Skeletal System Study Notes PDF

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Guided Notes Handout  Pause at 6:35 What is wrong with Jasmin? Describe Fibrodysplasia Oss...

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Guided Notes Handout  Pause at 6:35 What is wrong with Jasmin? Describe Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) Functions of the Skeletal System Support and protection Body movement Blood cell formation = hematopoiesis (occurs in bone marrow) Storage of inorganic materials (salt, calcium, potassium) ORGANIZATION About 206 bones with 2 Main Divisions It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together Axial Skeleton Head, neck, trunk Skull Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs) Sternum Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle (scapula, clavicle, arms) Pelvic Girdle (coxal bones, legs) Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva causes soft tissue (muscles, tendons, ligaments) to turn to bone. Bone growth “flare-ups” often result from minor trauma to the tissue. Do you think this condition will result in death? Why or why not? BONE STRUCTURE - Long Bone 1. Epiphysis (end) 2. Diaphysis (shaft) 3. Articular Cartilage (hyaline cartilage, padding) 4. Periosteum (membrane that covers entire bone) 5. Medulla (contains marrow)  Proximal Epiphysis The epiphyses are named according to their location. The epiphysis closest to the body’s center is the PROXIMAL epiphysis. The one that is farthest away is the DISTAL epiphysis. Distal Epiphysis Types of Bones Types of Bones Function Examples Flat Bones Protection sternum, ribs, skull bones Long Bones Support weight; femur, tibia, fibula movement humerus, radius, ulna Short Bones Stability, movement carpals, tarsals Irregular Bones Protects organs vertebrae, pelvis Sesamoid Reinforce tendons patella (kneecap) Bones Inside the Long Bone Medullary Cavity – hollow, filled with yellow bone marrow Endosteum – lines of the medullary cavity Red Marrow - produces blood Yellow Marrow - fat storage Types of Bone Tissue Compact (wall of the diaphysis) Spongy (cancellous, epiphysis) - red marrow Epiphyseal Line (growth plate) * Assignment – Coloring of a Long Bone Review the Structure of a Long Bone Practice at Quizlet Microscopic Structure Bone tissue is called OSSEOUS tissue - the matrix is composed of collagen and inorganic materials like calcium and phosphate Electron microscope, 10,000x Showing mineralized collagen fibers in bone. What is collagen? Where is it found? Microscopic Structure OSTEOCYTES - mature bone cells, enclosed in tiny chambers called LACUNAE - these form rings called LAMELLAE around - HAVERSIAN CANAL which houses blood vessels CANALICULI - tiny canals that link osteocytes  Osteocytes Color the Bone Matrix Haversian Canal Volkmann’s Canal Test Yourself Find the... Haversian Canal Volkman's Canal Lamellae Spongy Bone Compact Bone Photo by Gabby Wilkinson, 2018 BONE DEVELOPMENT Bones first form as hyaline cartilage, then gradually changes into bone tissue - a process called OSSIFICATION PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER - increases diameter SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER - increases length FOP is often diagnosed at birth: hallux abducto valgus deviation What was the first thing Jasmin’s mother noticed? OSTEOBLASTS create osteocytes. OSTEOCLASTS- bone resorption osteoBlasts Build osteoClasts Consume What cells do you think are responsible for Jasmin’s condition? Bone Growth EPIPHYSEAL DISK (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis Heterotopic Ossification (HO) is the abnormal growth of bone in the non-skeletal tissues including muscle, tendons or other soft tissue. Bone Growth Bone Growth Bone growth in the hand (aging) Describe the difference between a young hand and an adult hand. Searching for a cure….. Bone growth in FOP cases is likely due to a mutation in a gene that codes for BMP - bone morphogenetic protein. As a result, the receptor stays in an “on” state. Noggin and gremlin are inhibitors of BMP signaling. What can be done for those with Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)? How could it be cured? Part 2: Dem Bones In this section, you will identify the main bones of the body and examine how articular joints work. What can we learn from bones? What is a forensic anthropologist? Types of Joints (articulations) Synarthrotic - immovable joint, called sutures, skull Amphiarthrotic - slightly movable -- vertebrae Diarthrotic - moveable joint -- knees, elbows, wrist, shoulder..etc (also called synovial joints) Types of Diarthrotic Joints 1. Ball and Socket (shoulder / hip) 2. Hinge (elbow, knee) 3. Pivot (lower arm) 4. Saddle (thumb) BONES OF THE SKULL Skull Laboratory at John Hawks 1. Frontal - 2. Parietal - 3. Temporal - 4. Occipital - 5. Sphenoid - 6. Ethmoid - 7 7. Maxilla - 8. Mandible - 9. Zygomatic - 9 8 Sphenoid Bone Names for its shape - a butterfly! Vomer Bone Sutures - connection points Sagittal 1. Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones 2. Lambdoidal - between occipital and parietal bones 3. Squamosal - between temporal and parietal bones 4. Sagittal - between parietal bones Fontanels are “soft spots” on an infant’s skull TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SKULL Foramen - refers to any opening in the skull, nerves and blood vessels leave this opening to supply the face Supraorbital Foramen Infraorbital Foramen Mental Foramen Foramen Magnum * Assignment: Skull Labeling Jamboard Coronal Suture Frontal Parietal Nasal Supraorbital foramen Temporal Sphenoid Lacrimal Zygomatic Infraorbital foramen Vomer Mandible Maxilla Mental Foramen Coronal Suture Parietal Frontal Nasal Squamous Suture Sphenoid Lambdoid Suture Occipital Maxilla Temporal Mastoid Process Mandible Zygomatic  See Pop-Up Biology: Skull QUIZ! 1 Mastoid Process 3 2 Coronal Suture Frontal Bone 5 Lambdoidal Suture Nasal Bone 6 4 Mandible 9 Zygomatic Bone 7 Sphenoid Bone Occipital Bone 10 8 Temporal Bone 11 Maxilla 14 Parietal Bone Mental foramen Squamosal Suture 12 13  See Pop-Up Biology: Skull Label 1 1. Coronal Suture 3 2 2. Frontal Bone 3. Parietal Bone 5 4. Nasal Bone 5. Squamosal Suture 6 4 6. Sphenoid Bone 9 7. Lambdoidal Suture 7 8. Occipital Bone 9. Temporal Bone 10 8 10. Zygomatic Bone 11 11. Maxilla 14 12. Mandible 13. Mental foramen 14. Mastoid Process 12 13  Coronal Suture Frontal Parietal Sagittal Suture Lambdoid Suture The Rest of the Bones Vertebral Column Cervical (C1-C7) Thoracic (T1-T12) Lumbar (L1-L5) Sacrum and Coccyx ( tailbone ) Thoracic Cage → 12 pairs of ribs True Ribs = First seven False Ribs = Next 3 pairs Floating Ribs = Last two pairs  Pectoral Girdle CLAVICLES (collarbones) HUMERUS (arm) SCAPULAS (shoulder blade) Bones of the Arm Ulna goes to pinky (P-U) Radius goes to thumb Bones of the Wrist Wrist - 8 small bones called carpals Metacarpals (hand) Fingers: Phalanges Carpals How to learn the carpals? So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb ANSWERS... a. Scaphoid b. Lunate c. Triquetrum d. Pisiform e. Trapezium f. Trapezoid g. Capitate h. Hamate Pelvic Girdle two large COXAL BONES Bones of the Leg Upper Leg - FEMUR Kneecap - PATELLA Lower Leg - TIBIA & FIBULA Bones of the Ankle Ankle and Upper foot - 7 bones called Tarsals Large heel bone is the calcaneus Foot = metatarsals Toes = phalanges Assignment – Foot Coloring FUN FACT! The baculum (also penis bone or penile bone) is a bone found in the penis of many placental mammals. It is absent in the human penis, but present in the penises of other primates, such as the gorilla and chimpanzee. Raccoon baculum The mummified baculum comes from a species of walrus extinguished 12,000 years ago Types of Fractures (broken bones) (open) Identify the fracture: 1. Comminuted 2. Open 3. Oblique 4. Spiral 5. Transverse A B C D E Can you identify the type of fracture on the x ray? Career Spotlight! Radiologic technologists are the health care professionals who perform Average Salary: diagnostic imaging procedures, such as X-ray examinations, magnetic $62,761 (that’s about $30 per hour) resonance imaging (MRI) scans and computed tomography (CT) scans. Radiologic technologists are responsible for accurately positioning patients and Years of Education: ensuring that a quality diagnostic image is produced. They work closely with 1-4 radiologists, the physicians who interpret medical images to either diagnose or rule out disease or injury. Job Outlook: Excellent Employment is projected to grow 21 percent from 2012 to 2022, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. As the population grows older, there will be an increase in medical conditions, such as breaks and fractures caused by osteoporosis, which can require imaging to diagnose them. SWIC has a program for Radiologic Technology This is a 2 year program, they are accepting applications for Summer 2021. Source: Explore Health Careers Problems with the Skeletal System BONE SPURS, also known as osteophytes, occur when the body grows small projections on the edges of bones Plantar fasciitis - common cause of heel pain. -inflammation of the plantar fascia - walking can be painful OSTEOPOROSIS: Increased activity of osteoclasts cause a break down bone, bones become more fragile The spongy bone especially becomes more porous. Images focus on the trabeculae of the bone. How is it different in those with osteoporosis? Causes of Osteoporosis: 1. Lack of exercise 2. Poor diet 3. Genetics 4. Ethnicity 5. Gender Why do older people break their hips? A femoral neck fracture is common among older adults and can be related to osteoporosis. This type of fracture may cause a complication because the break usually cuts off the blood supply to the head of the femur. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease which causes joint stiffness and bone deformity Source: http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/article3233439.ece Rickets Deficiency of Vitamin D. Rickets causes weak, brittle bones that fracture easily and affect growth. Nursemaid’s Elbow -subluxation -pulling on arm separates bones -ligament slides between humerus and radius Shoulder Dislocation -results from force or trauma -humerus pops out of socket Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) → soft tissue regrows as bone. Munchmeyer disease" or "stone man syndrome" Osteosarcoma Most common bone cancer, primarily affecting the long bones, particularly those in the knee, hip, or shoulder regions. Most commonly affects teenagers and young adults. ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE a)KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve b)LORDOSIS is a swayback lower region. c) ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse. d) SCOLIOSIS Coco’s Hemivertebrae -Common in dogs with no tails or corkscrew tails -Vertebrae have a butterfly shape