CREATIVE-NONFICTION (5).docx

CREATIVE NON-FICTION REVIEWER (1st semester)   QUARTER 1 \| LESSON 1 **Literature** - Latin root word of is taken from "Littera" which means letter or writing.                  - Literature features human experience caught by creative eyes.                  - Literature speaks directly to peopl...

CREATIVE NON-FICTION REVIEWER (1st semester)   QUARTER 1 \| LESSON 1 **Literature** - Latin root word of is taken from "Littera" which means letter or writing.                  - Literature features human experience caught by creative eyes.                  - Literature speaks directly to people's emotional lives. **Fiction** - Product from the imagination but with truthfulness.   Types of Fiction: I. Short Story II\. Novel III\. Drama IV\. Poetry   **1. Short Story** - It is a concise prose that is shorter than a novel. *ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY:* **Characters** - The individuals or personas within a story who drives the plot and are typically endowed with distinct personalities, motivations, and qualities. **Setting** - This refers to the time and place in which a story takes place, providing the backdrop and context for the events that unfold. **Plot** - This is the sequence of events in a narrative, encompassing the storyline's structure, progression, and development of conflicts and resolutions. **Theme** - This is the central or overarching idea, message, or moral that a story conveys, often exploring universal concepts or issues through its narrative. **Conflict** - This represents a the primary struggle or problem that characters must face and resolve in a story, driving the narrative's tension and development. *PARTS OF THE PLOT:* **Exposition** - This is the portion of the story where essential background information about the setting, characters, and initial circumstances is provided to the audience. **Rising Action** - This is the phase of a narrative in which the central conflict and tension escalate as characters face obstacles and make decisions that drive the story forward. **Climax** - This is the pivotal moment in a story when the conflict reaches its highest point of tension, and the main character confronts their most significant challenge or makes a critical decision. **Falling Action** - This follows the climax and focuses on the aftermath of the central conflict, as loose ends are tied up, and the story moves towards its conclusion. **Resolution** - This is also known as the Denouement, is the final part of a narrative where remaining questions are answered, and the story's overall outcome and the fate of the characters are revealed, providing a sense of closure. *NARRATIVE DEVICES:* **Foreshadowing** - It is a literary technique in which the author hints or suggests future events or outcomes in a story, creating anticipation an d suspense for the reader. **Irony** - It is a figure of speech or literary device where there is a contrast between what is expected or appears to be true and what actually happens, often resulting in a surprising or humorous twist. **Flashback** - It is a narrative device that interrupts the chronological order of a story to present an event or scene from the past, providing additional context or insight into the plot or characters. **Conflict** - It is the struggle or opposition between two or more forces, whether they are characters, ideas, or external circumstances, driving the narrative and creating tension. **Deus ex machina** - Latin for "god from the machine," It is a plot device in which an unexpected or improbable event or character is introduced suddenly to resolve a seemingly unsolvable conflict, often seen as a contrived or unrealistic way to conclude a story. **2. Novel** - Written in a prose format, commonly published as a book.               - It is detailed and expanded in information regarding about the character, and setting.               - Conflict spiral one after the other.               - It takes years to complete. *TYPES OF NOVELS:* **Classic Novels** - are enduring works of literature that are typically recognized for their high literary quality, cultural significance, and enduring relevance, often written by esteemed authors from the past. **Romance Novels** - these primarily focus on the development of romantic relationships between characters, and they often explore themes of love, passion, and emotional connection as the central plot. **Chick-Lit** - this is a genre of literature that usually features female protagonists navigating their personal and professional lives, often with a humorous or lighthearted tone, and it frequently explores themes of friendship, romance, and self-discovery. **Mystery/Thriller Novels** - it involve suspenseful and often fast-paced plots centered around solving a mystery, uncovering a crime, or facing a high-stakes conflict, typically with elements of suspense, tension, and danger. **Horror Novels** - these are designed to frighten and unsettle readers, featuring themes of fear, the supernatural, and the macabre, often involving monsters, ghosts, or psychological horrors to elicit a strong emotional response.   **Legal Thriller** - these are a subset of the thriller genre that centers around legal professionals, such as lawyers, prosecutors, or investigators, as they navigate complex legal cases filled with suspense, intrigue, and courtroom drama. **3. Drama** - comes from the greek word "Drama" meaning "To Do". Drama is a genre of literature, film, or theater characterized by its portrayal of human conflict, emotions, and relationships through compelling and often intense storytelling. Elements of Drama: **Cast of Characters** - The cast of characters refers to the list of roles or personas in a play, each typically played by an actor, that drive the narrative and interact with one another. **The Playwright** - The playwright is the author or creator of the play, responsible for writing the script and shaping the story, characters, and dialogue. **Setting** - The setting in a play refers to the time and place in which the events occur, establishing the physical and contextual backdrop for the story. **Dialogue** - Dialogue consists of the spoken words and conversations between characters in a play, conveying their thoughts, emotions, and interactions with each other. **Stage Directions** - Stage directions are written instructions within the script that guide actors, directors, and production staff on how to perform actions, move on stage, use props, and create the visual and spatial elements of the production. **Acts and Scene** - Acts and scenes are the structural divisions of a play, with acts representing larger segments of the story and scenes representing smaller units within acts, often used to organize the progression of the narrative. *TYPES OF DRAMA:* **Comedy** - is a genre of theater that aims to entertain and amuse the audience through humor, wit, and often absurd or exaggerated situations, typically ending in a happy or lighthearted resolution. **Farce** - is a subgenre of comedy characterized by exaggerated and absurd situations, physical humor, and improbable events, often driven by mistaken identities and misunderstandings. **Satire** - is a form of theater that uses humor, irony, and sarcasm to criticize and mock individuals, institutions, or societal issues, aiming to provoke thought and change through humor. **Tragedy** - is a genre of theater that explores serious and somber themes, often centered around the downfall of a central character or characters, and typically concludes with a sad or catastrophic ending. **Historical Drama** - is a genre of theater that presents events and characters from the past, often with a focus on historical accuracy and the exploration of significant historical events or figures. **Musical Theatre** - it combines elements of drama, music, and dance to tell a story, with characters frequently breaking into song and dance to express emotions and advance the plot. **Absurd Play** - is a genre of theater characterized by its exploration of the meaninglessness and irrationality of human existence, often featuring bizarre and nonsensical situations to highlight the absurdity of life. **4. Poetry** - it's a form of literary expression that uses carefully chosen words, rhythm, and often figurative language to convey emotions, ideas, or images in a concise and evocative manner, often with a focus on artistic and aesthetic qualities of language. *CHARACTERISTICS OF POETRY:* 1\. It attempts to achieve beauty. 2\. It is imaginable or make use of the strength of imagination. 3\. It is musical, melodic, and rhythmical. 4\. It makes use of language that is metaphorical and symbolic, not direct. 5\. It is more concentrated than prose. 6\. It makes use of brevity and conciseness. *STRUCTURE OF POETRY:* **Stanzas** - structural divisions or lines within a poem, organized in a repeated pattern of meter & rhyme. *KINDS OF STANZAS:* Couplet - two line stanzas             Quintet - five line stanzas          Octave - eight line stanzas Triplet - three line stanzas             Sestet - six line stanzas             Spenserian - nine line stanzas Quatrain - four line stanzas            Septet - seven line stanzas        Dizain - ten line stanzas *FORMS OF POETRY:* I. Lyric Poetry II\. Narrative Poetry III\. Dramatic Poetry **1. Lyric Poetry** - short and simple poem with an accompaniment of a lyre, express emotion & feeling of poet. *TYPES OF LYRIC POETRY:* **Folksongs** - short poem tainted with love, hope, joy, grief, sorrow. In short, it's common theme is emotion related. **Sonnets** - it's a specific form of poetry consisting of 14 lines, traditionally characterized by a specific rhyme scheme and meter, often used to express themes of love or deep emotion. **Elegy** - it's  a poem or song that mourns or laments the loss of someone or something, typically exploring themes of sorrow and remembrance. **Ode** - noble yet, dignifies emotions, no definite syllables/line per stanzas. **Psalm** - a sacred song or hymn, often found in religious texts like the Book of Psalms in the Bible, used in worship and prayer or a song to God. **Song** - 12 syllables accompanied with a guitar or banduria in slow tempo. **Corridos** - 8 syllables, spoken to synchronize a martial tap, like a military marching song. **2. Narrative Poetry** - tells stories both short & simple or long & complex.                                  - tells significant events about life or to make believe. *TYPES OF NARRATIVE POETRY*: **Epic** - heroism of gods & the fantastic, it is also an unending tale. **Metrical Tale** -  can be ballad/metrical romance real love & supernatural stories. **Ballads** - shorter & simplest poem, accompanied with a dance and will narrate themes like war, history, and mystical. **3. Dramatic Poetry** - written  for theatre, can be after lyrical & provide dramatic monologue. *TYPES OF DRAMATIC POETRY:* **Comedy** -  a genre of literature or theater characterized by humor, wit, and often absurd or exaggerated situations, typically ending in a happy or lighthearted resolution. **Melodrama** - a theatrical genre known for it's link to misfortune, sadness in tale but the main character will experience a happy fate at the end. **Tragedy** - invokes catharsis/pleasure among audiences where the hero struggles meeting his or her misfortune. **Farce** - exaggerated & extravagant comedy where characters are caricature & absurd. Social Poems - to bring about social changes in a community. *ELEMENTS AND CONVENTIONS OF POETRY* **1. Imagery** - use of images is constant in poetry, especially the application of the five senses. **2. Figurative Language** - device that helps in beautify and make language more poetic. **3. Sound** - poetry is meant to be recited aloud to reveal its true merit. **4. Persona** - Latin for "mask" the speaker is not necessarily the poet.                   - poets create a persona who speaks the poem in first person.                   - poem no characters, the persona & his perspective where we are able to perceive their experience.   QUARTER 1 \| LESSON 2   **Creative Non-Fiction** - writings based on real people or events. **Plot** - sequence of events are mainly composed of these three, beginning, middle, and an end. **Purpose of Writing Creative Non-Fiction** - to express your feelings & not to impress. *DIMENSIONS IN WRITING A NON-FICTION:* **Collecting** - collect facts, impressions, opinions & ideas relevant to the subject, purpose & audience. Involves remembering, imagining, thinking, reading, writing, listening, investigating, taking notes & experimenting. (Reid, 2000, p.30) **Shaping** - vivid description / chronological presentation. **Drafting** - Re-reading collecting & shaping notes, short list/outline. **Revising** - Rearranging sequence, editing stage. **[The Entire Writing Process]** 1\. Know what topic - write what you need. 2\. Brainstorm ideas - jotting or listing ideas to reflect the theme. 3\. Create a thesis statement 4\. Outline your essay - write the introduction, body, and conclusion. 5\. Write the Introduction (overview and synopsis) 6\. Elaborate now your supporting details 7\. Write a conclusion (What is your point?) 8\. Revise your essay 9\. Compose a second draft 10\. Proofread for grammar and spellings *TYPES OF INTRODUCTION:* I. Question - II\. Striking Statement - III\. Passage of Vivid Description - IV\. Reference to a current event which serves as context of the action - V. Little Scene - VI\. Anecdote - VII\. Quotation - VIII\. List - IX\. Dialogue - *CHARACTER OR CHARACTERIZATION* **Characters** -- are actual people including the writer himself. **Dialogue** -- the actual conversation the writer has remembered or recorded is an effective device for revealing characters. What characters say or how characters express themselves provides readers ideas of the kind of people they are- careful, temperamental, cautious, dismissive, rude, straightforward, evasive, defiant etc. The nuances and subtleties of one's character are often revealed through dialogue. **Monologue** -- is a long speech by one person in a conversation. *TECHNIQUES:* 1\. Direct Description - 2\. Action & Reaction - 3\. Other Character's Opinions - 4\. Dialogue - 5\. Monologue - 6\. Focusing on a Character's Distinct or Idiosyncratic Behavior - *TYPES OF CHARACTERIZATION:* **Direct (Explicit) Characterization** -- informs the readers of what the character is like which can be deciphered through the narrator, or throughout how the characters behave, act, or speak. **Indirect (Implicit) Characterization** -- allows the readers to infer about the character's thoughts, actions, conversation, physical appearance, idiosyncrasies, and workmanship or team play with other characters. *Setting and Atmospheres* **Setting** - refers to the place and time where and when an event happens. **Atmosphere** - mood or emotional sensitivity is the element that evokes certain feelings or emotions. *POINT OF VIEWS* **POV** - perspective of a particular character or narrator. **Approach or angle** - "take" on your subject. **Tone** - writer's attitude toward his subject. **Voice** - related to tone or style. **Style** - writer's particular way of using language. **Personality Style** - a style of a character. *TYPES OF POV:* **1. Narrative POV** - stand of narrator/story teller \-- serves as an eye in the story. (Personal/observe) **A. First Person POV** - narrator is character in his own story. The pronouns used "I/we", "I persona" unable to see the future but can inner monologue (stream of consciousness) both past & present situation. **B. Second Person POV** - narrator use pronoun "you" telling the story of another person or narrator himself. Used to alienate themselves in story & employed persuasive writing. **C. Third Person POV** - every character signified to by storyteller "she/he/it" or "they", provide author flexibility cuz narrator is just a mere observer. **D. Alternating POV** - used in novels when authors experiment diff POV even if suggested that establish single POV. Combines first & third person storytelling. **2. Narrative Voice** - how story is told. **A. Stream-of-consciousness** - inner thoughts of character to explain/foreshadow. **B. Character Voice** - storyteller portrays how character views humanity & the world. **C. Unreliable Voice** - uncertain/doubtful narrator provides reader skepticism of sus/anonymity. "Psychosis" build-up convey. "Naive character" (Child narrator) ignorant & immature. **D. Epistolary Voice** - fictitious letters credentials put story plot. Engage in multiple person narratives & to no narrator but writer compiles documents into one. **E. Third Person Voice** - 3rd POV I. **Subjective Voice** - narrator conveys feelings, opinions & thoughts. "Over the shoulder" Narrator depicts events or per observation & writer info of which character known about. Story progress on the viewpoint of the character narrating it. II. **Objective Voice** - absence of port thoughts, opinions & feelings of character, objective & not interpret/thoughts rendered by character. III. **Omniscient Voice** - most narrate style since narrator "godlike" seeing & knowing happen thus subjective. Can be unreliable cuz he might judge the opinions of the characters. IV. **Free Indirect Speech** - present character's voice w/out inhibitions using 3rd person narration. V. **Alternating Voice** - 3rd person limited & 3rd person omniscient method of presenting character. Writer moves back & forth between storyline. *TYPES OF STRUCTURE* **1. Chronological Structure**- it refers to an arrangement of events in linear fashion, as they occurred in time. This is ideal for an account of a trip or a travelogue. **2. Explanation-of-a-process Structure-** is used for a how-to article since it tells readers what to do step-by-step.
 **3. Flashback Structure**- a flashback begins at some point in time and then moves back into the past. This works best when you write a memoir. **4. Parallel Structure**- this type has several stories, running side by side, with occasional cross-cutting or convergence. It is a technique that may have been influenced by the cinema
 **5.Collage or Mosaic Structure**- this type was influenced by painting and film. It is most convenient to use this structure in writing accounts of disasters. It involves pasting together of small fragments, which all together build up to the total picture of what happened. This is an excellent device in capturing the complexity of an event and also creating a sense of immediacy, of speed. **6. Diary or Log book Structure**- this type is a variation of the chronological structure and gives a sense of immediacy to the narrative. It also makes the narrative seem more personal. **7. Question-and-answer Structure**- this type is a logical choice for interview stories which allows the reader to hear the subiect\'s voice without the awkwardness of having to repeat \"he said\" or \"she said\" before every direct quotation. **8. Frame, or the story-within-a-story structure**- it is used when you wish to tell stories say, in a travel narrative, where the actual physical journey is paralleled by an inner journey. QUARTER 1 \| LESSON 3 SYMBOLISM **\* Symbol**- is a thing that suggests more than its literal meaning.
It is employed by writers to make the literary piece interesting and the ability of not giving the literal sense of the ideas or things.
It is a concrete thing that represents something in the abstract.
An action, event, or exchange of words in a conversation may illicit symbolic values. \* **Symbols** - do not always stand for any particular meaning. \> The writer emphasizes the symbol in a very subtle, often hardly noticeable way; but an intelligent and perceptive reader will easily get what the object or symbol stands for as he makes certain connections with other important details or situations found in the story. \> The only difference between symbols found in fiction and those found in creative nonfiction is that in CNF the symbols the writer mentions are actual objects that exist or were actually present at the time the events in the narrative happened. FIGURES OF SPEECH - A figure of speech is a phrase or word which means more than its literal meaning. It conveys meaning by identifying or comparing one thing to another. It also has connotation or meaning familiar to the audience. 1. **Alliteration**- it involves using words that begin with the same sound.
 2. **Anaphora**- It uses specific clause at the beginning of each sentence or point to make a statement.
 3. **Assonance**- It focuses on the vowel sounds in a phrase, a line of text or poetry repeating them over and over to a great effect.
 4. **Hyperbole**- It uses exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.
 5. **Irony**- It expresses one\'s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite
 6. **Metaphor**- It compares two things that are not alike and finds something about them to make them alike.
 7. **Simile**- It compares two things that are not really the same, but are used to make a point about each other, usually using the words like\' or
\'as\'.
 8. **Metonymy**- A thing or concept is called not by its own name but rather by the name of something associated with that thing or concept.
 9. **Onomatopoeia**- It is the use of a word that actually sounds like what it means.
 10. **Paradox**-It completely contradicts itself in the same sentence. It is a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well-founded or true.
 11. **Personification**- It is a way of giving an inanimate object the qualities of a living thing.
 **12. Pun**- This play on words uses different senses of the word, or different sounds that make up the word, to create something fun and interesting *[Example:]* \"Denial ain\'t just a river in Egypt.\" 13. **Synecdoche**- One thing is meant to represent the whole.
 14. **Understatement**- It is a situation in which the thing discussed is made to seem much less important than it really is.
 15. **Antithesis**- It is a contradiction that pits two ideas against each other in a balanced way.
 16. **Euphemism**- It contains words that are used to soften the message or make it sound better that it is.
 17. **Oxymoron**- It contains two contradicting words that are put together.