CSIT123-week-1-lecture.pptx

University of Wollongong in Dubai  CSIT123 – Computing and Cyber Security Fundamentals week 1- Autumn 2024 History of Computing and ICT Types of modern computers 2  Overview What is ICT about? The history and development of ICT Review of the...

University of Wollongong in Dubai  CSIT123 – Computing and Cyber Security Fundamentals week 1- Autumn 2024 History of Computing and ICT Types of modern computers 2  Overview What is ICT about? The history and development of ICT Review of the different types of modern computers and their features. 3  What is ICT ICT evolution What is ICT timeline is divided into 4 basic periods: The Pre-mechanical Age (3000 B.C. -1450 A.D.) ICT is an acronym The Mechanical Age (1450 -1840) The Electromechanical that stands for Age (1840-1940) Information and Communications The Electronic Age Technology. (1940 –Present) 4 4  Part 1 History of computers 5  Computer Epochs Dawn of computers Modern computers 3000 B.C- 1450 AD: Pre- 1970s: Age of the mechanical ages mainframe 1450-1840 :Mechanical 1980s: Age of the PC age 1990s: Age of the 1840-1940: Internet Electromechanical age: 2000s: Age of the Web 1930s: people as Fifth Generation— “computers” Emerging Technologies 1940s: 1st electronic computers 1950s: start of an industry 1960s: software comes 6 into its own  The pre-mechanical Age 3000 B.C-1450 A.D Communication -Writing and Alphabets  3000 B.C., the Sumerians devised their writing system -cuneiform  2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols  The Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels  The Romans gave letters Latin names to create the alphabet used today 7  The pre-mechanical Age 3000 B.C-1450 A.D https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform The first inscribed tablets were purely pictographic, which makes it technically difficult to know in which language they were written. Early pictographic signs in archaic 8 cuneiform  The pre-mechanical age: Phoenician writing https://www.britannica.com/place/Phoenicia 9  Pre-mechanical Age: input technologies- paper and Pens Input technologies -Paper and Pens 100 A.D., the Chinese 2600 B.C., the Egyptians made paper from rags, write on the papyrus on which modern plant papermaking is based 10  Pre-mechanical Age- Permanent storage- Books Libraries Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest “books” The Egyptians kept scrolls 600 B.C., the Greeks folded papyrus sheets vertically into leaves and bind them together 11  Pre-mechanical Age- Permanent storage- Books Libraries https://www.thedailybeast.com/egyptian-scrolls-reveal-hangover-cure 12  Pre-mechanical Age- Permanent storage- Books Libraries https://libwww.freelibrary.org/digital/item/57905 13  Pre-mechanical Age- the first numbering system and the first calculators The First Numbering Systems: Egyptian System 1-9 as vertical lines, 10 as a U or circle, 100 as a coiled rope, and 1,000 as a lotus blossom, Similar to today’s nine-digit numbering system invented between 100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus in India. Then Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed. The First Calculators: The Abacus One of the very first information processors 14  Pre-mechanical Age- the first numbering system and the first calculators 15  The Mechanical Age (1450-1840) The First Information Explosion Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany) Invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450. 16  Gutenberg and the printing revolution The Printing Revolution  Ooccurred when the spread of the printing press facilitated the wide circulation of information and ideas,  Acting as an "agent of change" through the societies that it reached.  The need for bibles and other religious literature, especially in the new world,  was one of the principle factors 17  The mechanical Age (1450-1840)- the Babbage’s Engines Charles Babbage  Considered by some to be "father of the computer".  Invented the first mechanical computer, the Difference Engine,  That eventually led to more complex electronic designs. Though all the essential ideas of modern computers are to be found in Babbage's Analytical Engine 18  The mechanical Age (1450-1840)- the Babbage’s Engines- the difference engine 19  The electromechanical Age 1840-1940- the beginning of telecommunications The Beginnings of Telecommunications  Voltaic Battery (late 18th century).  Telegraph (early 1800s).  Morse Code (developed in 1835 by Samuel Morse using dots and dashes).  Telephone (Alexander Graham 20 Bell, 1876)  The electromechanical Age 1840-1940- the beginning of telecommunications 21  The electromechanical Age 1840-1940- the beginning of telecommunications 22  Introduction to computer generations Computer generations First Generation Computers, 1951–1958 Second Generation Computers, 1959–196 Third Generation Computers, 1965–1971 Fourth Generation Computers, 1971–1990 Personal Computers (PC) Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, Internet, World Wide Web Fifth Generation—Emerging Technologies Fifth Generation—Challenges and Game Changers 23  1st generation computers Included the UNIVAC-1; Used vacuum tubes for controlling functions; Used magnetic drums for primary storage; First generation software used symbolic language for programming; Machine language programs were used by the binary forms of zeroes and ones. 24  2nd Generation Computers, 1959–1964 The transistor replaced the vacuum tube Magnetic tape replaced the need for punched cards; COBOL and FORTRAN programming languages were introduced 25  2nd Generation Computers, 1959–1964 Integrated circuits: Very large numbers of transistors deposited on a silicon chip, miniaturization and increased speed. The nanosecond is the new standard for measuring access and process time. IBM’s System/360 computers and the first minicomputer by Digital Equipment Corporation. Online computers and remote terminals using regular telephone lines. Business applications increased, airline reservation systems and real- time inventory control systems. 26 3th Generation Computers 1970s: Mainframes – Data Crunchers Technology: Hard disk drive: Winchester disk (IBM) 35-70 megabytes memory. Memory Size: 64 KB to 16 MB of RAM lProcessor Technology : Large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits for both memory and logic , IBM 370 mainframe Widley used in IBM 370 mainframe. Application: Data crunching in large organisations and government departments. Two main applications Defence Department Social security applications and the like. 27  4th Generation Computers, 1971–1990 VLSI circuits: placed a complete CPU on one very small semiconductor chip. VLSI allowed for much higher transistor density on a single chip, enabling the creation of microprocessors. Increased computer performance with a phenomenal lowering of the cost of computers. 28  Age of the PC : Personal computers PC – a major advancement, especially with user- friendly software and graphic terminals. – the PC, modifies profoundly entire computer industry. – Lead to the 4th generation of computing and the WWW – its interface lead to the fifth generation of computing. – The processing power of mainframe computers in the 1960s costing millions of dollars was now available for use in personal computers (PCs) for less than $1000. 29  1980s: PCs – Office Workers Technology: Personal Computer, GUI, mouse, … Applications: – word processors, spreadsheets, i.e. office work. Liberation from control by the IT department. Single-user machines processing unclassified data: – No need for multi-user security (MLS). Risk analysis: – no need for computer security.!!!!!!! 30  1990s: Internet Technology: Internet, commercially used. Applications: World Wide Web (static content), email, entertainment (music, movies), … Single-user machine that had lost its defences in the previous decade is now exposed to the “hostile” Internet. No control on who can send what to a machine on the Internet. 31 2000s: Web – e-Commerce Technology: Web services, WLAN, mobile phones Web 2.0: dynamic content B2C applications: Amazon, eBay, airlines, on-line shops, Google,... 32 Fifth Generation—Challenges and Game Changers Predictive 3-D Big data analytics printing Wearable Cloud Mobile user computing robotics interfaces Neuron Quantum Internet of chip sets computing Things 33 Challenges  Big data – Predictive analytics – 3-D printing (additive manufacturing)  Cloud computing – Wearable user interfaces(Kim and Yoon 2021) – Mobile robotics – Neuron chip sets – Quantum computing  Internet of Things 34 Predictive analytics Kumar and Ram 2021) predictive analytics plays a vital role in technological innovation. is the practice of extracting informa­tion from existing data sets in order to determine patterns and predict future out­comes and trends. Predictive analytic tools are capable of synthesizing and extracting information from existing systems to the forecast future performance of systems 35 Neuron chip sets A neural net processor is a CPU that takes the modeled workings of how a human brain operates onto a single chip. Reduce the requirements for brain-like computer processing from whole networks of computers that excel in complex applications such as AI, machine learning or computer vision down to one multi-cored chip. https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/definitio n/neural-net-processor 36  Neural net processor  https://www.techtarget.com/sear chenterpriseai/definition/neural- net-processor 37  Part 2 Some definitions 38  What is a computer? It is a data processing device that performs four major functions: 1. Input: It gathers data or allows users to enter data. 2. Process: It manipulates, calculates, or organizes that data into information. 3. Output: It displays data and information in a form suitable for the user. 4. Storage: It saves data and information for later use. 39  Example: 40  Types of computer designs available to consumers Types of computer designs Station Portable ary Cell Deskto Tablets laptops phones ps 41  Are Cell phones computers? Yes? No? 42  Why is the answer yes? All cell phones have the same components as a computer A processor CPU Memory Input and Output devices 43  What makes a cell phone a smart phone? Smartphones use a CPU and an interface so powerful that they can take on many of the same tasks as much more expensive computers: videoconferencing, recording and editing high-definition (HD) video, and broadcasting live-streaming video. 44  Tablets What is a tablet is a portable computer integrated into a multitouch-sensitive screen. Use an on-screen keyboard, but you can also connect external keyboards to tablets. 45  Tablets and smart phones- similarities Similar features: Similar operating systems: iOS, Android, or Windows Similar processors: similar processing power. Touch-screen interfaces Long battery life. software applications: (apps) Internet connectivity: Bluetooth WIFI Sim card 46  Laptops A laptop computer is a portable computer that has a keyboard, monitor, and other devices integrated into a single compact case. 47  Laptops 48  Current spectrum of mobile devices 49  Selecting a laptop: criteria Criteria Power: Screen size and resolution: Style of keyboard Battery life: Weight: Number of devices: 50  Selecting a laptop: criteria Screen size Power: and resolution: These cannot be changed later, How much so make sure the computational power quality and size of do you need? screen will fit your needs for the years you’ll keep the device. 51  Selecting a laptop: criteria Style of keyboard: Do you want a touch-based interface? Is a physical keyboard important, or is an on-screen keyboard sufficient? Does the feel of the keyboard work for you? 52  Selecting a laptop: criteria Battery life: Some devices can operate for 15 hours continuously, others less than 5. Investigate whether the battery can be upgraded and how much weight that would add. 53  Selecting a laptop: criteria Weight: Does an additional 2 pounds matter? (Lighter devices usually cost more.) Remember toinclude the weight of any charging device you would need to carry when you travel as you consider the tradeoff in price for a lighter device. 54  Selecting a laptop: criteria Number of devices: Is this your only computing device? As technology prices fall, you may be able to have more than one device. You might find an affordable solution that includes both a very mobile device and a second more powerful one. 55  Stationary computers: desktop Desktop A peripheral computer device Consists of a separate case or tower (called the is a component, system unit) that houses the main components of the such as a monitor computer or keyboard that and to which peripheral connects to the devices are attached. computer 56  Desktop computers 57  Other types of computers Other types of computers supercomput Embedded Mainframe ers computers 58  Mainframes Mainframe a large, expensive computer that supports many users simultaneously. They s are often used in businesses that manage large amounts of data, such as insurance companies, where many people are working at the same time on similar operations, such as claims processing. Mainframes excel at executing many computer programs at the same time. 59  Supercomputers A supercomputer is a specially designed computer that can perform complex calculations extremely rapidly. used when complex models requiring intensive mathematical calculations are needed (such as weather forecasting). 60  Supercomputers vs mainframes Difference between mainframes and supercomputer Supercomputers are designed to execute a few programs as quickly as possible, whereas mainframes are designed to handle many programs running at the same time but at a slower pace 61  Embedded computers An embedded computer is a specially designed computer chip that resides in another device, such as your car, a drone, or the electronic thermostat in your home. Embedded computers are self-contained computer devices that have their own programming and that typically don’t receive input from you or interact with other systems. 62  THANK YOU Any Question ? 63