CS 110 Introduction to Computing - Computer Storage PDF

CS 110 – Introduction To Computing Module 5: Computer Storage Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May...

CS 110 – Introduction To Computing Module 5: Computer Storage Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be Jennifer T. scanned, Campbell,copied or duplicated, Discovering or posted Computers: Digital to a publicly Data, Technology, accessible website,17th and Devices, in whole or © Edition. in 2023 part. Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1  Module Objectives By the end of the module, you should be able to: Differentiate between storage and memory Identify storage hardware types Discuss cloud computing concepts Evaluate cloud storage options Explain how to secure your cloud data Identify enterprise and other storage options Explain how memory relates to storage Identify risks for the Internet of Things Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2  Storage and Memory Uses (1 of 5) Computers and devices use both storage and memory to access and save data and information. Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data Figure 7-1 Storage is similar to needed by those instructions, and a file cabinet for digital content. the results of processing the data into information. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3  Storage and Memory Uses (2 of 5) Storage refers to long-term, permanent access to data and information. A storage medium is nonvolatile. Most memory (i.e., RAM), by contrast, holds data and instructions temporarily, thus it is volatile. A storage medium, also called secondary storage, is the location where a computer keeps data, information, programs, and applications. Examples of storage media include digital storage (cloud), and storage hardware, such as hard disks, solid-state drives (internal or external), memory cards, USB flash drives, optical discs, and tags. Cloud storage keeps information on servers on the Internet. In addition to programs and apps, users store a variety of data and information on storage media on their computers and mobile devices or on cloud storage. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4  Storage and Memory Uses (3 of 5) A storage device is the hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and from storage media. Writing is the process of transferring data, instructions, and information from memory to a storage medium. Reading is the process of transferring these items from a Figure 7-2 Various storage storage medium into memory. technologies. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5  Storage and Memory Uses (4 of 5) Capacity is the number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold. A gigabyte (GB) equals approximately 1 billion bytes. A terabyte (TB) is equal to approximately 1 trillion bytes. Table 7-1 Terms used to define storage. Storage Term Approximate Number of Bytes Exact Number of Bytes Kilobyte (KB) 1 thousand Megabyte (MB) 1 million Gigabyte (GB) 1 billion Terabyte (TB) 1 trillion Petabyte (PB) 1 quadrillion Exabyte (EB) 1 quintillion Zettabyte (ZB) 1 sextillion Yottabyte (YB) 1 septillion Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6  Storage and Memory Uses (5 of 5) The speed of storage devices and memory is defined by access time. Access time measures ✔ The amount of time it takes for a storage device to locate an item on a storage medium. ✔ The time required to deliver an item from memory to the processor. Transfer rate is the speed with which data, instructions, and information transfer to and from a device. Figure 7-3 Relative speed and uses for Transfer rates for storage are stated in storage media. KBps, MBps, and GBps. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7  Storage Hardware (1 of 11) Hard Drives The most common storage medium is the internal hard drive. Hard drives can store data either magnetically or using solid-state storage. The files stored on the internal hard drive cannot be accessed on other devices. Magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs) have greater storage capacity and are less expensive than their solid-state equivalents. The term, “hard drive”, refers collectively to hard disks and SSDs. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8  Storage Hardware (2 of 11) A hard disk, or hard disk drive (HDD), is a storage device that contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store data, instructions, and information. Desktops and laptops contain at least one hard disk. The storage capacity of hard disks is determined by the number of platters that the hard disk contains, the composition of the magnetic coating on the platters, Figure 7-4 Typical hard disk. whether it uses longitudinal or perpendicular recording, and its density Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9  Storage Hardware (3 of 11) A platter is made of aluminum, glass, or ceramic and has a thin coating of alloy material that allows items to be recorded magnetically on its surface. Longitudinal recording aligns the magnetic particles horizontally around the surface of the disk. With perpendicular recording, by contrast, hard disks align the magnetic particles vertically or perpendicular to the disk’s surface. Density is the number of bits in an area on a storage medium. A higher density means more storage capacity. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10  Storage Hardware (4 of 11) Formatting is the process of dividing the disk into tracks and sectors. A track is one of the series of concentric circles on one of the surfaces of a magnetic hard disk platter. Tracks are narrow recording bands that form a full circle on the surface of the disk. The disk’s storage locations consist of wedge-shaped sections, which break the tracks into small arcs called sectors. A sector is an individual block of data or Figure 7-5 Tracks and sectors a segment of a track. on a hard disk. Several sectors form Discovering Jennifer T. Campbell, a cluster. Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11  Storage Hardware (5 of 11) A typical hard disk has multiple platters. Each platter has two read/write heads, one for each side. A read/write head is the mechanism that reads items and writes items to the drive. A hard disk head actuator connects to arms that move the read/write heads to the correct location on the platter. Figure 7-6 How a hard disk works. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12  Storage Hardware (6 of 11) While the computer is running, the platters in the hard disk rotate at a high rate of speed. This spinning allows nearly instant access to all tracks and sectors on the platters. The platters continue spinning or slow down after a specified time to save power. The spinning motion creates a cushion of air between the platter and its read/write head. This cushion ensures that the read/write head floats above the platter instead of making direct contact with the platter surface. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13  Storage Hardware (7 of 11) An external hard drive is a separate, free-standing storage device that connects with a cable to a USB port or other port on any device. Sizes and storage capacities of external hard drives vary. With an internal hard drive, an Figure 7-7 An external hard entire external hard drive is disk attached to a laptop. enclosed in an airtight, sealed case. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14  Storage Hardware (8 of 11) An SSD (solid-state drive) is a flash memory storage device. Flash memory is a type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten. Flash memory chips are a type of solid-state media, which means they consist entirely electronic components and contain no moving parts. Figure 7-8 An SSD. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15  Storage Hardware (9 of 11) Portable Flash Memory Storage A memory card is a removable flash memory storage device. Memory cards enable mobile users to easily transport digital photos, music, videos, or other files to and from mobile devices and computers Figure 7-9 Memory cards or other devices. often are used with cameras. A slot on a computer or device accepts multiple types of cards. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16  Storage Hardware (10 of 11) A USB flash drive (universal serial bus) is a removable storage device for folders and files that plug in a USB port on a computer, making it easy to transport folders and files to other computers. The Storage capacities of USB flash drives and memory cards Figure 7-10 USB flash drive. vary. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17  Storage Hardware (11 of 11) Optical media include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs (BDs), but their use as storage media is declining. An optical disc is a type of storage medium that consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser. Table 7-2 Characteristics of optical disc formats. Disc Type Format(s) Typically Use(s) CD CD-ROM (read-only) audio, photo CD-R (recordable) CD-RW (rewritable) DVD DVD-ROM (read-only) video DVD-R, DVD+R (recordable) DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+RAM (rewritable) Blu-ray Higher capacity disc than DVD video Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18  Cloud Storage (1 of 4) Home and business users choose cloud computing for accessibility, cost saving, space saving, and scalability. Cloud computing consists of a front end and a back end, connected to each other through a network. The front end includes the hardware and software with which a user interacts to access the cloud. The back end consists of the servers and Figure 7-11 Cloud storage. storage devices that manage and store the resources accessed by users. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19  Cloud Storage (2 of 4) Cloud computing allows companies to outsource, or contract to third- party providers, elements of their information technology infrastructure. Cloud storage providers enable you to synchronize files, write documents, backup files on your computer or mobile device, share project work, stream music, post photos, and play games online. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20  Cloud Storage (3 of 4) In addition to SaaS (software as a service), consumers and organizations rely on cloud computing services to manage: ✔ Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) ✔ Storage as service (STaaS) ✔ Desktop as a service ✔ Data as a service (DaaS) ✔ Platform as a service (PaaS) Some additional cloud services include: ✔ Synchronize files ✔ Write documents ✔ Backup files ✔ Stream media Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21  Cloud Storage (4 of 4) Figure 7-12 Google Drive. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22  Cloud Storage Options (1 of 3) With Google Drive or Microsoft OneDrive, the files that you save are created by or can be edited or shared using the cloud-based apps that are a part of the service. Other cloud storage options, such as Box, primarily are storage locations and do not provide corresponding apps. The files are protected by security measures, including passwords and identification requirements, or encryption, and are backed up to other servers so that outages in which access is limited or denied are rare. One advantage of relying on cloud-based storage is the flexibility of not having to purchase and maintain servers. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23  Cloud Storage Options (2 of 3) Photos, songs, and videos take longer to upload than smaller text or web page files, so it is important to select a provider whose servers have sufficient bandwidth to support large file transfers. Criteria to consider for providers include the amount of free storage offered, the cost to purchase more storage if needed, and the maximum file size that each service allows you to upload. It is also important to read about the cloud storage provider’s privacy policy and terms of agreement, to which you must consent before using the provider’s services. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24  Cloud Storage Options (3 of 3) Consider the following guidelines when selecting a cloud storage provider: Verify that the company is reputable and has been in business for an extended period of time. Choose a provider that encrypts your files. Determine whether the provider’s service is compatible with your computer(s) and mobile device(s). Compare the price of various storage plans and choose a provider that offers competitive pricing. Verify that the cloud storage provider will support the types of files you want to back up. If desired, choose a cloud storage provider that allows you to share selected files with others. Consider whether the provider offers a mobile app that you can use to access your files using a mobile device. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25  Secure IT: Secure Your Data on the Cloud Some steps to protect your cloud-based data include: Choose your cloud provider(s) carefully, whether you are using a web-based app that also offers storage, such as Google Drive, or using an online backup system. Read the user agreement for your cloud provider. Set the most advanced privacy settings that your service allows. Use strong passwords and two-factor authentication to protect against unauthorized access from hackers. Do not store sensitive data or other information, without ensuring that they will be encrypted. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26  Enterprise and Other Storage Options (1 of 9) Enterprise hardware allows large organizations to manage and store data and information using devices intended for heavy use, maximum efficiency, and maximum availability. Highly available hardware is accessible 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. To meet the needs, enterprise hardware includes levels of redundancy, which means that if one component fails or malfunctions, another can assume its tasks. Enterprise storage centers or a data center is a secure location with many large computers that act as servers, making files available to users. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27  Enterprise and Other Storage Options (2 of 9) Some organizations manage an enterprise storage system in-house. Others elect to outsource all (or at least the backup) storage management to an outside organization or a cloud storage provider. A group of two or more integrated hard drives is called a RAID (redundant array of independent disks). Figure 7-14 A data center. RAID may duplicate data, instructions, and information to improve data reliability. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28  Enterprise and Other Storage Options (3 of 9) The simplest RAID storage design is Level 1, called mirroring, which writes data on two drives at the same time to duplicate the data. A Level 1 configuration enhances storage reliability. Other RAID levels use a technique called striping, which splits data, instructions, and information across multiple drives in Figure 7-15 Mirroring (a) and striping the array. (b). Striping improves drive access times. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29  Enterprise and Other Storage Options (4 of 9) Network attached storage (NAS) is a server that is placed on a network with the sole purpose of providing storage to users, computers, and devices attached to the network. A network attached storage server, often called a storage appliance, has its own IP address, usually does not have a keyboard or display, and contains at least one hard drive, often configured in a RAID. Administrators can add storage to an existing network quickly by connecting a network-attached storage server to the network. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30  Enterprise and Other Storage Options (5 of 9) A storage area network (SAN) is a high-speed network with the sole purpose of providing storage to other attached servers. A storage area network includes only storage devices. High-speed fiber-optic cable usually connects other networks and servers to the storage area network, so that the networks and servers have fast access to large storage capacities. A storage area network can connect to networks and other servers that are miles away using high-speed network connections. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31  Enterprise and Other Storage Options (6 of 9) Other Types of Storage include tape, magnetic stripe cards, smart cards, RFID tags, and NFC chips and tags. Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic that is capable of storing large amounts of data and information at a low cost. A magnetic stripe card is a credit card, entertainment card, bank card, or other similar card with a stripe that contains information identifying you and the card. A smart card, which is an alternative to a magnetic stripe card, stores data on an integrated circuit embedded in the card. Two types of smart cards, also called chip cards, are contact and contactless. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32  Enterprise and Other Storage Options (7 of 9) The RFID tag consists of an antenna and a memory chip that contains the information to be transmitted via radio waves. An RFID reader reads the radio signals and transfers the information to a computer or computing device. RFID tags are either active or Figure 7-16 RFID image on a box. passive. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33  Enterprise and Other Storage Options (8 of 9) NFC is a technology (based on RFID) that uses close-range radio signals to transmit data between two NFC-enabled devices or between an NFC-enabled device and an NFC tag. NFC-enabled devices contain an NFC chip. Figure 7-17 Adhesive NFC tag. NFC tags are self-adhesive so that they can be attached to any location. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34  Enterprise and Other Storage Options (9 of 9) An NFC tag, similar to RFID tag, contains a chip and an antenna that contains information to be transmitted. Uses of NFC communications include using a mobile device to pay for goods or services, displaying a web page, making a phone call, sending a text message, or exchanging contact information. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35  How Memory Relates to Storage (1 of 7) Memory usually consists of one or more chips on the motherboard or some other circuit board on the computer. Memory stores three basic categories of items: ✔ The operating system (a program that manages the complete operation of your computer) and other programs that control or maintain the computer and its devices. ✔ Applications that carry out a specific task, such as word processing. ✔ The data being processed by the applications and the resulting information. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36  How Memory Relates to Storage (2 of 7) A byte (character) is the basic storage unit in memory. When an application’s instructions and data are transferred to memory from storage devices, the instructions and data exist as bytes. Each byte resides temporarily in a location in memory that has an address. An address is a unique number that identifies the location of a byte in memory. Figure 7-18 Similar to seats in a stadium, one location memory (seat) holds a To access data or instructions in single byte (person) or can be empty. memory, the computer references the addresses that contain bytes of data. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37  How Memory Relates to Storage (3 of 7) Memory capacity affects the device’s operation speed. RAM is the most common type of volatile memory. Examples of nonvolatile memory include ROM, flash memory, and CMOS. RAM, also called main memory, consists of memory chips that can be read from and written to by the processor and other devices. RAM can accommodate multiple programs and applications simultaneously. Saving is the process of copying data, instructions, and information from RAM to a storage device or to the cloud. Today’s computers improve their processing times with cache (pronounced cash), which is a temporary storage area. Memory cache helps speed up the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 38 How Memory Relates to Storage (4 of 7) Figure 7-19 How program instructions transfer in and out of RAM. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39  How Memory Relates to Storage (5 of 7) ROM (read-only memory) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions. The data on most ROM chips cannot be modified so it is named as read only. Manufacturers of ROM chips often record data, instructions, or information on firmware chips when the chips are manufactured. These chips contain permanently written data, instructions, or information, such as a computer or mobile device’s start-up instructions. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40  How Memory Relates to Storage (6 of 7) Flash memory is a type of non-volatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten. Most computers use flash memory to hold their start-up instructions. Flash memory chips also store data and programs on many mobile devices and peripheral devices, such as smartphones, portable media players, printers, digital cameras, automotive devices, and digital voice recorders. Some portable media players store music on flash memory chips; others store music on tiny hard drives or memory cards. Memory cards contain flash memory on a removable device. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41  How Memory Relates to Storage (7 of 7) Some RAM chips, flash memory chips, and other memory chips use CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) technology as it provides high speeds and consumes little power. CMOS technology uses battery power to retain information even when the power to the computer is off. Battery-backed CMOS memory chips. The flash memory chips that store a computer’s startup information often use CMOS technology. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42  Ethics and Issues: Internet of Things and Privacy (1 of 3) Every day, smart electric meters, wearable technology, and vehicles’ black boxes submit data about us as part of the IoT. Computers and mobile devices are not the only items that connect to the Internet. A thermostat (a temperature sensor that can send and receive data ) can be set up that allows you to adjust the temperature of a home from anywhere using an app on your smartphone. A wireless chip attached to your medicine bottle can send text messages to remind you to take your medication. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 43  Ethics and Issues: Internet of Things and Privacy (2 of 3) Smart trash cans in public places have sensors that monitor the amount of trash deposited and then send a message that notifies owners when the containers need to be emptied. Wearable technology, such as smart watches and wristbands, can track your pulse and heart rate, as well as accept calls and display notifications from a smartphone. Retailers can use beacons, which are devices that send low-energy Bluetooth signals to nearby smartphones, to alert customers who use a payment app, such as PayPal, to personalized offers in their stores. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 44  Ethics and Issues: Internet of Things and Privacy (3 of 3) These devices could have default settings that prevent the sharing of data until obtaining the consumer’s consent. Companies bear the responsibility of ensuring sensitive data being collected is kept secure and confidential. Privacy and security concerns abound with the IoT. Technology Experts believe that the security, health, and productivity benefits of this technology outweigh the potential risks. Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 45