PHL 101 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person PDF

 “philo” and Man is the Module 1 - Introduction to Philosophy “sophia” which Measure of All...

 “philo” and Man is the Module 1 - Introduction to Philosophy “sophia” which Measure of All means things. Outline: Lover of (Protagoras) 1. Doing Philosophy Wisdom a. Definition of Philosophy b. Nature of Philosophical Inquiry Traits of a Wise Person c. Philosophy as an Activity d. Major Achievements of Philosophy Aware of his knowledge and ignorance. 2. Components of Philosophy Holds true and justifiable beliefs. a. Branches of Philosophy Knows things that are valuable in life. b. Kinds of Logic Has the ability to apply knowledge into c. Origin of Logice practice. 3. Activities of the Human Mind 4. Process of Intellectualization The Nature of Philosophical Inquiry a. Sensible Order b. Intellectual Order The riddle of the Three Wise Men 5. Terms Philosophy is the umbrella of all sciences a. Spelling alone, sound alone, both and referred to as Queen of the Sciences sound and spelling b. Connotation and Denotation Philosophy as an Activity Ludwig Wittgenstein Philosophy Philosophy is not just a body of doctrine but an activity. Act of wondering. Enables one to evaluate theories as at the achievement of nature. applicable or not, be replaced or not. the way social and political institutions Has dynamic, critical, and creative features. arrange themselves. Continuous process of search for truth. Common Meanings; Ideas, Principles, View, Perspectives, or The Value of Philosophy beliefs. Philosophy does not offer definite answers Activity of Reasoning (pilosopo) because of philosophical unscientific An academic course or degree questions it deals with. Philosophy and the Nature of Philosophy explores the preliminary work for Philosophical Inquiry science in finding definite answers. (Artificial Intelligence) Value in life is NOT limited to satisfaction of Philosopher Sophist material or practical concerns. Greek words Truth is Relative Some Major Achievements of Philosophy Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  Provides a holistic view of life. Contributes to the development of some 3. Natural Logic – the native power of the disciplines or areas of knowledge. mind by which most persons are competent Provides ethical guidelines for the use of to judge correctly and reason validity about modern technology, bioethics, the affairs and interests of everyday life. environmental ethics. (Common sense) Contributed to promotion of Social 4. Transcendental Logic – inquiry into Transformation. human knowledge for the purpose of COMPONENTS OF PHILOSOPHY determining what elements or factors in human thought are priori. 1. Metaphysics – study of reality. (Beings and being) ORIGIN OF LOGIC 2. Epistemology – study of validity of human knowledge. Aristotle - founder of Logic 3. Ethics – study of morality of human act. Organon - instrument for acquiring knowledge 4. Cosmology – the science of the universe. Treatises - compiles his logical works. (The space and time). 5. Theodicy – philosophical study of God. Treatise includes the following. 1. Categories 6. Logic – defined as the science and art of 2. On interpretation correct thinking. 3. Prior Analytics 4. Posterior Analytics Logic 5. Topics 6. On Sophistical Refutation / Sophism used in acquisition and interpretation of knowledge. Pierre de la Ramee expansion and application of K. preparatory to all sciences. criticized the nature of Aristotelian logic. introduced the three-fold activities of the Kinds of Logic mind. ○ such activities later known as 1. Symbolic Logic – an application of mental operations or acts of the mathematical methods to the process of mind. thought; uses conventional symbols to represent terms, propositions, and relations Activities of the Human Mind among them. refers to the operations of the mind by 2. Applied Logic – logic applied to the study which: ○ we grasp the meaning of the term, of natural sciences. ○ deny, or affirm it, and Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  ○ reason out for our action. 4. Who coined that “Man is the measure of all things” Three Operations of the Human Mind a. Aristotle b. Socrates c. Protagoras Mental Mental External Sign d. Descartes Operations Product 5. Who is the founder of Logic? Simple Concept Term a. Aristotle Apprehension b. Mendel Judgment Mental Proposition c. Linnaeus Enunciation d. Dalton Reasoning Argument Syllogism 6. He criticized the nature of Aristotelian Logic. a. Pierre de la Ramee b. Pierre Simon Laprace c. Pierre de la Rue Practice Assessment d. Pierre de Lancre I. Multiple Choice 7. A component of logic that refers to the study 1. It is the way social and political institutions of reality. arrange themselves. a. Metaphysics a. Philosophy b. Cosmology b. Political Science c. Theodicy c. Law d. Ethics d. Ordinance 8. A component of logic that refers to the 2. Who is considered the father of philosophy? philosophical study of God. a. Aristotle a. Cosmology b. Rene Descartes b. Theodicy c. Ludwig Wittgenstein c. Logic d. Socrates d. Epistemology 3. It comes from the Greek words “philo” and 9. A component of logic that refers to the “sophia”? science of the universe such as space and a. Philosopher time. b. Philosophy a. Ethics b. Cosmology Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  c. Theodicy c. Symbolic Logic d. Metaphysics d. Applied Logic 10. A component of logic that refers to the study 15. It is a native power of the mind by which of human act. persons are competent to judge correctly a. Ethics and reason validity about the affairs and b. Metaphysics interests of everyday life. c. Logic a. Natural Logic d. Theodicy b. Symbolic Logic c. Applied Logic 11. A component of logic defined as the science d. Transcendental Logic and art of correct thinking. a. Logic 16. It is an inquiry into human knowledge for the b. Ethics purpose of determining what elements or c. Fallacy factors in human thought are priori. d. Organon a. Logic b. Elemental Logic 12. Referred to the operations of the mind by c. Transcendental Logic which we grasp the meaning of the term, d. Symbolic Logic deny or affirm it, and reason out for our action. II. True or False a. Activities of the Human Mind 17. Value in life is limited to satisfaction of b. Philosophy as an Activity material or practical concerns. c. The Nature of the Human Mind 18. Philosophy does not offer definite answers d. The Importance of Philosophy in because of philosophical unscientific Mental Operations questions it deals with. 19. Activity of Philosophy consists of describing 13. It is an application of mathematical methods our thoughts and propositions. to the process of thought 20. Philosophy is the umbrella of all sciences a. Symbolic Logic and queen of the sciences. b. Applied Logic c. Mathematical Logic III. Fill in the blanks d. Conventional Logic 14. It is a logic applied to the study of natural Mental Mental External Sign Operations Product sciences. a. Natural Logic Term b. Transcendental Logic Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  Judgement Argument Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules. Answer Key: 13. A 1. A 14. D 2. D 15. A 3. A 16. C 4. C 17. False 5. A 18. True 6. A 19. False 7. A 20. True 8. B 21. Simple Apprehension, Concept 9. B 22. Mental Enunciation, Proposition 10. A 23. Reasoning, Syllogism 11. A 12. A Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules. Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  4. Common Sense IDEOGENESIS 5. Percept Unified perception of what was collected by - Process of Intellectualization the senses. - Process of Formation of Ideas It is the IMPRESSED SPECIE containing individuating, and concrete qualities. Preliminaries 6. Imagination (Visualization & Use of Creativity) Human Person - A rational being who can cognize 7. Cognitive Sense namely, in two connected ways: 8. Sense Memory 1. Sensitively (Recognition & Recall) - Senses are required for operation. - Senses know only the accidental qualities 9. Phantasm (temporary states) and not its substance. - It comes in contact only with what appears It is the EXPRESSED SPECIE of on the surface. sensible order. Called EXPRESSED because - It knows things as it appears but not what it it is a manifestation of the representative is (substance). power of the SENSES. 2. Intellectually It has INDIVIDUATING & CONCRETE - The intellect knows the essence of reality. qualities, - Knows not only the accidents but also the substance - To be understood by the intellectual its - Immaterial and has to make use of sensory individualized form MUST BE CONVERTED data. into something INTELLIGIBLE. A phantasm becomes intelligible once it is abstracted by “ The object of Intellect is the abstract and the agent intellect. These abstracted universal essence of sensible realities “ concepts are intelligible because they represent the common features shared by This means that the target of our intellect, the various individual instances. specie that is understood, is the abstracted essence of phantasms from the sensible realities. Intellectual Order Human Intellect Summary of S.O and I.O - 1 mind but 2 capacities: Sensible Order 1. Agent Intellect 1. Thing Power to Abstract 2. External Senses Discards individuating and concrete Eye, Nose, Ear, Tongue, & Skin qualities. 3. Proper Common Sensibles 2. Possible Intellect Color (Sight), Texture (Touch), Sweet (Taste), etc. Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  Power to understand Equivocal - Both Sound and Spelling Expressed its understanding by producing (Homonym) an idea or concept. Examples: What is Truth ? - Orange (Color) - Orange (Fruit) The conformity between the intellect and reality. Comprehension (Connotation) \ “Adaequatio Intellectus et rei” Sum total of all the notes - St. Thomas Aquinas Notes are the elements that comprise the significance of an idea. WHAT IS A TERM ? Extension (Denotation) \ \ - The external representation of a concept. Sum total of all the particulars to which the - The ultimate structural element of a comprehension of a concept can be applied. proposition. - May be oral, written, or printed. Classification of Terms Univocal Terms - Similarity in meaning and signification. Equivocal Terms - Difference in meaning or signification. Analogous Terms - Partly the same and partly different. END Equivocal - Spelling Alone (Homograph) Examples: - Bass (Fish) - Bass (Musical Instrument) - Live (Real-time) - Live (Settling) Equivocal - Sound Alone (Homophone) Examples: - Plain - Plane - Piece - Peace Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  c. Sound alone d. Partly the same, partly different Practice Assessment 7. SB19 is going live any moment now, what a great time to live. 1. When you feel up a wall, you notice its a. Both sound and spelling texture. This texture gives you a sensation of b. Sound alone either rough or smooth. What is being c. Spelling alone indicated? d. Partly the same, partly different a. Proper Common Sensibles 8. I can throw this can into the trash from way b. Common Sense over here. c. Percept a. Both sound and spelling d. External Senses b. Sound alone 2. The percept is the product of the c. Spelling alone representative power of your senses. This d. Partly the same, partly different makes it the ___ 9. She was destined to be a queen. In the a. Impressed Specie same way, her mother was a pageant queen b. Abstracted Reality for a while. c. Individuating Structure a. Analogous d. Expressed Specie b. Sound alone 3. The external representation of an idea or a c. Spelling alone concept formed in the process of d. Univocal intellectual order. 10. I carelessly dropped the box containing the a. Phantasm engagement ring. Before that, the fire alarm b. Percept just so happened to ring indicating that I c. Term should run. d. Unified Perception a. Both sound and spelling 4. When I was using a saw to chop wood, I saw b. Sound alone a familiar face in the distance. c. Spelling alone a. Both sound and spelling d. Partly the same, partly different b. Spelling alone c. Sound alone Answer Key d. Partly the same, partly different 5. Brien used a bat to swat away a wild bat. a. Both sound and spelling 1. A 2. D b. Spelling alone 3. C c. Sound alone 4. A d. Partly the same, partly different 5. A 6. She was in the bar, while eating a bar of 6. A 7. C chocolate. 8. C a. Both sound and spelling 9. D b. Spelling alone 10. A Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules. Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  a new truth from truths that were previously Module 3 - Logical Fallacy stated. Outline: Classification of Terms 1. Logic Univocal - Two instances where a term has a. 3 Acts of the Mind 2. Classification of Terms similar meanings. a. Univocal, Equivocal, & Analogous -”She was wearing a blue dress that day” 3. Fallacy and ”The dog’s collar was blue.” a. Types of Fallacies -The term blue has the same meaning in both sentences. Logic Equivocal - Two instances where a term has It is the art and science of correct different meanings. thinking. -“I hear my phone ring outside.” and ”He It was founded by Aristotle, shot the basketball into the ring.” It is used in acquisition and interpretation -The term ring has two different meanings of knowledge. here despite the spelling. It is an art because it is an expression and -”He sent me a message.” and “I could can be considered almost perfect. smell her scent.” It is a science because it is a -The terms sent & scent have different systematized body of knowledge meanings despite the pronunciation. achieved through observation and Analogous - Two instances where a term is experiment. partly different and partly the same. In logic, there are 3 acts of the mind: -”I ate a healthy meal.” and “My dog is Simple apprehension, judgment, and feeling very healthy today.” reasoning. -The term healthy is partly the same and 1. Simple Apprehension is the act of having partly different. an understanding of a concept based on our Fallacy 5 senses. [sight, smell, hearing, taste, It is an error in reasoning. touch] It is an incorrect argument. It appears to 2. Judgment is the act of comparing the be correct but after further analysis, isn’t. concepts we understand and uniting or It was first discussed by Aristotle in his negating them. [At least two concepts are text, De Sophisticis Elenchis, (Sophistical required to make a judgment] Refutation) where he discussed 13 fallacies. 3. Reasoning is the thought process or Types of Fallacies (RAP): argument behind our judgment, and creating Fallacies of Relevance Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  - It is an argument that is supported by 6. Appeal to Emotion (Argumentum Ad premises that are not important to its Populum) - elicits enthusiasm and conclusion. emotional support instead of using careful 1. Argument from Ignorance (Argumentum reasoning. Ad Ignorantiam) - argues that a proposition -”Drink Enervon prime everyday!” is true/false because it has not been 7. Appeal to Pity (Argumentum Ad proven true/false. Misericordiam) - elicits pity/sympathy -”Nobody has ever proved to me that there’s from the hearer instead of using careful a God. Therefore, there is no God.” reasoning. 2. Appeal to Inappropriate Authority -”I deserve to get a passing score in the (Argumentum Ad Verecundiam) - appeal is chemistry test because I broke my leg made to parties having no legitimate yesterday.” claim to authority on the matter at hand. 8. Appeal to Force (Argumentum Ad -”You can believe the moon is covered with Baculum) - uses direct or insinuated dust because the president of the threats to force the acceptance of a homeowner association said so, and he conclusion. should know.” -”Promote me to a higher position or else I 3. Appeal against the Person (Argument Ad will reveal to others your deep secret.” Hominem) - attacks the character of the 9. Appeal to Advantage (Argumentum person rather than their claims/premises of Pansarilum) - wants one to adhere/adopt a the argument. belief, policy, or course of action against -”You can’t say anything about the economy the person’s will in exchange for a because you’re only 16 years old.” gain/advantage. 4. Appeal against the Person (Abusive Ad -”I will give you a job if you would join our Hominem) - directly attacks the character of prayer meetings and accept our belief.” the person 10. Appeal to Money (Argumentum Ad -”His advice on life should not be followed Crumenam/Argumentum Ad Pabagsakum) - because he commits tax fraud.” uses money to appeal to the sense of 5. Appeal against the Person (Circumstantial greed or cupidity of a person, bribes the Ad Hominem) - indirectly attacks the opponent to concede. character of the person. -”Sir, Please, give me a passing mark. I am -”Why is the private development of willing to share my fortune. How much?” resources more efficient than any 11. Irrelevant Conclusion (Argumentum Ad government?” Ignoratio Elenchi) - the argument being Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  used supports a different conclusion attributes of a part as an attribute to the from the proposition. whole. -”In court, Thompson testifies that the -”I’ve met two people in Nicaragua so far, defendant is an honorable person, who and they were both nice to me. Therefore, all wouldn’t harm a flea.” [Whether or not a the people I will meet in Nicaragua will be person would harm a flea is irrelevant to nice to me.” whether or not someone is honorable.] 6. Fallacy of Division - it takes collectively Fallacies of Ambiguity what should be taken individually. - It is an argument wherein the meaning of -”Jose is an intelligent boy. Jose studies in the words or phrases in the premises can DLSHSI. Ergo, all who study in DLSHSI are be mistaken which will result in an intelligent.” incorrect conclusion. Fallacies of Presumption (Fallacies of 1. Fallacy of Equivocation - the same word or Illicit Assertion) phrase used has more than one meaning. - It is an argument that arises from a reliance -”An elephant is an animal; ergo, a small on a proposition that is assumed to be elephant is a small animal.” true but is actually false, dubious or 2. Fallacy of Amphiboly - one of the without warrant. statements has more than one plausible 1. Complex question - also known as a trick meaning due to the arrangement/usage of question, contains a presupposition in words. the question. -”The farmer blew out his brains after giving -”Are you still cheating?” [If yes, then they an affectionate farewell to his family with a admit that they are guilty of cheating. If not, shotgun.” then they admit that they had been guilty of 3. Fallacy of Amphiboly - lack of verbal cheating.] clarity because of grammatical error. 2. False Cause - what is not the cause is -”My mother told your mother that she assumed to be the cause. should go to the Real Estate division of the -”The death penalty in the USA has given us SSS.” the highest crime rate in the industrialized 4. Fallacy of Accent - argument shifts in world.” [It assumes that the death penalty is meaning due to the emphasis/stress of the cause of the high crime rate when it certain words in it. should be the other way around.] -”Please, don’t stop kissing me.” or “Please 3. Begging the Question (Petitio Principi) - don’t. Stop kissing me.” the conclusion is assumed through the 5. Fallacy of Composition (Hasty premise of the claim, a form of "circular Generalization) - mistakenly reasons the reasoning". Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  -”It’s time for you to go to bed, because it’s your bedtime.” [Doesn’t actually answer why it’s time to go to bed.] 4. Fallacy of Accident - applies a generalization to an individual case that does not properly govern. -”Black is a color. Nigerians are black. So Nigerians are colors.” 5. Fallacy of Converse Accident - you draw a general rule or statement from circumstantial cases. -”A young girl's unhappy experience with her boyfriend made her establish a general rule that boys cannot be trusted.” Next up: Theories of Knowledge Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules. Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules. Theories of Knowledge > Rene Descartes Concerned about the origin or source of our “Cogito Ergo Sum” - I think, therefore I am knowledge and the criteria for truth Descartes found that he could not doubt that he The are three theories namely, himself existed, as he was the one doing the Empiricism doubting in the first place. Rationalism Doubt makes you think Skepticism Theory Critique Empiricism Empiricism Senses can fail: wrong perception. Denies innate ideas, claims anything that is knowable is a Posteriori. Rationalism Guilty of hallucination, Claim that human knowledge comes from sense ambiguity of language experience or is experienced by the senses. & problem of the senses. > John Locke - Human mind is in the state of Tabula Rasa (blank tablet) upon birth. Skepticism We can only have sense > Posteriori - Knowledge that is acquired/learned perception, perceive through experience alone. things through their - Nothing is in the mind without passing first association, and there through our senses. is no absolute truth. Rationalism Criteria for Truth Refers to the criterion/a or the basis for Claims that ideas are formed through reason alone. affirming the veracity of something. Gives knowledge as a Priori. What is Truth ? > Priori - Knowledge from intuition, deduction, and reason alone. - Acquired independent of the sense experience - A belief of constancy in the universe - A constant to which we refer for guidance. - An example of a constant is gravity. Skepticism Theories of Truth Doubts the knowledge of things, believes that \ anything can be proven false. We don’t have certain knowledge of the world based on sense experience and intuitive knowledge. Correspondence Theory Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules. Popularized by Plato and Bertrand Rusell - “Idea is considered true if it is found in the Pragmatism has personal experience as its basis. reality and not if it is not found in the reality/real life” - Truth exists if there is an agreement or Coherence Theory conformity between what is in the mind with what is in reality. Popularized by both Hegel and Spinoza Most reliable and most accepted criteria of truth. Plato proposed this theory based on intuitive States that it is true if every bit of knowledge is recognition that true knowledge corresponds to consistent and harmonious with all other the facts and agrees with the reality & false knowledge. knowledge is the opposite. All facts of experience are integrated which It is the most common & widespread way of requires related facts to be positioned understanding the nature of truth & falsehood appropriately and nothing contradicts anything else As long as we have total knowledge available Pragmatic Theory before performing any test, then coherence is the strongest of all criteria Popularized by American Philosopher William Used in many scientific researches James, the term “pragmatism” was then coined by Charles Sanders Pierce. This theory was influenced by American culture. For them, Theory Critique knowledge is true when it serves the right purpose. Correspondence - Problem in history. The philosophical theory claims that an idea is - Doesn’t allow a good when it produces the desired results. false belief. Practicality is the most simple application of the Pragmatism - Always an theory. exception to the rule. Theories or ideas which are to be considered true - What is true for must be tested based on their respective you may be desirability and undesirability. false for others Idea of God - According to James, existence of - Refusal for the belief on God is partly verifiable because many people derive absolute results. benefits from believing in God For instance Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  6. “The larger the fire, the more firemen absolute truth like justice. there are. Therefore, firemen cause fires.” a. Fallacy of Composition Practice Assessment b. Begging the Question CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT c. False Cause ANSWER. d. Fallacy of Accident 1. Who is the founder of logic? 7. “A Chess grandmaster says that female a. Socrates chess players are weaker than males b. Pierre de la Ramee due to biological differences.” c. Plato a. False Cause d. Aristotle b. Appeal against the Person 2. TRUE OR FALSE: Nothing passes c. Appeal to Emotion through the mind without first passing d. Appeal to Inappropriate through one of our five senses. Authority a. TRUE 8. “You should clean that mess, because b. FALSE that mess needs to be cleaned!” 3. TRUE OR FALSE: You can form a a. Begging the Question judgment from at least 1 concept. b. Appeal to Force a. TRUE c. Irrelevant Conclusion b. FALSE d. False Cause 4. It uses threats to achieve a desired 9. “My coworker did not go to work today. conclusion. He must have died.” a. Appeal to Force a. False Cause b. Appeal against the Person b. Appeal to Pity c. Appeal to Advantage c. Fallacy of Accident d. Appeal to Pity d. Irrelevant Conclusion 5. These are arguments whose premises 10. “A motorcyclist robbed me, that must are not relevant to its conclusion. mean all motorcyclists are thieves.” a. Fallacies of Ambiguity a. Fallacy of Division b. Fallacies of Presumption b. Hasty Generalization c. Fallacies of Relevance c. Fallacy of Converse Accident d. Fallacies of Accent d. Fallacy of Equivocation IDENTIFY THE FALLACY THAT IS BEING 11. “I know you need money so I’ll pay you USED IN THE SENTENCE. $5,000 if you keep your mouth shut.” a. Appeal to Emotion Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  b. Appeal to Advantage 17. The suspension today led to the c. Appeal to Money extension of the Filipino task. d. Appeal to Pity Absolutely a great timing 12. “The ocean is blue. My friend was a. Coherence feeling very blue. Therefore my friend is b. Rationalism an ocean.” c. Pragmatism a. Fallacy of Amphiboly d. Empiricism b. Fallacy of Accent 18. Who said the phrase “Cogito Ergo c. Fallacy of Presumption Sum” d. Fallacy of Equivocation a. William James 13. “The crime he committed is b. John Locke unforgivable! That man must be c. Plato guilty!” d. Rene Descartes a. Appeal to Pity 19. The experiments of several scientists b. Appeal against the Person aligned with one another. Which c. Appeal to Force theory is exemplified in the situation ? d. Appeal to Emotion a. Constancy 14. “Yuki is a great dancer. Yuki is also b. Criteria of Truth Japanese. Ergo, all Japanese people c. Coherence are great dancers.” d. Correspondence a. Fallacy of Division 20. Thomas Aquinas once said that the b. Fallacy of Converse Accident conformity of the intellect with reality c. Fallacy of Presumption is considered as true. In what theory of d. False Cause truth is this seen ? 15. “Have you hidden the stolen jewelry in a. Correspondence your room?” b. Empiricism a. Fallacy of Presumption c. Skepticism b. Begging the Question d. Pragmatism c. Complex Question d. Appeal against the Person 16. Knowledge that is derived from the senses and is dependent of experience a. Posteriori b. Priori c. Truth d. Nonsense Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules. Answer Key 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. D 14. A 15. C 16. A 17. C 18. D 19. C 20. A Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  Lesson 5: Human Embodiment Concept Map Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  Outline Social 1. Human Embodiment 2. Plato’s Theory 3. Aristotle’s Theory Spiritual 4. St. Augustine of Hippo’s Theory ➔ Human being as a spiritual being does 5. St. Thomas Aquinas’ Theory not necessarily mean a religious one. ➔ Human even without religion has a spirit Human Embodiment within himself. ➔ Is a set of dynamic and static characteristics of a human being. Moral ➔ Human beings are endowed with moral SMR PEEPS principles in life. ➔ We are capable of perceiving what is Spiritual right and wrong. ➔ No human being is without a standard of Moral what is right and wrong. Rational Rational ➔ The ability to think is what makes us a human being. Psychological ➔ The faculty of reason is what makes us different from all other living creatures. Emotional Psychological Economic ➔ All human beings have a fixed behavioral pattern, and this is what we call “personality”. Physical ➔ When you remove the psychological aspect of a human being, there is no Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  personality and when there is no ➔ Man is designed to get along and make personality there is no person. friends or acquaintances. ➔ Human beings cannot live without Emotional another human being. ➔ Human beings are emotional beings that is why we feel love, anger, happiness, Plato’s Theory (Disembodied Spirit View) and sadness. ➔ Even an emotionless person in an ➔ Plato claims man is his soul. outside appearance has hidden ➔ Soul is the essence of man’s humanity emotions and feelings inside him/her. and the source of all his activities. Plato uses the following metaphor: The soul is Economic the charioteer of the two-winged horses. ➔ Humans are natural managers of ➔ One is the noble white horse on the economic supplies. right, the sensible and flies high to the ➔ We are capable of finding, spending, heavens to reach the light of truth and consuming, storing, preserving, and goodness. budgeting resources that are needed for ➔ The other is the ugly black horse on the survival. left that comes from a bad breed and because of neglect and sinfulness, had Physical lost his wings and fallen to earth to ➔ The human body is made up of complex assume human form. physiological systems which are ➔ Based on Plato's theory, the soul and inter-related and capable of body of man are two distinct beings reproducing, repairing, and adapting to joined together without substantial unity. the environment. ➔ Human being is a rational soul with a body. ➔ As a Human Person grows older, a Social person will develop a dominant soul ➔ As the famous saying says, “no man is among the three (Rational, Spirited, an island”. Appetitive). That dominant soul will determine a man’s place in society. Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  ➔ Reason, Spirit, and Appetite are not 2. A gentleman giving his seat to an old woman self-sufficient. Meaning, these three on a bus. souls cannot exist apart from each other. It is considered a 3 souls-in-1. Appetite Reason ➔ The appetitive part of the soul. ➔ The rational or logical part of the soul. ➔ It seeks bodily pleasure, comfort, and ➔ This part is responsible for thinking and physical satisfaction. decision-making. ➔ It represents the ugly horse on the ➔ It represents the charioteer who is left. guiding the horses. ➔ Appetitive souls become the ‘People’ in ➔ Rational souls become the ‘Rulers’ in society. the society. Example: Example: 1. A student going to bed or eating a lot 1. A newly graduated high schooler deciding because of tiredness from school. what course to take in college. 2. A regular office worker watching movies or 2. A lawmaker formulating a just law for the Korean dramas the entire weekend. benefits of his people. Spirit SUPPLEMENTARY ➔ The hot-blooded part of the soul. ➔ It dislikes injustice or wrongdoing being VIDEO! done. Watch this short video to further ➔ This part loves challenge, victory, and understand Plato’s theory of Human honors. It represents the noble horse Embodiment. Turn on the captions to hear on the right. the speaker better. ➔ Spirited souls become the ‘Soldiers’ in the society. PLATO and the SOUL Example: 1. A student doing his best in his academics to receive high grades without cheating. Aristotle’s Theory (Embodied Spirit View) ➔ Man is the whole of his body and soul. Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  ➔ The relation of the body to the soul is PLANTS Vegetative or Power of the relation of matter to form. nutritive soul growth, ➔ There is no matter (body) that is not nutrition, and informed by form (soul), and no form reproduction (soul) that is not the form of matter ANIMALS Sensitive soul Powers of (body). perception ➔ There is no body that is not informed by and soul, and no soul that is not the form of locomotion body. HUMANS Rational soul Powers of BODY Matter reason and thought SOUL Form ➔ According to Aristotle a living creature is Hierarchy of Soul of Living Beings a ‘substance’. HUMANS reason, thought ➔ The soul’s very essence is defined by its relationship to an organic body. ANIMALS perception, ➔ Not only humans but animals and plants locomotion too have souls. PLANTS growth, nutrition, ➔ The soul is the “the actuality of a body reproduction that has life.” Where life means capacity for self-sustenance, growth, and reproduction. ➔ The living substance is composed of SUPPLEMENTARY matter and form, then the soul is the form of an organic body. VIDEO! ➔ The organic body is a body that has organs that are parts that have specific Watch this video to further understand functions, such as the eyes of humans, Aristotle’s theory of Human Embodiment. fangs of wild animals and roots of trees. Turn on the captions to hear the speaker better. ➔ Matter + Form = Organic body Aristotle's Theory of Soul Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  St. Augustine of Hippo’s Theory SUPPLEMENTARY VIDEO! ➔ Man can be divided into body and soul, and no doubt the soul is more real and important. ➔ It is not possible, however, that only the Watch this video to further understand St. soul is man since a soul cannot become Augustine of Hippo’s theory of Human Embodiment. Turn on the captions to hear a soul if it is not a soul of the body. the speaker better. ➔ Moreover, it is not possible that only the body is man because a body is not a Understanding the Self - St. Augustine (… body if it is not a body of the soul. ➔ Therefore, man is still a unity of body and soul. St. Thomas Aquinas’ Theory ➔ Soul + Body = Man ➔ Like Aristotle, St. Thomas affirms the unity of body and soul in man. Soul ➔ Unlike Aristotle, St. Thomas contends that man is not only a rational animal ➔ Life-giving element but an embodied spirit. ➔ Center of consciousness, perception and ➔ The soul of man is not like the soul of thought any animal. ➔ An early definition of soul is “rational ➔ Thomas Aquinas argued that the soul is substance fitted for rule over a capable of existing even without a living body.” body. ➔ The rational soul must control the ➔ After death, the soul is still existing sensual desires and passions. because it is incorruptible. ➔ It can become better if it performs ➔ The soul is indeed capable of existing according to God’s desire. apart from a body at death. ➔ It is natural and desirable for the soul to ➔ Soul is the Form of the Human Body. govern the body. ➔ Rejecting Plato's theory which made the ➔ The soul is of divine-origin and god-like, soul and body of man two distinct it is not divine itself but created by God. beings joined together without substantial unity, he adopted and Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  explained, that the soul is the substantial ➔ What happens to my body happens to form of the human body, distinct from it, me; what is inflicted to my body inflicts but united so intimately with it that the me also. two form one substantial being, which is ➔ What is being said about my body is an individual of the human species. said about me. ➔ The soul alone is not the man; the body ➔ “Kapag ginawang katuwaan ang aking is not the man; but the soul and body panlabas na anyo, ang dignidad ko united constitute an individual man. bilang tao ay tinapakan na rin.” Body and Soul ➔ By virtue of man’s spiritual faculties – SUPPLEMENTARY VIDEO! intellect and will – which inhere in man’s soul, human soul, then, is spiritual and can exist without matter. ➔ Nevertheless, while St. Thomas was Watch this video to further understand St. affirming that man’s spiritual soul can Thomas Aquinas’ theory of Human Embodiment. Turn on the captions to hear exist without matter, he also affirmed the speaker better. that this soul cannot do its operation without the body. Body and Soul (Aquinas 101) ➔ Body and soul are inherently united. They form one substance, a unity, and not a couple. This unity is the human person. ➔ I am my body simply states that I cannot separate myself from my body. I am an embodied spirit. ➔ “I”, being the subject, makes my body an expression of my subjectivity also. ➔ Hence, I cannot simply objectify my body just as others cannot objectify me through my body. Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  QUICK c. St. Thomas Aquinas d. St. Augustine of Hippo ASSESSMENT! 4. A gentleman giving his seat to an old woman on a bus is an example of… Choose the letter of the correct answer a. Reason for each question. There are choices that b. Appetite can be the possible answer. However, c. Spirit choose the best answer for each question. d. None of the above Try answering each item in 1 minute. 5. Rain is a student who saw a 500 10-Minute Timer peso bill that fell from the owner’s pocket. Even if she didn’t bring 1. According to Plato’s theory, the spirit money to buy lunch, she still decided is equivalent to what? to return the money to the owner. a. Ugly black horse What type of human embodiment is b. Noble white horse shown here? c. Charioteer a. Spiritual d. None of the above b. Moral c. Emotional 2. Who’s on the top of the hierarchy of d. Economic soul of beings? a. Plants 6. He believes that man can be divided b. Animals into body and soul. Who is he? c. Humans a. Plato d. None of the above b. Aristotle c. St. Thomas Aquinas 3. According to him, “Body and soul are d. St. Augustine of Hippo inherently united. They form one substance, a unity, and not a couple.” 7. They have growth, nutrition, and Who said this? reproduction. a. Plato a. Animals b. Aristotle Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  b. Plants c. Humans d. All of the above 8. According to Plato, this is the hot-blooded part of the soul. a. Appetite b. Reason c. Logic d. Spirit 9. According to him, the soul is a life-giving element. a. Plato b. Aristotle c. St. Thomas Aquinas d. St. Augustine of Hippo 10. According to Aristotle a living creature is a… a. Personality b. Soul c. Body d. Substance Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  ANSWER KEY 1. B. 2. C. 3. C. 4. C. 5. B. 6. C. 7. D. 8. D. 9. D. 10. D. Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.  COMPILED BY REFERENCES THE REVIEWER AUTHORS Anadale, C. (2016). Aristotle’s Theory of Soul [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from Bayucot, Ariellah Niña Lyn, S. [11-5 Br. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1H Moniteur] dfQmBTYFk Carlos, Jenuine Dwyane, V. [11-1 Br. Solomon] Demizmue. (2021). PLATO and the SOUL Jangcan, Brianna Denise, T. [11-8 Br. [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from Cirilo] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Spt Perez, Jose Antonio, L. [11.8 Br. Cirilo] DYOyODuU Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human REVIEWED BY Person (2023). Module 1 - Doing Philosophy [PDF File]. Special Health THE ACADEMIC OFFICERS Sciences Senior High School, De La Salle Medical Health SciencesInstitute. https://dlshsi.instructure.com/courses/2 Ridor, Sharmaine Joyce C. [11-1 Br. Br. 683/files/686990?module_item_id=684 Solomon] 04 Bernardo, Kimi [11-2 Br. Roger] Tolentino, Kaitleen Marie M. [11-3 Br. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Uldaric] Person (2023). Module 2 - Introduction Rodriguez, Althea E. [11-4 Br. Leon] to Philosophy [PDF File]. Special Health Bayaborda, Princess Jemimah S. [11-5 Sciences Senior High School, De La Br. Moniteur] Salle Medical Health SciencesInstitute. Tan, Gabrielle [11-6 Br. Raphael] https://dlshsi.instructure.com/courses/2 Albeza, Sarah [11-7 Br. Adrien] 683/files/687007?module_item_id=684 Tenorio, Gianne [11-8 Br. Cirilo] 06 Miranda, Jay Juliankel [11-9 Br. Marciano] Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person (2023). Module 2 - Quest for Truth [PDF File]. Special Health Sciences Senior High School, De La Salle Medical Health SciencesInstitute. https://dlshsi.instructure.com/courses/2 683/files/687010?module_item_id=684 07 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person (2023). Module 3 - Human Embodiment [PDF File]. Special Health Sciences Senior High School, De La Salle Medical Health SciencesInstitute. https://dlshsi.instructure.com/courses/2 683/files/686999?module_item_id=684 08 Lahok Training Center. (2021). Understanding the Self - St. Augustine (Soul and Communion with God) - UTS Philosophical Perspective [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5 N0uV2JrYk The Thomistic Institute. (2020). Body and Soul (Aquinas 101) [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mT zNGUCJkm4 Disclaimer: The reviewer papers of the Cranium Committee is intended solely for personal academic assistance and educational purposes. Unless stated otherwise, the reviewers have not been approved by any faculty member. All necessary information can be seen in your respective textbooks and modules.