CREATIVE WRITING PDF

Lesson 1: Using Imagery, Diction, Figures of Speech, and Specific Experiences to Evoke Meaningful Responses from Readers Meaningful response means authors through its written text: 1. creates an impact to reader’s way of thinking 2. self-realization 3. stir of emotions/feelings...

Lesson 1: Using Imagery, Diction, Figures of Speech, and Specific Experiences to Evoke Meaningful Responses from Readers Meaningful response means authors through its written text: 1. creates an impact to reader’s way of thinking 2. self-realization 3. stir of emotions/feelings 4. reactions 5. changed behavior due to influenced ideology and beliefs stated in the text 6. talk of the town Elements That Can Help Us Write A Good/Meaningful Literary Text Imagery the use of figurative language and descriptive language that creates an image to the mind of the readers appealing to the five senses Diction This refers to author’s style in writing expressed through vocabulary choices Figures of Speech This includes the used of figurative meaning, symbols, and representations. Specific Experiences This includes personal encounter and knowledge gained by actual doing or living of something or observation of events Lesson 1.2: Creative Writing Prompts: Recognizing Imagery Imagery Is all about using sensory details in writing to create mental images/pictures in reader’s mind When sensory details are being added to writings, your readers can personally experience whatever you are trying to describe, let them remember of their own experiences, giving the writing a universal feel. Without using sensory details, stories would fail to come to real life. Details and descriptions characterized with adjectives, action words, and adjectival phrases are used in imagery. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. TWO KINDS OF IMAGERY Literal Imagery uses descriptive words that mean exactly what they say. Example: The grass was green, and the flowers were red. Figurative Imagery uses descriptive language that means something different than or goes beyond the literal definition of the words, often through exaggeration, comparison, or symbolism. Example: He has a heart of stone. FIVE TYPES OF IMAGERY Visual Imagery (sight) appeals to the sense of sight and plays a large role in descriptive writing. Example: The drowsing lion dreamed of the day when a mouse kneeled to its knees using his pointed, sharp claw. Gustatory Imagery (taste) Is a literary technique that can make you experience the taste of food and drink through the power of words. It's a feast for the senses and can transport you to a world of flavors and sensations Example: My mouth nearly watered as I stared at the decadent chocolate mousse and imagined the sweet, creamy dessert rolling on my tongue. Auditory Imagery (sound) refers to the mental images or representations that are created in a person’s mind when they hear sounds or words. Example: As she walked through the wintery woods, her teeth chattered and the leaves crunched under her feet. Tactile Imagery (touch) appeals to the reader’s sense of touch. This includes temperature (bitter cold, humidity, mildness, and stifling heat), texture (rough, ragged, seamless, and smooth), touch (hand-holding, one's in the grass, or the feeling of starched fabric on one's skin). Example: The blind man touched the bark of the tree to know if it is rough or smooth. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Olfactory Imagery (smell) is used when writers' want to appeal to a reader's sense of smell. Olfactory imagery is a great way to better describe both what a character is experiencing as well as the world of the novel, poem, or other writing Lesson 1.3: Writing Imagery: How To Write Engaging Descriptions Showing When you show the reader what is happening or how a character feels, you are allowing them to engage their own imagination. You are painting a picture with your words to allow the reader to connect with the story. They will almost be able to smell, taste, touch, see, and hear what the characters are experiencing. Telling When you are only telling the reader what is happening, what a character is doing, or how they are feeling, it does not fully allow your reader to feel truly connected and engaged with the events and characters in the story. EXAMPLE: Telling: She was scared of the dog. Showing: When she saw the dog approaching, her knees buckled, her plum cheeks turned ghost white, and her hands clutched the metal railing so tightly that she practically needed the jaws of life to pry them off. Tips in Writing by Showing rather than merely Telling: 1. Get rid of all basic sensory words 2. Don’t use “emotion explaining” words 3. Describe body language 4. Use strong verbs 5. Focus on describing senses “An abrupt moment of silence enveloped the crowd. In a wink of an eye, the noised vanished. Echoes of anguish and panic echoed the town’s hallway. Splash of skyscraper waves sinked into the waves of death.” ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. ELEMENTS AND FORMS OF POETRY Poetry is the creative use of words which, like all art, is intended to stir an emotion and imply meaningful response in the audience through creative use of the language and characterized by figurative meaning, sound, and rhythm. ELEMENTS OF POETRY Persona is the dramatic character who is the speaker in the poem. Stanza composed of series of lines that are formed together to form the structure of a poem. Couplet (2 lines), Tercet (3 lines), Quatrain (4 lines), Cinquain (5 lines), Sestet (6 lines), Septet (7 lines), Octave (8 lines) Mood refers to atmosphere of the piece and overall feeling it conveys to the reader. Tone signifies an author’s point of view or the author’s attitude in the entire text. Theme is the general idea or a pervading thought in a work of literature. Identify the topic and the statement that tells about the topic Rhythm is the beat or flow of the poem. It is made up of beat and repetition, usually it refers to features of sound. It is created by stress and unstressed syllables in a line or verse. Poetic Foot: A poetic foot is a basic repeated sequence of meter composed of two or more accented or unaccented syllables. The pattern, or foot, is designated according to the number of syllables contained, and the relationship in each foot between the strong and weak syllables. / = a stressed (or strong, or LOUD) syllable U= an unstressed (or weak, or quiet) syllable ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. RHYTHMIC PATTERN Iamb one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable in a line. Ex: des-pair, ex-clude Anapestic 3 syllables (2 unstressed and one is stressed) Ex: in-ter-vene Trochee one stressed syllable followed by unstressed Ex: flow-er Dactyl one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables. Ex: si-mi-lar Spondee two stressed syllables Ex: drum beat ❖ Sonnets of William Shakespeare have iambic pentameter because it mimics a human heartbeat. It is partly about expressing a message and simply writing in traditional form. ❖ 5 pairs of Iamb (stressed and unstressed) in each line (10 syllables) ❖ Penta--five Meter rhythmic structure of the verse. One foot—monometer, Two feet –dimeter, Three feet—trimeter Four feet—tetrameter, Five meter—pentameter, Six meter—hexameter, Seven meter—heptameter, Eight feet—octameter Rhyme is the repetition of similar sound in the final stressed of syllables. End rhyme—rhyming of final syllables Ex: “Birds tiptoed, When cows mowed. “ Eye rhyme — two words that look similar on the text but do not rhyme in spoken pronunciation. Ex: love, move ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Rhyme Scheme is the pattern of end rhyme expressed in lower case alphabetical letters. I saw a fairy in the wood, He was dressed all in green. He drew his sword while I just stood, And realized I'd been seen. The rhyme scheme of the poem is ABAB. SOUND DEVICES or word sounds emphasizing individual sounds between and within words. Alliteration the repetition of initial sounds on the same line or stanza Big bad Bob bounced bravely. Assonance the repetition of vowel sounds (anywhere in the middle or end of a line or stanza) Tilting at windmills Consonance the repetition of consonant sounds (anywhere in the middle or end of a line or stanza) And all the air a solemn stillness holds. (T. Gray) Onomatopoeia words that sound like that which they describe Boom! Crash! Pow! Quack! Moo! Caress... Repetition the repetition of entire lines or phrases to emphasize key thematic ideas. Parallel Structure a form of repetition where the order of verbs and nouns is repeated; it may involve exact words, but it more importantly repeats sentence structure "I came, I saw, I conquered". ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Enjambment is simply the continuation or the striding over of an incomplete idea from one line to the next. A sentence spills into the next line without punctuation. Example: The back wings of the hospital where nothing will grow Like cinders. --Between Walls by W. William FORMS OF POETRY ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE Traditional A form of poetry constrained by the rules regulating syllables and stanzas and follows a strict format. It adheres to a definite verse structure and set of characteristics a) Haiku is an unrhymed verse form having three lines (a tercet) and in 5,7,5 syllables respectively. Haiku usually talks about the beauty of nature b) Limerick is usually humorous & composed of five lines (a cinquain), in an AABBA rhyming pattern; beat must be anapestic (weak, weak, strong) with 3 feet in lines 1, 2, & 5 and 2 feet in lines 3 & 4. It's usually a narrative poem based upon a short and often ribald anecdote. c) Tanaga is an indigenous Filipino poem traditionally in the Filipino language consists of 4 lines having 7 to 9 syllables per line. d) Diona is a per-Hispanic rhyming poem of three lines with seven syllable in each line expressing a complete though e) Ambahan is a traditional poetic form of the Hanunoo Mangyan. 7 syllables that has rhyme, usually chanted without the accompaniment of musical instrument. f) Sonnet is derived from an Italian word sonetto means “a little sound or song”. written in a 14 line poem set in iambic pentameter. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR.  g) Cinquain is a five line poem with 22 syllables commonly convey a vivid imagery. It has a pattern of 2 4 6 8 2 syllables. h) Couplet is a stanza with two lines in the same meter and joined by rhyme that form a unit. i) Acrostic Poem also called “name poems” that spell out a name, word or phrase, which each letter as beginning in new line of poem. j) Shape Poetry is a poem written according to shape of objects, things, and ideas it refer to k) Blank verse is poetry written with a precise meter—in iambic pentameter—but does not rhyme. It has become famous from poetry of William Shakespeare, John Milton and countless other. It adheres a strong metrical pattern. Contemporary/Conventional Poetry A form of poetry that does not follow a set of rules and implies free writing a) Free Verse is a open form of poetry, which in its modern form arose through the French libre form. It does not use consistent meter patterns, rhyme, or any musical pattern free from limitations. It thus tends to follow the rhythm of natural speech b) Spoken Word Poetry composed not to be read on a page but to be recited on a stage. Free to rhyme and also use to free verse. Recital, storytelling, rap or hip-hop styles kinds: Balagtasan debate between two poets Slam poetry competition among poets performed on stage, stages as judges Performance poetry done live and impromptu ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. FORMS OF POETRY ACCORDING TO STYLE OF WRITING Lyric Poetry refers to a short poem, often with songlike qualities that expresses strong thoughts and emotions. Sonnet, Short lyric poems, Elegy, & Ode Sonnet is a lyric poem consisting of 14 lines and, in the English version, is usually written in iambic pentameter. Elegy is poem that mourns for the dead Ode is written in moderate length, with a serious subject, glorifying an event or individual describing nature intellectually or emotionally. Narrative Poetry Narrative Poetry is a form of poetry that tells a story related to be complex, often using voices of both a narrator and characters. Idyll, Novel in Verse, Ballad, and Epic Ballad are narrative poems set to music intended to accompany dances and entertain large audience. Ex; Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe Epic is a long narrative poem that usually recounts stories of heroism. Example: Biag ni Lam-ang Idyll is a narrative poem somewhat like a short epic. It is typically short something reminiscent of rural and pastoral life that celebrates, describe and explore rustic life. Descriptive Poetry is the poetic equivalent of a portrait of landscape painting. It describes the subject often in great detail and in realistic way using language appealing to five senses. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. ❖ In poetry, Apostrophe is a poetic device to show that the speaker is addressing someone who is not present. It usually invoked by the letter O. Example: O holy maiden! Clad in purest white, - To Morning BY William Blake ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. INTRODUCTION TO POETRY Jose Rizal "Filipinas dentro de cien años" (The Philippines within a Century), "A la juventud filipina" (To the Filipino Youth), "Mi Ultimo Adios" (My Last Farewell) Jose Corazon De Jesus Also known by his pen name Huseng Batute, was a Filipino poet who used Tagalog poetry to express the Filipinos' desire for independence during the American occupation of the Philippines, a period that lasted from 1901 to 1946. He is best known for being the "Hari ng Balagtasan" He is best known for being the lyricist of the Filipino song Bayan Ko. Virgilio S. Almario He spearheaded the second successful modernist movement in Filipino poetry together with Mangahas and Antonio. His earliest pieces of literary criticism were collected in Ang Makata sa Panahon ng Makina (1972), now considered the first book of literary criticism in Filipino Nick Joaquin He was well known as a historian of the brief Golden Age of Spain in the Philippines, as a writer of short stories suffused with folk Roman Catholicism, as a playwright, and as a novelist. As Quijano de Manila, his now famous nom de plume, he chronicled the high life and low life of Manilas politicos and crooks, starlets and famous ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR.  lovers and, in trenchant essays and articles, examined intimately the mores and passions of the city. In 1976, the year he was named National Artist of the Philippines, he also published lyrical translations from Spanish of the poems of Jose Rizal. Jose Garcia Villa Filipino poet, critic, short story writer and painter, is an important person to recognize during Filipino American History Month He is known to have introduced the "reversed consonance rhyme scheme" in writing poetry, as well as the extensive use of punctuation marks—especially commas, which made him known as the Comma Poet. He used the pen name Doveglion (derived from "Dove, Eagle, Lion"), based on the characters he derived from his own works. Rolando Tinio Rolando Tinio was the sole inventor of "Taglish" in Philippine poetry. Through this, he gave an authentic tone to the poetry of the native middle-class Filipino. In 1972, Tinio wrote another poetry collection, Sitsit sa Kuliglig, and this showed the great contrast between his old and new advocacy. Jessica Hagedorn She is an American playwright, writer, poet, and multimedia performance artist. From 1975 until 1985, she was the leader of a poet's band—The West Coast Gangster Choir (in SF) and later The Gangster Choir (in New York) Amado V. Hernandez It was while he was imprisoned that he wrote his most notable works. He wrote Isang Dipang Langit (A Stretch of Heaven), which later won a Republic Cultural Heritage Award, and Bayang Malaya (Free Nation), which later won a Balagtas Award. His most significant activities after the war involved organizing labor unions across the country through the labor federation Congress of Labor Organizations (CLO). Lamberto Antonio Antonio was described by a critic as the most persuasive voice in contemporary Tagalog poetry, a poet who spoke for the oppressed, whether peasant or worker, without any touch of affectation. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Poetry Is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility (William Wordsworth) Is a deal of joy and pain and wonder, with a dash of the dictionary (Khalil Gibran) I have never started a poem whose end I knew. Writing a poem is discovering (Robert Frost) Is the art of crafting concise and impactful language that stirs emotion and expresses the core of the human experience Poetry is a condensed form of writing. As an art, it can effectively invoke a range of emotions in the reader. It can be presented in a number of forms — ranging from traditional rhymed poems such as sonnets to contemporary free verse. Poet Poet makes the invisible visible. The invisible includes our deepest feelings and angsts, and also our joys, sorrows, and unanswered questions of being human. How is a poet able to do this? A poet uses fresh and original language, and is more interested in how the arrangement of words affects the reader rather than solely grammatical construction. The poet thinks about how words sound, the musicality within each word and also how the words come together. Like fiction writers, poets mostly show rather than tell. WRITING POETRY USING LITERARY DEVICES AND TECHNIQUES Anaphora describes a poem that repeats the same phrase at the beginning of each line. Example: I am a feather on the bright sky I am the blue horse that runs in the plain I am the fish that rolls, shining in the water I am the shadow that follows a child ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Apostrophe is a figure of speech in which poet addresses an absent person, an abstract ideas, or a thing. The punctuation O symbolizes apostrophe. Example: O cunning love! With tears Thou keep’s me bling, Lest eyes well seeing thy foul Faults should find. Metonymy is a figure of speech in which an object or idea takes the place of another in which it has close association. Metonymy enables writers to vary their expression and produce an effect to the reader. Example: Be the rainbow in someone’s cloud. Enjambment is the continuation of a sentence or clause across a line break. Enjambment ends a line in the middle of a phrase, allowing it to continue onto the next line as an enjamb line. Example: The sun hovered above the horizon, suspended between night and day. Alliteration is a technique that makes use of repeated consonant sound at the beginning of multiple words that are grouped together. Example: Tim the terrifying tiger Tiptoes through tangled trees His twitching tail thumping His terrible teeth, terrifying turtles. Allegory is a narrative found in verse and prose in which a character or event used to speak about a broader theme. Example: Astray in the world he created, He would seek escape, His mind perplexed, vexed, His heart broken ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. FICTION AND ITS ELEMENTS Fiction is a term used to describe an imaginative work of prose, either a folktale, a myth, a novel, a short story or a novella. It is the creation of the writer's imagination, or simply an imagined story - not true. A work of fiction is written through the use of ordinary and natural language with information or events that are not factual or real, because it is invented and imaginary - that is made up by the author. ANNE PATCHET Reading fiction not only develops our imagination and creativity, it enhances our independent and critical thinking skills. It gives us the ability to feel empathy for people we’ve never met, living lives we couldn't possibly experience for ourselves, because the book puts us inside the character’s skin. NIEL GAIMAN, FAHRENHEIT Fiction gives us empathy; it puts us inside the minds of other people, gives us the gifts of seeing the world though their eyes. Fiction is a lie that tells us true things, over and over again. Fiction Describes something imaginary or invented. Creative works written in prose and typically tells a narrative. In literature, fiction encompasses written works that are defined by narratives or stories that are created, invented and made up by the writer. The word fiction was derived by the Latin word fictus means “to form” since fiction is formed in the imagination. Fiction is make-believe, invented stories which are original and creative. Genre of Fiction category or type of fiction book. Genres may be determined by elements, literary techniques, tone, content or manuscript length, topic, theme, style of writing, character types, settings, themes, viewpoint choices, and plots Common Genres of Fiction: Fantasy, Historical Fiction, Science Fiction, Mystery Fiction, Realistic Fiction, Horror, Adventure, Folktales, Myth, Humor ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Fantasy Genre Imaginative fiction dependent for effect on strangeness of setting and of characters such as supernatural or natural beings. Common elements: Elements: Magic, adventure, struggle for mystery, setting Historical Fiction is set in a real place, during a culturally recognizable time. The details and action in the story can be a mix of actual events and ones from the author’s imagination as they fill in the gaps. Characters can be pure fiction or based on real people (often, its both). Science Fiction It relies heavily on scientific facts, theories, and principles as support for its settings, characters, themes, and plot-lines. Mystery or Suspense Fiction expressed a puzzling crime, situation, or circumstance that needs to be solved Realistic Fiction A story that seems real or could happen in real life. These stories resemble real life and fictional characters within these stories react similarly to real people. Horror fiction is a genre of fiction which is intended to frighten, scare or disgust. The key focus of hoor novel, horror film, horror TV show is to elicit a sense of dread in the reader through frightening images, themes and situation. Common elements; suspense, fear, violence, gore, and supernatural Adventure revolves around a fast-paced storyline, in which the protagonist faces and overcomes dangerous situations. Folktales is a folklore genre that typically consists of a story passed down from generation to generation. Fable is a short story typically with animals as characters conveying a moral. Fairy Tale is a children’s story about magical and imaginary beings and lands. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. OTHER RENOWNED GENRES Legend is a traditional story sometimes popularly regraded as historical and unauthenticated. Tall Tale is narrative depicts the wild adventures of a extravagantly exaggerated folk heroes. Myth is a folklore genre consisting of narratives that play a fundamental role in society such as foundational or origin myths. Short Stories is a story with a fully developed theme but significantly shorter or less elaborate than a novel. Novel is an invented prose narrative that is usually long and complex and deals with human experiences through a connected sequence of events. ELEMENTS OF FICTION What makes a great fiction? There are elements of truth in all great fiction. –Theresa Mederious Any fiction should be a story. In any story there are elements: persons, situations and the fact that in the end, something has changed. If nothing has changed, it isn’t a story. – Malcolm Cowley Emotion—that central element of fiction—derives notes from information or explanation for from a logical arrangements of facts, but specifically from powerful images and from the qualities of language: diction, rhythm, form, structure, association, metaphor. ELEMENTS OF FICTION Setting Is the time and place for when and where of the story. The setting may also include the environment of the story, which can be made up of the physical location, time, climate, weather, or social and cultural surroundings. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Characters People or figures in the story Types Of Character: a) Protagonist – main character b) Antogonist – opposition c) Flat Character – single trait/quality d) Round Character – values change throughout the story e) Tragic Hero f) Static Characterization introduce or reveal a character to the readers by actions, thoughts, descriptions, speech, and manner of actions. Type of Characterization a) Direct Characterization – directly describing the character to the reader b) Indirect Characterization – the author reveals the characters through speech, thoughts, effects on others, toward the character, actions, and looks. STEAL Is an acronym to help students remember the tools used by the author to bring characters to life Speech, Thoughts, Effect on others, Action, and Looks Plot Is the structure of interrelated actions, consciously selected and arranged by the author. A strong plot is centered on one moment—an interruption of a pattern, a turning point, or an action—that raises a dramatic question, which must be answered throughout the course of the story. It is an incredibly complex thing. It is a key element of establishing your book in the literary community and into the hearts of readers. TYPES OF PLOT Linear Plot Exposition, Rising Action, Climax, Falling Action, Resolution ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Modular Plot The narrative does not follow the direct casuality pattern of the events featured, such as parallel distinctive plot lines. Episodic Plot Made up of series of chapters or stories linked together by the same character, place or theme, but held apart by their individual plot, purpose, and subtext. THREE-ACT STRUCTURE A plot structure has three parts: a beginning, middle and end. Each part has its own purpose and challenge. Aristotle was the first to formulate this now well-worn formula in Poetics. “A whole is that which has a beginning, a middle, and an end. Beginning grab your reader’s interest right away. A prologue can be useful for seizing reader’s attention. Middle raise the stakes or conflict and create obstacles of over increasing intensity or express tension End answers the dramatic question or ending Conflict struggle of opposition forces found in the story TYPES OF CONFLICT Internal Conflict Man vs Self External Conflict Man vs Man, Man vs Circumstances, Man vs Nature, Man vs Society, Man vs Supernatural Fate, and Man vs Technology ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. Point of View The angle or perspective from which a narrative is told TYPES OF POV First Person Using pronouns I, Me, and We. The speaker is a character or part of the story Second Person Making the reader feel as if he/she is a character or part within the story. Instructional manuals, How-to-Guides, and self-help books are usually written using this point of view Third Person This happen when the narrator does not take part in the story. The narrator relates event, but is not one of the characters. a) The Objective Third Person – external facts of the story b) The Limited Third Person – describe internal thoughts, motivation, and interest of the person in the story usually c) The Omniscient Third Person – all knowing Theme Is its underlying message or big idea. In other words, what critical belief about life is the author trying to convey in the writing of a novel, play, short story, or poem Theme must be stated as generalization about life Tone Is the attitude of a writer towards subject or an audience Mood Refers to the atmosphere of a literary piece as it creates an emotional setting that surrounds the readers Irony Is when there are two contradicting meanings of the same situation, event, image, sentence, phrase, or story In many cases this refers to the difference between expectations and reality ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. TYPES OF IRONY Dramatic Occurs when the audience knows more about what’s going on than the characters Situational Occurs when something happens that is completely different from what was expected Verbal Outcome is different from what is being said FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE Refers to a variety of figurative and literary devices. In most cases, the author’s intent in using these devices is to compare dissimilar object or evoke secondary associations for a literary effect. Common language devices to be analyzed are symbolism, irony and literary allusion. LITERARY DEVICES AND TECHNIQUES IN FICTION ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR. ILDEFONSO C. VERGARA JR.