 2 – Modern Indian Political Thought …………………………………..…49 Kautilya, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, MK Gandhi, VD Savarkar, BR Ambedkar, Rabindranath Tagore (New) Unit 3 – Political Theory …………..……………………………………………74 Liberty, Equality, Justice, Sovereignty, State, Citizenship, Gender, Democracy, Human Rights, Feminism, Anarchism (New), Multiculturalism (New) Unit 4 – International Relations ……..……………………………………...…126 Realism, Liberalism, Cold War Politics, NAM, SAARC, UNO, ASEAN, EU, India’s Foreign Policy – India-China Relations, India-Pakistan Relations, India-USA Relations, NAFTA (New), BRICS (New), AU (New), Act East Policy (New), Treaties (New), Books (New), Miscellaneous (New) 4 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in Unit 5 – Indian Government and Politics …………………………………......168 Preamble, Making of Constituent Assembly, Constitutional Provisions, Parliament, Cabinet, Prime Minister, President, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, DPSP, Amendments, Governor, State Government, Federalism, Political Parties, Elections, Local Government, Judiciary, Governance, Schedules of Indian Constitution (New), PIL (New), Committees of Parliament (New), Famous Commentators of Indian Politics (New) Unit 6 – Comparative Government and Politics ……………………………...252 Political Culture, Political Parties, Electoral Systems, Approaches/Models, Types of Regimes, Constitution of UK (New), Constitution of USA (New) Unit 7 – Public Policies in India …...…………………………………………...281 Models, Process, Types, Bounded Rationality (New), Scientific Management (New), Hawthrone Experiments (New), Iron Law of Oligarchy (New), Garbage Can Model (New) Unit 8 – General Issues of Contemporary Relevance ………………………...293 Global Justice, Nationalism, Climate Change 5 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in - UNIT 1 - Western Political Thought P L A T O What was the time period of Plato? 427-347 BC Which place did Plato belong from? Ancient Greek City-state of Athens What are the main contributions / focus area of On Philosophy Plato? On Ethics On Cosmology On Metaphysics On Class-based Justice On Ideal form of Society On Importance of Knowledge Knowledge is Virtue. ✓FACTS FOR EXAM – Who was the teacher of Plato? The Greek philosopher - Socrates Whose death had a great impact on Plato’s Life? Socrates’ death had an impact on Plato’s life & thinking What was the reason of death of Socrates? Socrates was executed in 399 BC by the Athenian court on charges of corrupting the youth What was the name of the institution Plato founded? The Academy When was the Academy formed? 387 BC In which form did Plato wrote his writings? In the form of “dialogues” Who are the main characters in Plato’s Dialogues? Plato’s Dialogues are written in the form of conversations between Socrates and other notable citizens of Athens. How many of such dialogues are available to us? 35 dialogues What is the name of Plato’s Early Dialogues? Apology Crito What is the name of Plato’s Middle Dialogues? Republic What is the name of Plato’s Later Dialogues? Statesman Laws What are the four cardinal virtues according to Courage Greeks? Wisdom Justice Temperance What are the two Socratic principles, Plato mentions “Happiness is virtue” in his dialogues? “Virtue is knowledge” What is the methodology of Plato? Plato is a Deductive Thinker. 6 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in Deductive = General to Particular. What is the theme of the book - Apology? Apology is a dialogue between Socrates and his accusers. Socrates said that all he was doing was trying to find out the truth and his method of seeking the truth was by asking questions. He did not accept answers which were backed only by religious knowledge. He preferred human reason to be more important. During his trial he was asked to stop his infamous discussions but Socrates refused. He maintained that a life of reason is the only life worth living. What is the theme of the book - Crito? Socrates is in jail waiting for his execution. His friend Crito comes to visit him and plans an escape for Socrates. But Socrates refuses to escape as he believes he has certain obligations to the city of Athens and if one refuses to unjust laws, one cannot run away from the unjust laws applied to themselves. He has certain obligations to the political community (the city of Athens) and has to abide by it. What is the theme of the book - Republic? Plato discusses on the theme of Justice in his book Republic. Plato talks about three classes in society – (i) The Farmers and the Craftsmen class. (ii) The Auxiliaries or Soldiers class. (iii) The Philosophers class. Now, Justice for Plato happens when these three classes will live in perfect harmony and balance if one follows – “their own work, 7 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in their own duty, in their own class.” What are the duties of the - Farmers and Craftsmen To Produce food and other material class? needs. What are the duties of the - Auxiliaries or Soldiers To protect the people with their class? military skills. What are the duties of the – Philosopher class? To guide the people as the philosophers class, have the most developed reasoning powers. Who belonged to the Guardian class according Plato? The Philosophers and Soldiers are together called the guardian class So, who according to Plato would be the The Philosophers class would be kings/queens of the society? the kings and queens to guide the society – Why? - as they have the most rational powers amongst all the classes. ✓CONCEPTS SIMPLY EXPLAINED – What is the concept of Myth of Metals according to Plato explains that the Earth is our Plato? mother, and as children of the Earth we are all born with some metallic component in our bodies. Those who are born with gold in their bodies are meant to be philosophers. Those who are born with silver in their bodies are meant to be auxiliaries or soldiers. Those who are born with brass in their bodies are meant to be farmers. What is the concept of Appetite, Spirit, and Reason to For Plato a person’s soul is made up Plato? of 3 elements – Lowest element is called Appetite. Next element is called Spirit. Highest element is called Rational/Reason. Plato says – Those who live for their appetite should farm. Those who live for spirit should be soldiers. 8 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in Those who live for reason should be philosophers. What is the concept of Justice according to Plato? Based on the ideas of interdependence and specialization – as long as the person belonging to their own class do their job, perform their duty, and do not interfere in another’s work – Justice will prevail in society. What is the concept of Ideas as Forms according to According to Plato, Ideas or Forms Plato? are eternal, perfect, and objective concepts that exist independently of the physical world. For Plato, the physical world that we experience through our senses is merely a shadow or copy of the world of Forms. The Forms are the ultimate reality, and the physical world is only a pale reflection of them. This means that things in the physical world are imperfect and transient, while the Forms are perfect and eternal. These Forms can be ‘seen’ only by those with a rational mind – that is – the philosophers king class, hence they are the ones who can guide us to the correct Form of justice. What is the concept of Allegory of Cave and Plato uses the cave as a metaphor Metaphor of divided line according to Plato? for the illusory world of politics – and only those are able to get out of the cave who are able to use their reason to gain knowledge. The Metaphor of the Divided Line divides reality into two parts: (i) visible and (ii) intelligible. The intelligible world contains the world of Forms or Ideas, while the visible world is the physical world 9 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in we experience through our senses. The line is then divided into four segments (imagination, belief, thought, and understanding) representing the different levels of knowledge. This illustrates how true knowledge and understanding can only be achieved through reason and by thinking deeply about the Forms. What is the concept of Nocturnal Council? Plato gives a 3-tier political structure in his book – The Laws. The Highest body is the Nocturnal Council = comprising of the wisest men of Magnesia (a Greek colony). The Second Highest body is the Guardian of the Laws. (10 members of this body are also part of the Nocturnal council. Below this, is the Executive council of 360 members. Plato maintains that the Nocturnal Council is driven by rule of reason. Plato's belief is in the importance of wisdom and virtue in government, and his belief that the best rulers are those who are free from the distractions and passions of everyday life. Criticisms of Plato – Aristotle – Aristotle mentions that Plato’s ideal state was in the hands of a few – the philosophical rulers. Plato’s political theory was tainted with elitism. Karl Popper – Popper criticizes Plato of using the theory of unchecked sovereignty of the philosophical rulers – in that the 10 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in philosophical rulers had no sense of accountability to the common people of Athens. By citing that only philosopher rulers had the capacity of reason, Plato was attacking the democratic institutions of Athens. ✓BONUS PYQs on Plato – According to Plato: (B.H.U. 2016) State is individual writ large Who said, ‘State is individual writ large’? Plato (B.H.U. 2019) Theory of Forms is related to: Plato (B.H.U. 2019) With whom would you associate Cave Allegory? Plato (DUET 2018) ✓LET’S REVISE – Major Books written by Plato – The Republic (375 BC) Statesman (between 367-361 BC) The Laws (347 BC) Apology (399 BC) Major Concepts given by Plato – Myth of Metals Allegory of Caves Metaphor of Divided Line Knowledge is Virtue Ideas as Forms Nocturnal Council Appetite, Spirit, Reason Ideal thinker Normative thinker (ought to be) Class-based justice One man, One work, One duty ARISTOTLE What was the time period of Aristotle? (384-322 B.C.) Which place did Aristotle belong from? Ancient Greece What are the main contributions / focus area of On comparing and finding the Aristotle? Best Type of Constitution On Political Science On Justice On State On Slavery 11 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in ✓FACTS FOR EXAM – Who was teacher of Aristotle? Plato What is the Chronological Order of Greek Thinkers? (Socrates) ↓ (Plato) ↓ (Aristotle) … Plato was student of Socrates. Aristotle was student of Plato. What was the name of the institution Aristotle The Lyceum, formed in 335 B.C. founded? Was Aristotle a student in Plato’s The Academy? Yes, Aristotle was a student at Plato’s Academy for 20 years. (from 367-347 B.C.) What is the methodology of Aristotle? Aristotle is an Inductive Thinker. Inductive = Particular to General. Who gives the concept of Eudemonia? Aristotle Who gives the concept of Phronesis? Aristotle Who gives the concept of Telos? Aristotle Who gives a General theory of Moral Action? Aristotle Who said, “The State is an association not merely for Aristotle living but for living a Good Life”? Who said, “Man is a political animal, and state is a Aristotle natural institution”? Who said, “Man is a zoon politikon (political Aristotle animal)”? Who said, “State is a natural entity”? Aristotle What type of Justice did Aristotle talk about? Distributive Justice Commutative Justice Corrective Justice Distributive Justice is based on – Distributive Justice is based on – Proportionate Equality. Who is considered as the first thinker to talk about – Aristotle was the first thinker to “Distributive Justice”? talk about – Distributive Justice. Who said, “Constitution is a reflection of a way Aristotle of life”? How many Constitutions did Aristotle compare? Aristotle compared 158 constitutions. What was the two factors - on the basis - of which Who rules Aristotle compared these 158 constitutions? Who benefits from that rule 12 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in What is the six-fold classification of Governments Good Perverted according to Aristotle? One Monarchy Tyranny Few Aristocracy Oligarchy Many Polity Democracy What is the best type of Government according to Polity Aristotle? What is the worst type of Government according to Tyranny Aristotle? Did Aristotle criticize Democracy? YES, Aristotle criticized Democracy because – Aristotle believed that a fundamental flaw in democracy was the rule of the majority, which he considered a form of mob-rule. He argued that the majority might not always make the most informed or wise decisions and could be influenced by self-interest or short- term passions rather than the common good. Whom did Aristotle advise? King Alexander of Macedonia What is the Order in Which Society is Organised? Family → Village → City →Society → State. What is the Order of Theory of Causation? The Four Stages of Theory of Causation: Material Cause → Efficient Cause → Formal Cause → Final Cause. (M → E → Fo → Fi). [Trick] What is the best type of Constitution? Aristotle says a Mixed constitution is the best type of Constitution. Because – it contains both the elements of aristocratic and democratic elements of our society. Which class did Aristotle support in charge of Aristotle says the government Government? should be led by the middle class. (the mean between the rich and the poor). ✓CONCEPTS SIMPLY EXPLAINED – What is the concept of Golden Mean? The Golden Mean is the desirable middle ground between two extremes and individuals should 13 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in strive to find the balance or mean between opposing vices. Aristotle argued that finding the Golden Mean requires practical wisdom (phronesis) and the ability to exercise reason and judgment. What is the concept of Eudemonia? According to Aristotle, Eudaimonia is the ultimate goal and highest good for human beings. Aristotle also emphasized that eudaimonia is not a selfish pursuit. It is achieved within the context of a flourishing community and through cultivating meaningful relationships with others. The pursuit of eudaimonia is interconnected with the concept of the common good. What is the concept of Phronesis? Phronesis is a Greek term often translated as "practical wisdom" or "practical reason". It is the practical reasoning that allows individuals to deliberate and make sound judgments about what actions are morally right and how they should be implemented in specific situations. What is the concept of Ekklesia and Dikasteria? Ekklesia – According to Aristotle, in the polis all citizens must sit in the principal assembly called Ekklesia – where deliberations and discussions are held. Dikasteria – According to Aristotle, in the polis all citizens must be members of the courts called Dikasteria. Why did Aristotle say Aristotle discussed about the “Slavery is a universal institution”? relationship between the Master and the Slave. Aristotle defended Slavery. Why? - 14 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in Because slave could not govern himself because he lacked the reason to do so. ✓BONUS PYQs on Aristotle – Aristotle’s theory of Justice is satisfied when: Equals are treated equally and (B.H.U. 2015) Unequals are treated unequally Who supported the idea of Proportionate Equality Aristotle among citizens? (B.H.U. 2016) Who supported the Theory of Cyclical Change in the Aristotle form of government? (B.H.U. 2016) Who wrote ‘Politics’? Aristotle (B.H.U. 2017) According to Aristotle, Citizens include: Only FEW SPECIFIC Members of (B.H.U. 2019) State. Not All Male, Not All Female Only Few Specific Members of a State were eligible as Citizens according to Aristotle. According to Aristotle, Revolution means: Change in Constitution (B.H.U. 2019) What was Aristotle’s attitude towards Slavery? He considered it to be Natural. (JNU 2019) ✓LET’S REVISE – Major Books written by Aristotle – Politics (350 BC) The Nicomachean Ethics (around 340 BC) The Eudemian Ethics The Constitution of Athens (between 328 BC-322 BC) Major Concepts given by Aristotle – Eudemonia Telos General theory of Moral Action Phronesis Golden Mean Zoon politikon Distributive Justice Commutative Justice Corrective Justice Mixed Constitution Polis Polity Theory of Causation 15 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in MACHIAVELLI What was the time period of Niccolo Machiavelli? (1469-1527) Which place did Machiavelli belong from? Florence, Italy What are the main contributions / focus area of On Statecraft Machiavelli? On Advises to the Prince On Lion and Fox On Dual Morality of King On Fortuna, Moody Woman On Humanism On Republicanism On Separation of Church and State ✓FACTS FOR EXAM – Who is called the Father of Modern Political Machiavelli Philosophy? Who used the term ‘state’ in a modern sense? Machiavelli Which kingdom in Italy punished Machiavelli and Medici Family Kingdom sent him to exile? Who was Machiavelli’s Teacher at University of Marcello Adriani Florence? What was Machiavelli’s role as Second chancery? To look after internal affairs and domestic bureaucracy. But, Machiavelli was sent on many diplomatic missions for the republic during his time as serving second chancery. Was Machiavelli a Republican? Yes, Machiavelli supported the idea of a Republican form of government. In Which book did Machiavelli support Absolute The Prince Monarchy as best form of government? In Which book did Machiavelli support The Discourses Republicanism as best form of government? Did Machiavelli undergo a change in his thoughts Yes, previously in the book The regarding the best type of Government? Prince Machiavelli had emphasized that in a dis-united Italy and a state run by corruption – a Strong Ruler, an Absolute Monarch is required to unify the Italian city-states. But, with time Machiavelli matured his political thought and claimed 16 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in later on in his book Discourses that the best form of government is the Republican form of government which keeps a check on both corruption and tyranny from the ruler. What is the general theme of The Prince? The book The Prince deals with the theme of Statecraft – advise book for the Prince on how to rule and to how to maintain the rule effectively. On the virtues a good ruler should possess. Which book of Machiavelli falls under the genre of The Prince– is an advice-book “mirror-for-princes” genre? written for the Prince/Rule of the State. What are is the value Machiavelli seems to take Concept of Humanism – inspiration from the Italian Renaissance? Humanism is the belief in human ability and power to create conditions which are helpful to their well-being. The ability in human creation is believed by Humanists such as Machiavelli. Who gave the concepts of Princely Virtue and Machiavelli Fortuna? With which character does the Fortuna compare to? A Moody Woman What does Fortuna represent? Fortuna, the goddess of luck, represents contingency. In which book does Machiavelli describe The Prince– princely virtu. Princely virtu? In which book does Machiavelli describe Discourses– civic virtu. Civic virtu? Who said “Virtu is a bulwark not only against Machiavelli Fortuna, it is also a safeguard against corruption.” In which form of Government does Machiavelli say Liberty is preserved in a “Liberty is preserved of an individual” Republican Government. Does Machiavelli criticize Religion or Church? Machiavelli says Religion is most necessary and assured support of any civil society. Machiavelli does not criticize against Religion. 17 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in Machiavelli criticizes against the corrupt practices of the Church – here specifically the Roman Catholic Church. Is Machiavelli Anti-Church or Anti-Religion? Machiavelli was Anti-Church, not Anti-Religion. Machiavelli advocated for the Separation of Church and State. Who gave the concept of Lion and Fox? Machiavelli Who gave the concept of Dual Morality of King? Machiavelli ✓CONCEPTS SIMPLY EXPLAINED – What is the concept of Fortuna? According to Machiavelli, Fortuna represents the unpredictable nature of events and circumstances that can shape the fate of rulers and states. He emphasized that rulers should not rely solely on virtue or moral principles, as Fortuna can disrupt even the most well-laid plans. Instead, Machiavelli suggested that rulers should be adaptable, pragmatic, and willing to take calculated risks to respond to the changing circumstances dictated by Fortuna. What is the concept of Republican Form Machiavelli's concept of the of Government? Republican form of government emphasizes the importance of civic participation, shared responsibility, and the distribution of power among citizens. In his work "Discourses on Livy," Machiavelli explores the idea of a republic as an alternative to monarchies. He emphasized the importance of civic virtue, where individuals prioritize the welfare of the state over personal interests. Machiavelli viewed a strong and engaged citizenry as crucial for the stability and success of a city / republic. 18 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in What is the concept of Lion and Fox? In Machiavelli's philosophy, the concept of the "lion and fox" represents two distinct qualities or characteristics that a ruler should possess to be effective in governance. The lion symbolizes strength, courage, and assertiveness. It represents the ruler's ability to exhibit power and authority, making decisive and forceful decisions when necessary. On the other hand, the fox embodies cunning, wit, and strategic thinking. It represents the ruler's ability to navigate complex political situations, anticipate challenges, and employ deception or craftiness when advantageous. According to Machiavelli, a successful ruler should be both lion and fox. They should have the strength and assertiveness of a lion to project power and maintain control, but also the cunning and strategic intelligence of a fox to manoeuvre through complex political situation in governance of a State. ✓BONUS PYQs on Machiavelli – Who said that Man forgets the death of their father Machiavelli but not the patrimony? (B.H.U. 2016) Who introduced the idea of Secularism? Machiavelli (B.H.U. 2019) Which thinker is known as child of Renaissance? Machiavelli (B.H.U. 2017) Which of Machiavelli’s books deals with The Discourses ‘Civic Virtue’ (DUET 2018) 19 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in ✓LET’S REVISE – Major Books written by Machiavelli – Art of War (1521) History of Florence (1525) Discourses on Livy (1531) The Prince (1532) Major Concepts given by Machiavelli – Separation of Church and State Republican – form of government best form of government Advises for the Prince Statecraft Fortuna – Moody Woman Lion and Fox Dual Morality of King Religion is necessary but Church is corrupt (Roman Catholic Church) HOBBES What was the time period of Thomas Hobbes? (1588-1679) Which place did Hobbes belong from? England What are the main contributions / focus area of On Absolute Sovereignty Hobbes? On State of Nature On Laws of Nature 19 Articles of Peace On Social Contract Theory and Creation of the Commonwealth/State On Leviathan ✓FACTS FOR EXAM – What was the time period when Hobbes was writing? During the English Civil War (1642-1651) Which were the two sides who fought in the English The Royalists vs Parliamentarians. Civil War? The King vs Independents. The King supported the idea of Absolute Monarchy. The Independents led by leader Oliver Cromwell supported the Parliamentary Sovereignty. Was Hobbes writing during Turbulent (Disturbed) Yes, during the Civil War. Hobbes times in England? was writing in a very negative, turbulent time period of England. What were the motivating factors for Individuals to Fear form a Contract? Order 20 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in Self-preservation. What type of Materialism did Hobbes support? Mechanistic Materialism What is the ‘Artificial Man’ according to Hobbes? The Commonwealth or State How many Articles of Peace are there? There are 19 Articles of Peace according to Hobbes. Who gave the concept of Felicity? Thomas Hobbes Who can be described as Philosophical Radical? Thomas Hobbes What was the opinion of Hobbes in context of – Life in State of Nature according to Life for Humans was in State of Nature? Hobbes was – “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” ✓CONCEPTS SIMPLY EXPLAINED – What was the opinion of Hobbes in context of – According to Hobbes, the State of State of Nature? Nature refers to the hypothetical condition of humanity without any form of government. In this state of nature, individuals are free and equal, but their freedom often leads to conflict and insecurity. Every man is an enemy of every man according to Hobbes. Hobbes famously described the State of Nature as a State of War, where life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." What was the opinion of Hobbes in context of – According to Hobbes, the social Social Contract? contract is an agreement among individuals. People willingly give up their rights to the sovereign in exchange for protection and security. By transferring their individual authority to the sovereign, individuals create a collective power that can maintain order and prevent the chaos and violence inherent in the State of Nature. Is the Ruler a party to the Contract? NO, the Ruler (Sovereign) is not a party to the Contract. As per Hobbes, the Social Contract is signed among individuals, group of individuals, and the Sovereign, 21 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in the Ruler is not a party to the Contract and has no obligations towards the subjects. However, the individuals have the duty to obey the Sovereign absolutely once the contract is signed – purpose – in order to maintain law and order and stability in the Commonwealth/State. What was the opinion of Hobbes in context of – The Leviathan, in Hobbes' view, has Sovereign / Leviathan ? the responsibility to enforce laws, resolve disputes, and protect the interests of the society. The sovereign possesses the power to create and enforce laws as it sees fit, without being bound by any external authority. Hobbes argued that this absolute power is necessary to maintain order and prevent individuals from reverting to a state of conflict and violence. Hobbes warns, that disobedience to the sovereign's laws would undermine the social contract and risk a return to the violent and unstable State of Nature. What is the model of Sovereignty Hobbes supports? Absolute Sovereignty (Complete Obedience) (No Questioning the Sovereign) Is the Social Contract of Hobbes revocable? NO, Hobbes says – Social Contract of Hobbes once signed is irrevocable. Who said, “Hobbes is the progenitor of negative Isaiah Berlin said that Hobbes theory of freedom.” became the first modern thinker who gave the negative theory of freedom – “Hobbes is the progenitor of negative theory of freedom.” 22 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in Did Hobbes Matter to be passive or active? Matter by itself is passive as per Hobbes. It needs an external push/force to bring upon change. ✓BONUS PYQs on Hobbes – Who presents a mixture of Individualism and Hobbes Totalitarianism? (B.H.U. 2015) According to Hobbes, what is the reason for Social Self-security Contract? (B.H.U. 2015) ‘Regarding Physical capacity all are same’, who said Hobbes this? (B.H.U. 2015) Who said that Self-Preservation is the basic rights of Hobbes individuals? (B.H.U. 2016) Thinker associated with Social Contract Theory of Thomas Hobbes origin of State is : (B.H.U. 2017) Name thinkers associated with concept of Hobbes ‘State of Nature’ Locke (B.H.U. 2018) Rousseau What sort of government did Hobbes support in Absolute Monarchy Leviathan? (JNU 2019) ✓LET’S REVISE – Major Books written by Hobbes – De Corpore (1640) De Cive (1642) Elements of Law (1650) Leviathan (1651) Behemoth (1670) Major Concepts given by Hobbes – Absolute Sovereignty State of Nature Human Nature (Selfish, nasty, brutish) Social Contract, Covenant Laws of Nature 19 Articles of Peace Social Contract Theory and Creation of the Commonwealth Leviathan LOCKE What was the time period of John Locke? (1632-1704) Which place did Locke belong from? England What are the main contributions / focus area of On Limited Government John Locke? On Toleration, On Consent On Importance of Right to Life, Liberty and Property (L, L, P) 23 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in Natural Rights Constitutional Monarchy Liberalism ✓FACTS FOR EXAM – Who is the Father of Classical Liberalism? John Locke Who gives the concept of Tacit Consent? John Locke Who gives the concept of Tabula Rasa? John Locke Which Social Contract Thinker focuses on John Locke Toleration, on Consent and on Limited Government? What was the opinion of Locke in context of – Humans are Rational beings. Human Nature? Humans have capacity of Reason. Humans by nature are social and good. What is the type of Rights Locke supports? Natural Rights. What are the three Natural Rights according to Right to Life Locke? Right to Liberty Right to Property (Estate) Are these Natural Rights inalienable? Yes, for Locke these 3 Rights are inalienable in nature. What is the State of Nature according to State of Nature for Locke, is a Locke? “state of goodwill, peace, mutual assistance and preservation” ✓CONCEPTS SIMPLY EXPLAINED – Can the citizens have the Right to Resist their YES, Locke says in his book – Sovereign if they are dissatisfied with their rule? Second Treatise, that People have the right to rebel (right to resistance) against a government which fails in preserving their life, liberty and property. For People’s Right to resistance - Locke is unique in this perspective. Hobbes and Rosseau do not agree on this point with Locke. Why humans then have to move from State of Nature Because, the transition from the to Civil Society and Government? state of nature to civil society and the establishment of a government is necessary to ensure the protection of individual rights, establish a system of laws, and create a stable and orderly society. What is the Civil Society according to In Locke's theory, civil society Locke? emerges as a result of social contract. Civil society comprises of 24 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in various forms of social and political organization, including families, communities, associations, and civil institutions like courts and legislatures. Within civil society, individuals have the freedom to pursue their interests and engage in mutually beneficial exchanges while respecting the rights of others. What is the best type of Government according to A government which is – Locke? Limited Government Based on Constitutionalism Constitutional Monarchy is the Best Type of Government for John Locke. Example: Great Britain Why does Locke support Limited Government? Locke believed that individuals possessed natural rights to life, liberty, and property. The role of government, in Locke's view, was to protect these natural rights. But also, for Locke to prevent government from violating upon individual rights, Locke argued that it was essential to limit the power and authority of the government. This would prevent the government from becoming tyrannical and abusing its power. Locke supported Limited government - because he believed that it was necessary to protect individual rights and prevent government from becoming too powerful and oppressive. 25 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in Whom did Locke criticize in his book- First Treatise? Locke criticizes Robert Filmer’s ‘Patriarcha’ in Locke’s book – First Treatise. ✓BONUS PYQs on Locke – Who is known as the father of Modern Liberalism? Locke (B.H.U. 2014) The basis of concept of Private Property of John Labour Locke is : (B.H.U. 2015) In which book does John Locke criticizes the theory Two Treatise on Government of Divine Rights? (B.H.U. 2015) ‘Power of a government is like a trust’, who said Locke this? (B.H.U. 2015) Who was the first to use Labour Theory of Property? Locke (B.H.U. 2016) Name thinkers associated with concept of Hobbes ‘State of Nature’ Locke (B.H.U. 2018) Rousseau According to John Locke, the State of Nature was: Peaceful (B.H.U. 2017) Which thinker is associated with the idea of John Locke Civil Society? (B.H.U. 2018) ✓LET’S REVISE – Major Books written by Locke – Letter On Toleration (1689) Two Treaties on government (1690) Essay concerning Human Understanding (1690) Second letter on toleration (1690) Third letter on toleration (1692) Fourth letter on toleration (1692) The fundamentals of constitution of Caroline (1692) Major Concepts given by Locke – Father of Liberalism Natural Rights Life, Liberty, Property (LLP) Property is also called Estate. On Constitutionalism On Consent On Toleration On Limited Government Humans Are Rational Right to Resistance 26 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in ROUSSEAU What was the time period of Jean Jacques Rousseau? (1712-1778) Which place did Rousseau belong from? France What are the main contributions / focus area of On Education Rousseau? On General Will On Popular Sovereignty On Direct Democracy On Social Contract On Criticism against Science and Civilization, and Preference to Simple Living. ✓FACTS FOR EXAM – Who is considered as the Philosophical Father of Rousseau French Revolution? Which type of Democracy was Rousseau against? Rousseau was against Representative Democracy. Which type of Democracy was Rousseau in support? Rousseau was in favour in support of Direct Democracy. What is the model of Sovereignty Rousseau Popular Sovereignty is supported supports? by Rousseau. Who made the point of “Revolt against Reason”? Rousseau Who gave the phrase, “Forced to be free”? Rousseau Who described man in State of Nature as Rousseau “Noble Savage”? What was the theme of Rousseau’s book “Emile”? The theme of Rousseau's book "Emile" is focused on education. What are the two types of Inequalities as said by (i) Moral Inequality Rousseau? (ii) Natural Inequality ✓CONCEPTS SIMPLY EXPLAINED – What was the opinion of Rousseau in context of – Rousseau believed that at its core, Human Nature? human beings are naturally good and innocent, but their goodness is corrupted by the influences of society and civilization. Rousseau argued that “Man is born free but everywhere is in chains.” What was the opinion of Rousseau in context of – Rousseau 's philosophy combined Romanticism? between the realistic and ideal, and he aspired to a better world. Rousseau introduced one of the principles that later on would be a major characteristic of 27 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in Romanticism, that is: in art, the free expression of creativity is more important than following formal rules and traditions. What was the opinion of Rousseau in context of – Rousseau argued that civilization Science, Civilization? and its associated institutions, such as governments and economic systems, were responsible for the degradation of human nature. He believed that the rise of civilization had led to inequality, the loss of individual freedom. Rousseau was critical of Scientific advancements and the effects of civilization on humans and he believed that individuals could find greater fulfilment and happiness by rejecting the trappings of civilization and rather they should be accepting a simpler, a more natural way of life. What was the opinion of Rousseau in context of – Rousseau viewed the State of State of Nature? Nature as a condition where humans are naturally good, equal, and free. However, Rousseau recognized that the state of nature lacks intellectual and technological development. What was the opinion of Rousseau in context of – Rousseau proposed an ideal state State? based on the general will, where citizens participate in decision-making and the government serves the common good. He emphasized the importance of direct democracy and decentralized power to prevent abuses. What is the concept of General Will? The general will represents the collective desires and common good of a community. General will requires active citizen participation, open deliberation, 28 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in and the avoidance of special/individual interests. Rousseau believed that citizens have a duty to align their individual wills with the general will for the benefit of the community. Rousseau said, General will = Real will. General will = Actual will. General will is the ‘Real will’ of the community. After accepting the General Will, Individuals have to accept the laws from General Will in order to gain freedom. Here they cannot protest. They are thus - “Forced to be Free”. ✓LET’S REVISE – Major Books written by Rousseau – Discourses on the science & Arts (1750) Discourses on the origin of inequality (1755) An introduction to political economy (1758) Social contract (1762) The Emile (1762) Major Concepts given by Rousseau – Romanticist Thinker Nature as ‘pure’ and Society as ‘corrupt’ Criticism of Scientific Developments and Civilization Two types of Inequality – Moral Inequality and Natural Inequality. The General Will General Will = Real Will Popular Sovereignty ‘Forced to be Free’ Social Contract ✓BONUS PYQs on Rousseau – Who said the phrase Rousseau “Man will be Forced to be Free?” (B.H.U. 2014) 29 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in In which book does Rousseau explain his concept of The social contract , 1762 State of Nature? (B.H.U. 2015) The concept of Popular Sovereignty is associated Rousseau with which thinker? (B.H.U. 2016) Who among the following is related to the concept of Rousseau General Will? (B.H.U. 2017) Name thinkers associated with concept of Hobbes ‘State of Nature’ Locke (B.H.U. 2018) Rousseau The Emile – was the treatise of: Rousseau (B.H.U. 2019) “I prefer liberty with danger than peace with slavery.” Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Who is the author of the book ‘The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right’? “I prefer liberty with danger than peace with slavery.” (CUET 2021) In this quote Rousseau is questioning government and its authority when slavery is permitted. In the book, ‘The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right’ (1762) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau; he expresses the view that in a society man has to completely rely on fellow beings with whom he is also in continuous competition. He presents the theory that people should have a right to rule themselves directly and not through representatives. J. S. M I L L What was the time period of J.S. Mill? (1806-1873) Which place did J.S. Mill belong from? England What are the main contributions / focus area of Mill? Critique of Bentham’s Utilitarianism On the benefits of Liberty of Men and Women in Society Supporting Individual Liberty Harm Principle 30 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in Self and Other regarding actions Tyranny of Majority Supporter of Representative Democracy Supporter of Suffrage (vote) rights for Women Championing Women’s rights, Minority Rights, Liberty of Individuals. ✓FACTS FOR EXAM – Which thinkers have influenced J.S. Mill? Bentham Adam Smith Tocqueville James Mill (J.S. Mill’s father) Hobbes Locke Which thinker has criticized J.S. Mill in the concept Isaiah Berlin – has criticized J.S. of Liberty? Mill’s concept of Liberty. JS Mill supported Positive Liberty. Isaiah Berlin supported Negative Liberty. Which thinker is considered as Reluctant Democrat? J.S. Mill Which Western Political Thought thinker is J.S. Mill considered as the First Liberal Male Feminist Thinker? Which thinker is considered to have major transition J.S. Mill of thoughts in their life? Which thinker is considered as a bridge, as a link J.S. Mill between Classical Liberals and Modern Liberals? What are the two-type of actions that J.S. Mill talks (i) Self-regarding actions, and about? (ii) Other-regarding actions. What are the two-type of pleasures that J.S. Mill talks (i) Higher-pleasures – pleasures of about? the intellect, of the feelings and imagination, and of moral sentiments. (ii) Lower-pleasures – pleasures of physical and sensual nature – pleasures which man shares with animals. ✓CONCEPTS SIMPLY EXPLAINED – 31 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in Who gives the concept of Tyranny of Majority? J.S. Mill and Tocqueville talk about the concept of ‘Tyranny of the Majority’ in the context of Democracy. What is the concept of Tyranny of Majority? The concept of the “Tyranny of Majority” refers to the risk in democracies where the majority can oppress minority groups. Mill argued that democracy should not solely reflect the will of the majority but must protect the rights of individuals and minorities. He emphasized there should be constitutional safeguards, individual liberties, and independent institutions to prevent the majority from suppressing minority voices. What is the best type of Government according to Representative Democracy is the J.S. Mill? Best Type of Government according to J.S. Mill. Why Representative Government is the best type of According to Mill, representative government according to Mill? government provides a balance between individual liberty and effective governance who are accountable to the people. It is the best type of government because it protects individual liberties, encourages political participation, fosters intellectual and moral development, utilizes the collective knowledge of the population, and prevents majority tyranny. J.S. Mill wanted to protect the minority rights and prevent the oppression of marginalized groups from the tyranny of majority opinion by giving the model of Representative Government. 32 Visit our website for political science related material: www.eduseeker.in What is the concept of Plural Voting? The concept of Plural Voting, as proposed by John Stuart Mill, refers to a system where individuals are granted multiple votes based on certain qualifications they possess. Mill believed that not all citizens have the same level of knowledge